Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress

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Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
Laura Dern Deauville 2017.jpg
The 2020 recipient: Laura Dern
Awarded forBest Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role
Country United States
Presented by Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS)
First awarded 1937 (for performance in films released during the 1936 film season)
Most recent winner Laura Dern
Marriage Story (2019)
Website oscars.org

The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered an outstanding performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. The award was traditionally presented by the previous year's Best Supporting Actor winner.

Contents

At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937, Gale Sondergaard was the first winner of this award for her role in Anthony Adverse . [1] Initially, winners in both supporting acting categories were awarded plaques instead of statuettes. [2] Beginning with the 16th ceremony held in 1944, winners received full-sized statuettes. [3] Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS; winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. [4]

Since its inception, the award has been given to 82 actresses. Dianne Wiest and Shelley Winters have received the most awards in this category with two awards each. Despite winning no awards, Thelma Ritter was nominated on six occasions, more than any other actress. As of the 2020 ceremony, Laura Dern is the most recent winner in this category for her role as Nora Fanshaw in Marriage Story .

Winners and nominees

In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of film release in Los Angeles County; the ceremonies are always held the following year. [5]

Table key
Double-dagger-14-plain.pngIndicates the winner
Gale Sondergaard was the first winner in this category for her performance in Anthony Adverse (1936). Studio publicity Gale Sondergaard.jpg
Gale Sondergaard was the first winner in this category for her performance in Anthony Adverse (1936).
Hattie McDaniel was the first black person to win an Oscar for her performance in Gone with the Wind (1939). Studio publicity Hattie McDaniel.jpg
Hattie McDaniel was the first black person to win an Oscar for her performance in Gone with the Wind (1939).
Teresa Wright won for her performance in Mrs. Miniver (1942). Teresa Wright 1942.jpg
Teresa Wright won for her performance in Mrs. Miniver (1942).
Ethel Barrymore won for her performance in None but the Lonely Heart (1944). Ethel Barrymore.jpg
Ethel Barrymore won for her performance in None but the Lonely Heart (1944).
Celeste Holm won for her performance in Gentleman's Agreement (1947). Studio publicity Celeste Holm.jpg
Celeste Holm won for her performance in Gentleman's Agreement (1947).
For her performance in Sayonara (1957), Miyoshi Umeki became the first and only Asian woman to win an Oscar for acting. Miyoshi Umeki.jpg
For her performance in Sayonara (1957), Miyoshi Umeki became the first and only Asian woman to win an Oscar for acting.
Wendy Hiller won for her performance in Separate Tables (1958). Wendy Hiller in Sailor of the King.jpg
Wendy Hiller won for her performance in Separate Tables (1958).
Shelley Winters won twice for her roles in The Diary of Anne Frank (1959) and A Patch of Blue (1965). Studio publicity Shelley Winters.jpg
Shelley Winters won twice for her roles in The Diary of Anne Frank (1959) and A Patch of Blue (1965).
Helen Hayes won for her performance in Airport (1970). Helen Hayes in Ann Arbor (cropped).jpg
Helen Hayes won for her performance in Airport (1970).
At age 10, Tatum O'Neal became the youngest winner and nominee in this category for her performance in Paper Moon (1973); also the youngest competitive winner in Oscars history. Tatum O'Neal - November 2014 (cropped).jpg
At age 10, Tatum O'Neal became the youngest winner and nominee in this category for her performance in Paper Moon (1973); also the youngest competitive winner in Oscars history.
Vanessa Redgrave won for her portrayal of the titular character in Julia (1977). Vanessa Redgrave (2011) cropped.jpg
Vanessa Redgrave won for her portrayal of the titular character in Julia (1977).
Maggie Smith won for her performance in California Suite (1978). Dame Maggie Smith-cropped.jpg
Maggie Smith won for her performance in California Suite (1978).
Meryl Streep has received four nominations in this category, winning once for Kramer vs. Kramer (1979). Meryl Streep by Jack Mitchell.jpg
Meryl Streep has received four nominations in this category, winning once for Kramer vs. Kramer (1979).
At age 77, Peggy Ashcroft became the oldest winner in this category for her performance in A Passage to India (1984). Peggy Ashcroft 1962c.jpg
At age 77, Peggy Ashcroft became the oldest winner in this category for her performance in A Passage to India (1984).
Anjelica Huston won for her performance in Prizzi's Honor (1985). Anjelica Huston March 21, 2014 (cropped).jpg
Anjelica Huston won for her performance in Prizzi's Honor (1985).
Dianne Wiest won for her roles in Hannah and Her Sisters (1986) and Bullets over Broadway (1994), both directed by Woody Allen. Dianewiest.jpg
Dianne Wiest won for her roles in Hannah and Her Sisters (1986) and Bullets over Broadway (1994), both directed by Woody Allen.
Geena Davis won for her performance in The Accidental Tourist (1988). Geena Davis (1989) crop.jpg
Geena Davis won for her performance in The Accidental Tourist (1988).
Brenda Fricker won for her portrayal of Bridget Fagan Brown in My Left Foot (1989), becoming the first Irish actress to win an Oscar. Brenda Fricker March 1990 2.jpg
Brenda Fricker won for her portrayal of Bridget Fagan Brown in My Left Foot (1989), becoming the first Irish actress to win an Oscar.
Whoopi Goldberg won for her performance in Ghost (1990). Whoopi Goldberg at a NYC No on Proposition 8 Rally.jpg
Whoopi Goldberg won for her performance in Ghost (1990).
Marisa Tomei won for her performance in My Cousin Vinny (1992). Marisa Tomei by David Shankbone.jpg
Marisa Tomei won for her performance in My Cousin Vinny (1992).
Mira Sorvino won for her performance in Mighty Aphrodite (1995). MiraSorvino07TIFF.jpg
Mira Sorvino won for her performance in Mighty Aphrodite (1995).
Juliette Binoche won for her performance in The English Patient (1996). Juliette Binoche Cannes 2017.jpg
Juliette Binoche won for her performance in The English Patient (1996).
Judi Dench won for her portrayal of Queen Elizabeth I in Shakespeare in Love (1998). Judi Dench at the BAFTAs 2007.jpg
Judi Dench won for her portrayal of Queen Elizabeth I in Shakespeare in Love (1998).
Angelina Jolie won for her performance in Girl, Interrupted (1999). Angelina Jolie 2 June 2014 (cropped).jpg
Angelina Jolie won for her performance in Girl, Interrupted (1999).
Jennifer Connelly won for her portrayal of Alicia Nash in A Beautiful Mind (2001). Jennifer Connelly 2010 TIFF.jpg
Jennifer Connelly won for her portrayal of Alicia Nash in A Beautiful Mind (2001).
Renee Zellweger won for her performance in Cold Mountain (2003). Renee Zellweger Berlinale 2010 (cropped).jpg
Renée Zellweger won for her performance in Cold Mountain (2003).
Cate Blanchett won for her portrayal of Katharine Hepburn in The Aviator (2004), becoming the first performer to win an Oscar for portraying a real-life Oscar winner. Cate Blanchett Cannes 2015.jpg
Cate Blanchett won for her portrayal of Katharine Hepburn in The Aviator (2004), becoming the first performer to win an Oscar for portraying a real-life Oscar winner.
Rachel Weisz won for her performance in The Constant Gardener (2005). Rachel Weisz 2018.jpg
Rachel Weisz won for her performance in The Constant Gardener (2005).
Jennifer Hudson won for her performance in Dreamgirls (2006). Jennifer Hudson 2011 AA (cropped).jpg
Jennifer Hudson won for her performance in Dreamgirls (2006).
Tilda Swinton won for her performance in Michael Clayton (2007). Tilda Swinton by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg
Tilda Swinton won for her performance in Michael Clayton (2007).
Penelope Cruz won for her performance in Vicky Cristina Barcelona (2008), becoming the first Spanish actress to win an Oscar. Premios Goya 2018 - Penelope Cruz.jpg
Penélope Cruz won for her performance in Vicky Cristina Barcelona (2008), becoming the first Spanish actress to win an Oscar.
Mo'Nique won for her performance in Precious (2009). Mo'Nique attending the 82nd Academy Awards 2010.jpg
Mo'Nique won for her performance in Precious (2009).
Melissa Leo won for her portrayal of Alice Eklund-Ward in The Fighter (2010). Melissa Leo at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg
Melissa Leo won for her portrayal of Alice Eklund-Ward in The Fighter (2010).
Octavia Spencer won for her performance in The Help (2011). "Hidden Figures" Screening at the White House (NHQ201612150008) (cropped).jpg
Octavia Spencer won for her performance in The Help (2011).
Anne Hathaway won for performance as Fantine in Les Miserables (2012). Anne Hathaway at MIFF (cropped).jpg
Anne Hathaway won for performance as Fantine in Les Misérables (2012).
Lupita Nyong'o won for her portrayal of Patsey in 12 Years a Slave (2013). SXSW 2019 4 (47282558132) (cropped).jpg
Lupita Nyong'o won for her portrayal of Patsey in 12 Years a Slave (2013).
Patricia Arquette won for her performance in Boyhood (2014). Patricia Arquette 2015.jpg
Patricia Arquette won for her performance in Boyhood (2014).
Alicia Vikander won for her portrayal of Gerda Wegener in The Danish Girl (2015). Alicia Vikander - Tokyo International Film Festival 2019 (49013506278) (cropped) (cropped).jpg
Alicia Vikander won for her portrayal of Gerda Wegener in The Danish Girl (2015).
Viola Davis won for her performance in Fences (2016). Viola Davis in 2016.jpg
Viola Davis won for her performance in Fences (2016).
Allison Janney won for her portrayal of LaVona Golden in I, Tonya (2017). Allison-Janney in 2014.jpg
Allison Janney won for her portrayal of LaVona Golden in I, Tonya (2017).
Regina King won for her performance in If Beale Street Could Talk (2018). Regina King by Gage Skidmore.jpg
Regina King won for her performance in If Beale Street Could Talk (2018).
YearActressRole(s)FilmRef.
1930s
1936
(9th) 		Gale Sondergaard Double-dagger-14-plain.pngFaith Paleologus Anthony Adverse [7]
Beulah Bondi Rachel Jackson The Gorgeous Hussy
Alice Brady Angelica Bullock My Man Godfrey
Bonita Granville Mary Tilford These Three
Maria Ouspenskaya Baroness von Obersdorf Dodsworth
1937
(10th) 		Alice Brady Double-dagger-14-plain.png Molly O'Leary In Old Chicago [8]
Andrea Leeds Kay Hamilton Stage Door
Anne Shirley Laurel "Lollie" Dallas Stella Dallas
Claire Trevor Francey Dead End
May Whitty Mrs. Bramson Night Must Fall
1938
(11th) 		Fay Bainter Double-dagger-14-plain.pngBelle Massey Jezebel [9]
Beulah Bondi Mary Wilkins Of Human Hearts
Billie Burke Emily Kilbourne Merrily We Live
Spring Byington Penelope "Penny" Sycamore You Can't Take It with You
Miliza Korjus Carla Donner The Great Waltz
1939
(12th) 		Hattie McDaniel Double-dagger-14-plain.pngMammy Gone with the Wind [10]
Olivia de Havilland Melanie Hamilton Gone with the Wind
Geraldine Fitzgerald Isabella Linton Wuthering Heights
Edna May Oliver Sarah McKlennar Drums Along the Mohawk
Maria Ouspenskaya Grandmother Janou Love Affair
1940s
1940
(13th) 		Jane Darwell Double-dagger-14-plain.pngMa Joad The Grapes of Wrath [11]
Judith Anderson Mrs. Danvers Rebecca
Ruth Hussey Elizabeth Imbrie The Philadelphia Story
Barbara O'Neil Françoise, duchesse de Praslin All This, and Heaven Too
Marjorie Rambeau Mamie Adams Primrose Path
1941
(14th) 		Mary Astor Double-dagger-14-plain.pngSandra Kovak The Great Lie [12]
Sara Allgood Beth Morgan How Green Was My Valley
Patricia Collinge Birdie Bagtry-Hubbard The Little Foxes
Teresa Wright Alexandra Giddens
Margaret Wycherly Mary Brooks-York Sergeant York
1942
(15th) 		Teresa Wright Double-dagger-14-plain.pngCarol Beldon Mrs. Miniver [13]
Gladys Cooper Mrs. Vale Now, Voyager
Agnes Moorehead Fanny Minafer The Magnificent Ambersons
Susan Peters Kitty Chilcet Random Harvest
May Whitty Lady Beldon Mrs. Miniver
1943
(16th) 		Katina Paxinou Double-dagger-14-plain.pngPilar For Whom the Bell Tolls [14]
Gladys Cooper Marie Therese Vauzou The Song of Bernadette
Paulette Goddard Joan O'Doul So Proudly We Hail!
Anne Revere Louise Casterot-Soubirous The Song of Bernadette
Lucile Watson Fanny Farrelly Watch on the Rhine
1944
(17th) 		Ethel Barrymore Double-dagger-14-plain.pngMa Mott None but the Lonely Heart [15]
Jennifer Jones Jane Deborah Hilton Since You Went Away
Angela Lansbury Nancy Oliver Gaslight
Aline MacMahon Ling Tan's Wife Dragon Seed
Agnes Moorehead Aspasia Conti Mrs. Parkington
1945
(18th) 		Anne Revere Double-dagger-14-plain.pngAraminty Brown National Velvet [16]
Eve Arden Ida Corwin Mildred Pierce
Ann Blyth Veda Pierce
Angela Lansbury Sibyl Vane The Picture of Dorian Gray
Joan Lorring Bessie Watty The Corn Is Green
1946
(19th) 		Anne Baxter Double-dagger-14-plain.pngSophie Nelson-MacDonald The Razor's Edge [17]
Ethel Barrymore Mrs. Warren The Spiral Staircase
Lillian Gish Laura Belle McCanles Duel in the Sun
Flora Robson Angelique Buiton Saratoga Trunk
Gale Sondergaard Lady Thiang Anna and the King of Siam
1947
(20th) 		Celeste Holm Double-dagger-14-plain.pngAnne Dettrey Gentleman's Agreement [18]
Ethel Barrymore Sophie Horfield The Paradine Case
Gloria Grahame Ginny Tremaine Crossfire
Marjorie Main Ma Kettle The Egg and I
Anne Revere Mrs. Green Gentleman's Agreement
1948
(21st) 		Claire Trevor Double-dagger-14-plain.pngGaye Dawn Key Largo [19]
Barbara Bel Geddes Katrin Hanson I Remember Mama
Ellen Corby Trina
Agnes Moorehead Aggie McDonald Johnny Belinda
Jean Simmons Ophelia Hamlet
1949
(22nd) 		Mercedes McCambridge Double-dagger-14-plain.pngSadie Burke All the King's Men [20]
Ethel Barrymore Miss Em Pinky
Celeste Holm Sister Scholastica Come to the Stable
Elsa Lanchester Amelia Potts
Ethel Waters Dicey Johnson Pinky
1950s
1950
(23rd) 		Josephine Hull Double-dagger-14-plain.pngVeta Louise Simmons Harvey [21]
Hope Emerson Evelyn Harper Caged
Celeste Holm Karen Richards All About Eve
Nancy Olson Betty Schaefer Sunset Boulevard
Thelma Ritter Birdie Coonan All About Eve
1951
(24th) 		Kim Hunter Double-dagger-14-plain.png Stella Kowalski A Streetcar Named Desire [22]
Joan Blondell Annie Rawlins The Blue Veil
Mildred Dunnock Linda Loman Death of a Salesman
Lee Grant Shoplifter Detective Story
Thelma Ritter Ellen McNulty The Mating Season
1952
(25th) 		Gloria Grahame Double-dagger-14-plain.pngRosemary Bartlow The Bad and the Beautiful [23]
Jean Hagen Lina Lamont Singin' in the Rain
Colette Marchand Marie Charlet Moulin Rouge
Terry Moore Marie Buckholder Come Back, Little Sheba
Thelma Ritter Clancy With a Song in My Heart
1953
(26th) 		Donna Reed Double-dagger-14-plain.pngAlma Burke / Lorene From Here to Eternity [24]
Grace Kelly Linda Nordley Mogambo
Geraldine Page Angie Lowe Hondo
Marjorie Rambeau Mrs. Stewart Torch Song
Thelma Ritter Moe Williams Pickup on South Street
1954
(27th) 		Eva Marie Saint Double-dagger-14-plain.pngEdie Doyle On the Waterfront [25]
Nina Foch Erica Martin Executive Suite
Katy Jurado Señora Devereaux Broken Lance
Jan Sterling Sally McKee The High and the Mighty
Claire Trevor May Holst
1955
(28th) 		Jo Van Fleet Double-dagger-14-plain.png Cathy Ames / Kate Trask East of Eden [26]
Betsy Blair Clara Snyder Marty
Peggy Lee Rose Hopkins Pete Kelly's Blues
Marisa Pavan Rosa Delle Rose The Rose Tattoo
Natalie Wood Judy Rebel Without a Cause
1956
(29th) 		Dorothy Malone Double-dagger-14-plain.pngMarylee Hadley Written on the Wind [27]
Mildred Dunnock Rose Comfort Baby Doll
Eileen Heckart Hortense Daigle The Bad Seed
Mercedes McCambridge Luz Benedict Giant
Patty McCormack Rhoda Penmark The Bad Seed
1957
(30th) 		Miyoshi Umeki Double-dagger-14-plain.pngKatsumi Kelly Sayonara [28]
Carolyn Jones The Existentialist The Bachelor Party
Elsa Lanchester Miss Plimsoll Witness for the Prosecution
Hope Lange Selena Cross Peyton Place
Diane Varsi Allison MacKenzie
1958
(31st) 		Wendy Hiller Double-dagger-14-plain.pngPat Cooper Separate Tables [29]
Peggy Cass Agnes Gooch Auntie Mame
Martha Hyer Gwen French Some Came Running
Maureen Stapleton Fay Doyle Lonelyhearts
Cara Williams Billy's Mother The Defiant Ones
1959
(32nd) 		Shelley Winters Double-dagger-14-plain.png Petronella van Daan The Diary of Anne Frank [30]
Hermione Baddeley Elspeth Room at the Top
Susan Kohner Sarah Jane Johnson Imitation of Life
Juanita Moore Annie Johnson
Thelma Ritter Alma Pillow Talk
1960s
1960
(33rd) 		Shirley Jones Double-dagger-14-plain.pngLulu Baines Elmer Gantry [31]
Glynis Johns Mrs. Firth The Sundowners
Shirley Knight Reenie Flood The Dark at the Top of the Stairs
Janet Leigh Marion Crane Psycho
Mary Ure Clara Dawes Sons and Lovers
1961
(34th) 		Rita Moreno Double-dagger-14-plain.pngAnita del Carmen West Side Story [32]
Fay Bainter Amelia Tilford The Children's Hour
Judy Garland Irene Hoffman-Wallner Judgment at Nuremberg
Lotte Lenya Magda Terribili-Gonzales The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone
Una Merkel Mrs. Winemiller Summer and Smoke
1962
(35th) 		Patty Duke Double-dagger-14-plain.png Helen Keller The Miracle Worker [33]
Mary Badham Jean Louise "Scout" Finch To Kill a Mockingbird
Shirley Knight Heavenly Finley Sweet Bird of Youth
Angela Lansbury Eleanor Iselin The Manchurian Candidate
Thelma Ritter Elizabeth McCartney-Stroud Birdman of Alcatraz
1963
(36th) 		Margaret Rutherford Double-dagger-14-plain.pngThe Duchess of Brighton The V.I.P.s [34]
Diane Cilento Molly Seagrim Tom Jones
Edith Evans Miss Western
Joyce Redman Mrs. Waters / Jenny Jones
Lilia Skala Mother Maria Marthe Lilies of the Field
1964
(37th) 		Lila Kedrova Double-dagger-14-plain.pngMadame Hortense Zorba the Greek [35]
Gladys Cooper Mrs. Higgins My Fair Lady
Edith Evans Mrs. St. Maugham The Chalk Garden
Grayson Hall Judith Fellowes The Night of the Iguana
Agnes Moorehead Velma Cruther Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte
1965
(38th) 		Shelley Winters Double-dagger-14-plain.pngRose-ann D'Arcey A Patch of Blue [36]
Ruth Gordon Lucile Clover / The Dealer Inside Daisy Clover
Joyce Redman Emilia Othello
Maggie Smith Desdemona
Peggy Wood Mother Abbess The Sound of Music
1966
(39th) 		Sandy Dennis Double-dagger-14-plain.pngHoney Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? [37]
Wendy Hiller Alice More A Man for All Seasons
Jocelyne LaGarde Malama Kanakoa Hawaii
Vivien Merchant Lily Clamacraft Alfie
Geraldine Page Margery Chanticleer You're a Big Boy Now
1967
(40th) 		Estelle Parsons Double-dagger-14-plain.png Blanche Barrow Bonnie and Clyde [38]
Carol Channing Muzzy van Hossmere Thoroughly Modern Millie
Mildred Natwick Ethel Banks Barefoot in the Park
Beah Richards Mary Prentice Guess Who's Coming to Dinner
Katharine Ross Elaine Robinson The Graduate
1968
(41st) 		Ruth Gordon Double-dagger-14-plain.pngMinnie Castevet Rosemary's Baby [39]
Lynn Carlin Maria Forst Faces
Sondra Locke Mick Kelly The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter
Kay Medford Rose Stern-Borach Funny Girl
Estelle Parsons Calla Mackie Rachel, Rachel
1969
(42nd) 		Goldie Hawn Double-dagger-14-plain.pngToni Simmons Cactus Flower [40]
Catherine Burns Rhoda Last Summer
Dyan Cannon Alice Henderson Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice
Sylvia Miles Cass Midnight Cowboy
Susannah York Alice LeBlanc They Shoot Horses, Don't They?
1970s
1970
(43rd) 		Helen Hayes Double-dagger-14-plain.pngAda Quonsett Airport [41]
Karen Black Rayette Dipesto Five Easy Pieces
Lee Grant Joyce Enders The Landlord
Sally Kellerman Margaret Houlihan M*A*S*H
Maureen Stapleton Inez Guerrero Airport
1971
(44th) 		Cloris Leachman Double-dagger-14-plain.pngRuth Popper The Last Picture Show [42]
Ann-Margret Bobbie Carnal Knowledge
Ellen Burstyn Lois Farrow The Last Picture Show
Barbara Harris Allison Densmore Who Is Harry Kellerman and Why Is He Saying Those Terrible Things About Me?
Margaret Leighton Mrs. Maudsley The Go-Between
1972
(45th) 		Eileen Heckart Double-dagger-14-plain.pngMrs. Baker Butterflies Are Free [43]
Jeannie Berlin Lila Kolodny The Heartbreak Kid
Geraldine Page Gertrude Wilson Pete 'n' Tillie
Susan Tyrrell Oma Lee Greer Fat City
Shelley Winters Belle Rosen The Poseidon Adventure
1973
(46th) 		Tatum O'Neal Double-dagger-14-plain.pngAddie Loggins Paper Moon [44]
Linda Blair Regan MacNeil The Exorcist
Candy Clark Debbie Dunham American Graffiti
Madeline Kahn Trixie Delight Paper Moon
Sylvia Sidney Mrs. Pritchett Summer Wishes, Winter Dreams
1974
(47th) 		Ingrid Bergman Double-dagger-14-plain.pngGreta Ohlsson Murder on the Orient Express [45]
Valentina Cortese Séverine Day for Night
Madeline Kahn Lili von Shtüpp Blazing Saddles
Diane Ladd Florence "Flo" Castleberry Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore
Talia Shire Connie Corleone The Godfather Part II
1975
(48th) 		Lee Grant Double-dagger-14-plain.pngFelicia Karpf Shampoo [46]
Ronee Blakley Barbara Jean Nashville
Sylvia Miles Jessie Halstead Florian Farewell, My Lovely
Lily Tomlin Linnea Reese Nashville
Brenda Vaccaro Linda Riggs Once Is Not Enough
1976
(49th) 		Beatrice Straight Double-dagger-14-plain.pngLouise Schumacher Network [47]
Jane Alexander Judy Hoback All the President's Men
Jodie Foster Iris Steensma Taxi Driver
Lee Grant Lillian Rosen Voyage of the Damned
Piper Laurie Margaret White Carrie
1977
(50th) 		Vanessa Redgrave Double-dagger-14-plain.pngJulia Julia [48]
Leslie Browne Emilia Rodgers The Turning Point
Quinn Cummings Lucy McFadden The Goodbye Girl
Melinda Dillon Jillian Guiler Close Encounters of the Third Kind
Tuesday Weld Katherine Dunn Looking for Mr. Goodbar
1978
(51st) 		Maggie Smith Double-dagger-14-plain.pngDiana Barrie California Suite [49]
Dyan Cannon Julia Farnsworth Heaven Can Wait
Penelope Milford Vi Munson Coming Home
Maureen Stapleton Pearl Interiors
Meryl Streep Linda The Deer Hunter
1979
(52nd) 		Meryl Streep Double-dagger-14-plain.pngJoanna Kramer Kramer vs. Kramer [50]
Jane Alexander Margaret Phelps Kramer vs. Kramer
Barbara Barrie Evelyn Stoller Breaking Away
Candice Bergen Jessica Potter Starting Over
Mariel Hemingway Tracy Manhattan
1980s
1980
(53rd) 		Mary Steenburgen Double-dagger-14-plain.pngLynda West-Dummar Melvin and Howard [51]
Eileen Brennan Doreen Lewis Private Benjamin
Eva Le Gallienne Pearl Resurrection
Cathy Moriarty Vicki Thailer-LaMotta Raging Bull
Diana Scarwid Louise Inside Moves
1981
(54th) 		Maureen Stapleton Double-dagger-14-plain.png Emma Goldman Reds [52]
Melinda Dillon Teresa Perrone Absence of Malice
Jane Fonda Chelsea Thayer Wayne On Golden Pond
Joan Hackett Toby Landau Only When I Laugh
Elizabeth McGovern Evelyn Nesbit Ragtime
1982
(55th) 		Jessica Lange Double-dagger-14-plain.pngJulie Nichols Tootsie [53]
Glenn Close Jenny Fields The World According to Garp
Teri Garr Sandy Lester Tootsie
Kim Stanley Lillian Farmer Frances
Lesley Ann Warren Norma Cassidy Victor/Victoria
1983
(56th) 		Linda Hunt Double-dagger-14-plain.pngBilly Kwan The Year of Living Dangerously [54]
Cher Dolly Pelliker Silkwood
Glenn Close Sarah Cooper The Big Chill
Amy Irving Hadass Vishkower Yentl
Alfre Woodard Beatrice "Geechee" Cross Creek
1984
(57th) 		Peggy Ashcroft Double-dagger-14-plain.pngMrs. Moore A Passage to India [55]
Glenn Close Iris Gaines The Natural
Lindsay Crouse Margaret Lomax Places in the Heart
Christine Lahti Hazel Zanussi Swing Shift
Geraldine Page Mrs. Ritter The Pope of Greenwich Village
1985
(58th) 		Anjelica Huston Double-dagger-14-plain.pngMaerose Prizzi Prizzi's Honor [56]
Margaret Avery Shug Avery The Color Purple
Amy Madigan Sunny MacKenzie-Sobel Twice in a Lifetime
Meg Tilly Sister Agnes Devereaux Agnes of God
Oprah Winfrey Sofia Johnson The Color Purple
1986
(59th) 		Dianne Wiest Double-dagger-14-plain.pngHolly Hannah and Her Sisters [57]
Tess Harper Chick Boyle Crimes of the Heart
Piper Laurie Mrs. Norman Children of a Lesser God
Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio Carmen The Color of Money
Maggie Smith Charlotte Bartlett A Room with a View
1987
(60th) 		Olympia Dukakis Double-dagger-14-plain.pngRose Castorini Moonstruck [58]
Norma Aleandro Florencia Sánchez Morales Gaby: A True Story
Anne Archer Beth Rogerson-Gallagher Fatal Attraction
Anne Ramsey Mrs. Lift Throw Momma from the Train
Ann Sothern Letitia Benson-Doughty The Whales of August
1988
(61st) 		Geena Davis Double-dagger-14-plain.pngMuriel Pritchett The Accidental Tourist [59]
Joan Cusack Cyn Working Girl
Frances McDormand Mrs. Pell Mississippi Burning
Michelle Pfeiffer Madame Marie de Tourvel Dangerous Liaisons
Sigourney Weaver Katharine Parker Working Girl
1989
(62nd) 		Brenda Fricker Double-dagger-14-plain.pngBridget Fagan-Brown My Left Foot [60]
Anjelica Huston Tamara Broder Enemies, A Love Story
Lena Olin Masha Bloch
Julia Roberts Shelby Eatenton-Latcherie Steel Magnolias
Dianne Wiest Helen Buckman Parenthood
1990s
1990
(63rd) 		Whoopi Goldberg Double-dagger-14-plain.pngOda Mae Brown Ghost [61]
Annette Bening Myra Langtry The Grifters
Lorraine Bracco Karen Friedman-Hill Goodfellas
Diane Ladd Marietta Pace Fortune Wild at Heart
Mary McDonnell Stands With a Fist Dances with Wolves
1991
(64th) 		Mercedes Ruehl Double-dagger-14-plain.pngAnne Napolitano The Fisher King [62]
Diane Ladd Mrs. Hillyer Rambling Rose
Juliette Lewis Danielle Bowden Cape Fear
Kate Nelligan Lila Wingo-Newbury The Prince of Tides
Jessica Tandy Virginia "Ninny" Threadgoode Fried Green Tomatoes
1992
(65th) 		Marisa Tomei Double-dagger-14-plain.pngMona Lisa Vito My Cousin Vinny [63]
Judy Davis Sally Simmons Husbands and Wives
Joan Plowright Mrs. Fisher Enchanted April
Vanessa Redgrave Ruth Wilcox Howards End
Miranda Richardson Ingrid Thompson-Fleming Damage
1993
(66th) 		Anna Paquin Double-dagger-14-plain.pngFlora McGrath The Piano [64]
Holly Hunter Tamara "Tammy" Hemphill The Firm
Rosie Perez Carla Rodrigo Fearless
Winona Ryder May Welland The Age of Innocence
Emma Thompson Gareth Peirce In the Name of the Father
1994
(67th) 		Dianne Wiest Double-dagger-14-plain.pngHelen Sinclair Bullets over Broadway [65]
Rosemary Harris Rose Haigh-Wood Tom & Viv
Helen Mirren Queen Charlotte The Madness of King George
Uma Thurman Mia Wallace Pulp Fiction
Jennifer Tilly Olive Neal Bullets over Broadway
1995
(68th) 		Mira Sorvino Double-dagger-14-plain.pngLinda Ash Mighty Aphrodite [66]
Joan Allen Pat Nixon Nixon
Kathleen Quinlan Marilyn Lovell Apollo 13
Mare Winningham Georgia Flood Georgia
Kate Winslet Marianne Dashwood Sense and Sensibility
1996
(69th) 		Juliette Binoche Double-dagger-14-plain.pngHana The English Patient [67]
Joan Allen Elizabeth Proctor The Crucible
Lauren Bacall Hannah Morgan The Mirror Has Two Faces
Barbara Hershey Madame Serena Merle The Portrait of a Lady
Marianne Jean-Baptiste Hortense Cumberbatch Secrets & Lies
1997
(70th) 		Kim Basinger Double-dagger-14-plain.pngLynn Bracken L.A. Confidential [68]
Joan Cusack Emily Montgomery In & Out
Minnie Driver Skylar Good Will Hunting
Julianne Moore Amber Waves Boogie Nights
Gloria Stuart Rose Dawson Calvert Titanic
1998
(71st) 		Judi Dench Double-dagger-14-plain.png Queen Elizabeth I Shakespeare in Love [69]
Kathy Bates Libby Holden Primary Colors
Brenda Blethyn Mari Hoff Little Voice
Rachel Griffiths Hilary du Pré Hilary and Jackie
Lynn Redgrave Hanna Gods and Monsters
1999
(72nd) 		Angelina Jolie Double-dagger-14-plain.pngLisa Rowe Girl, Interrupted [70]
Toni Collette Lynn Sear The Sixth Sense
Catherine Keener Maxine Lund Being John Malkovich
Samantha Morton Hattie Sweet and Lowdown
Chloë Sevigny Lana Tisdel Boys Don't Cry
2000s
2000
(73rd) 		Marcia Gay Harden Double-dagger-14-plain.png Lee Krasner Pollock [71]
Judi Dench Armande Voizin Chocolat
Kate Hudson Penny Lane Almost Famous
Frances McDormand Elaine Miller
Julie Walters Georgia Wilkinson Billy Elliot
2001
(74th) 		Jennifer Connelly Double-dagger-14-plain.png Alicia Nash A Beautiful Mind [72]
Helen Mirren Mrs. Wilson Gosford Park
Maggie Smith Constance Trentham
Marisa Tomei Natalie Strout In the Bedroom
Kate Winslet Iris Murdoch Iris
2002
(75th) 		Catherine Zeta-Jones Double-dagger-14-plain.png Velma Kelly Chicago [73]
Kathy Bates Roberta Hertzel About Schmidt
Julianne Moore Laura McGrath-Brown The Hours
Queen Latifah Matron Mama Morton Chicago
Meryl Streep Susan Orlean Adaptation
2003
(76th) 		Renée Zellweger Double-dagger-14-plain.pngRuby Thewes Cold Mountain [74]
Shohreh Aghdashloo Nadereh Behrani House of Sand and Fog
Patricia Clarkson Joy Burns Pieces of April
Marcia Gay Harden Celeste Boyle Mystic River
Holly Hunter Melanie Freeland Thirteen
2004
(77th) 		Cate Blanchett Double-dagger-14-plain.png Katharine Hepburn The Aviator [75]
Laura Linney Clara McMillen Kinsey
Virginia Madsen Maya Randall Sideways
Sophie Okonedo Tatiana Rusesabagina Hotel Rwanda
Natalie Portman Jane Jones / Alice Ayres Closer
2005
(78th) 		Rachel Weisz Double-dagger-14-plain.pngTessa Quayle The Constant Gardener [76]
Amy Adams Ashley Johnsten Junebug
Catherine Keener Nelle Harper Lee Capote
Frances McDormand Glory Dodge North Country
Michelle Williams Alma Beers Brokeback Mountain
2006
(79th) 		Jennifer Hudson Double-dagger-14-plain.pngEffie White Dreamgirls [77]
Adriana Barraza Amelia Hernández Babel
Cate Blanchett Bathsheba "Sheba" Hart Notes on a Scandal
Abigail Breslin Olive Hoover Little Miss Sunshine
Rinko Kikuchi Chieko Wataya Babel
2007
(80th) 		Tilda Swinton Double-dagger-14-plain.pngKaren Crowder Michael Clayton [78]
Cate Blanchett Jude Quinn I'm Not There
Ruby Dee Mahalee Lucas American Gangster
Saoirse Ronan Briony Tallis Atonement
Amy Ryan Helene McCready Gone Baby Gone
2008
(81st) 		Penélope Cruz Double-dagger-14-plain.pngMaría Elena Vicky Cristina Barcelona [79]
Amy Adams Sister James Doubt
Viola Davis Mrs. Miller
Taraji P. Henson Queenie The Curious Case of Benjamin Button
Marisa Tomei Cassidy / Pam The Wrestler
2009
(82nd) 		Mo'Nique Double-dagger-14-plain.pngMary Lee Johnston Precious [80]
Penélope Cruz Carla Albanese Nine
Vera Farmiga Alex Goran Up in the Air
Maggie Gyllenhaal Jean Craddock Crazy Heart
Anna Kendrick Natalie Keener Up in the Air
2010s
2010
(83rd) 		Melissa Leo Double-dagger-14-plain.pngAlice Eklund-Ward The Fighter [81]
Amy Adams Charlene Fleming The Fighter
Helena Bonham Carter Queen Elizabeth The King's Speech
Hailee Steinfeld Mattie Ross True Grit
Jacki Weaver Janine "Smurf" Cody Animal Kingdom
2011
(84th) 		Octavia Spencer Double-dagger-14-plain.pngMinny Jackson The Help [82]
Bérénice Bejo Peppy Miller The Artist
Jessica Chastain Celia Foote The Help
Melissa McCarthy Megan Price Bridesmaids
Janet McTeer Hubert Page Albert Nobbs
2012
(85th) 		Anne Hathaway Double-dagger-14-plain.png Fantine Les Misérables [83]
Amy Adams Peggy Dodd The Master
Sally Field Mary Todd Lincoln Lincoln
Helen Hunt Cheryl Cohen-Greene The Sessions
Jacki Weaver Dolores Solitano Silver Linings Playbook
2013
(86th) 		Lupita Nyong'o Double-dagger-14-plain.png Patsey 12 Years a Slave [84]
Sally Hawkins Ginger Blue Jasmine
Jennifer Lawrence Rosalyn Rosenfeld American Hustle
Julia Roberts Barbara Weston-Fordham August: Osage County
June Squibb Kate Grant Nebraska
2014
(87th) 		Patricia Arquette Double-dagger-14-plain.pngOlivia Evans Boyhood [85]
Laura Dern Bobbi Grey Wild
Keira Knightley Joan Clarke The Imitation Game
Emma Stone Sam Thomson Birdman
Meryl Streep The Witch Into the Woods
2015
(88th) 		Alicia Vikander Double-dagger-14-plain.png Gerda Wegener The Danish Girl [86]
Jennifer Jason Leigh Daisy Domergue The Hateful Eight
Rooney Mara Therese Belivet Carol
Rachel McAdams Sacha Pfeiffer Spotlight
Kate Winslet Joanna Hoffman Steve Jobs
2016
(89th) 		Viola Davis Double-dagger-14-plain.pngRose Lee Maxson Fences [87]
Naomie Harris Paula Harris Moonlight
Nicole Kidman Sue Brierley Lion
Octavia Spencer Dorothy Vaughan Hidden Figures
Michelle Williams Randi Chandler Manchester by the Sea
2017
(90th) 		Allison Janney Double-dagger-14-plain.pngLaVona Golden I, Tonya [88]
Mary J. Blige Florence Jackson Mudbound
Lesley Manville Cyril Woodcock Phantom Thread
Laurie Metcalf Marion McPherson Lady Bird
Octavia Spencer Zelda Delilah Fuller The Shape of Water
2018
(91st) 		Regina King Double-dagger-14-plain.pngSharon Rivers If Beale Street Could Talk [89]
Amy Adams Lynne Cheney Vice
Marina de Tavira Sofía Roma
Emma Stone Abigail Masham The Favourite
Rachel Weisz Sarah Churchill
2019
(92nd) 		Laura Dern Double-dagger-14-plain.pngNora Fanshaw Marriage Story [90]
Kathy Bates Barbara "Bobi" Jewell Richard Jewell
Scarlett Johansson Rosie Betzler Jojo Rabbit
Florence Pugh Amy March Little Women
Margot Robbie Kayla Pospisil Bombshell

Multiple wins and nominations

Multiple nominations from the same film

Age superlatives

RecordActressFilmAge (in years)Ref.
Oldest winner Peggy Ashcroft A Passage to India 77 [91]
Oldest nominee Gloria Stuart Titanic 87 [91]
Youngest winner Tatum O'Neal Paper Moon 10 [91]
Youngest nominee

See also

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  1. ↑ "Rule One: Award Definitions" (PDF). Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 21, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  2. 1 2 Kinn & Piazza 2014 , p. 39
  3. ↑ Kinn & Piazza 2014 , p. 67
  4. ↑ "Rule Six: Special Rules for the Acting Awards" (PDF). Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). p. 8-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 21, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  5. ↑ Crouse 2005 , p. 257
  6. ↑ Wiley & Bona 1996 , p. 1181
  7. ↑ "The 9th Academy Awards (1937) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on July 2, 2016. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  8. ↑ "The 10th Academy Awards (1938) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on March 21, 2016. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  9. ↑ "The 11th Academy Awards (1939) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on July 2, 2016. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  10. ↑ "The 12th Academy Awards (1940) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on January 28, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  11. ↑ "The 13th Academy Awards (1941) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on March 21, 2016. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  12. ↑ "The 14th Academy Awards (1942) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  13. ↑ "The 15th Academy Awards (1943) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  14. ↑ "The 16th Academy Awards (1944) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on March 21, 2016. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  15. ↑ "The 17th Academy Awards (1945) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on July 2, 2016. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  16. ↑ "The 18th Academy Awards (1946) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  17. ↑ "The 19th Academy Awards (1947) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  18. ↑ "The 20th Academy Awards (1948) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on July 2, 2016. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  19. ↑ "The 21st Academy Awards (1949) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on November 11, 2014. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  20. ↑ "The 22nd Academy Awards (1950) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  21. ↑ "The 23rd Academy Awards (1951) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on January 28, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  22. ↑ "The 24th Academy Awards (1952) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  23. ↑ "The 25th Academy Awards (1953) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on November 11, 2014. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  24. ↑ "The 26th Academy Awards (1954) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  25. ↑ "The 27th Academy Awards (1955) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on December 20, 2014. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  26. ↑ "The 28th Academy Awards (1956) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on November 11, 2014. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  27. ↑ "The 29th Academy Awards (1957) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  28. ↑ "The 30th Academy Awards (1958) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  29. ↑ "The 31st Academy Awards (1959) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  30. ↑ "The 32nd Academy Awards (1960) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on September 8, 2016. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  31. ↑ "The 33rd Academy Awards (1961) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  32. ↑ "The 34th Academy Awards (1962) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  33. ↑ "The 35th Academy Awards (1963) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on July 2, 2016. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  34. ↑ "The 36th Academy Awards (1964) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  35. ↑ "The 37th Academy Awards (1965) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  36. ↑ "The 38th Academy Awards (1966) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  37. ↑ "The 39th Academy Awards (1967) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  38. ↑ "The 40th Academy Awards (1968) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  39. ↑ "The 41st Academy Awards (1969) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  40. ↑ "The 42nd Academy Awards (1970) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  41. ↑ "The 43rd Academy Awards (1971) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  42. ↑ "The 44th Academy Awards (1972) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  43. ↑ "The 45th Academy Awards (1973) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
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  45. ↑ "The 47th Academy Awards (1975) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  46. ↑ "The 48th Academy Awards (1976) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
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  49. ↑ "The 51st Academy Awards (1979) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
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  86. ↑ "The 88th Academy Awards (2016) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on January 25, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
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  88. ↑ "The 90th Academy Awards (2018) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on March 4, 2018. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
  89. ↑ "The 90th Academy Awards (2019) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on February 25, 2019. Retrieved February 25, 2019.
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Bibliography

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