The Spiral Staircase (1946 film)

Last updated

The Spiral Staircase
Spiral staircase21.jpg
Original theatrical poster
Directed by Robert Siodmak
Screenplay by Mel Dinelli
Based onSome Must Watch
by Ethel Lina White [1]
Produced by Dore Schary
Starring
Cinematography Nicholas Musuraca
Edited by
Music by Roy Webb
Production
companies
Distributed byRKO Radio Pictures
Release date
  • February 6, 1946 (1946-02-06) [2]
Running time
84 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$750,000 [3]
Box office$2.8 million (U.S. rentals) [4]

The Spiral Staircase is a 1946 American psychological horror film [5] directed by Robert Siodmak and starring Dorothy McGuire, George Brent, and Ethel Barrymore. Set over the course of one evening, the film follows a mute young woman in an early-20th century Vermont town who is stalked and terrorized in a rural mansion by a serial killer targeting women with disabilities. Gordon Oliver, Rhonda Fleming, and Elsa Lanchester appear in supporting roles. It was adapted for the screen by Mel Dinelli from the novel Some Must Watch (1933) by Ethel Lina White.

Contents

The project originated with producer David O. Selznick, who purchased the rights to White's novel, intending to cast Ingrid Bergman in the lead role. Selznick subsequently sold the rights to RKO Radio Pictures, who commenced production and cast McGuire in the lead. Filming took place at the RKO Radio Pictures studio lot in Los Angeles between August and October 1945.

The Spiral Staircase premiered in New York City on February 6, 1946 and went on to become a box-office success, earning nearly $3 million. It was met by favorable critical reviews, praised for its cinematography, atmosphere, and suspense. Barrymore earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in the film. In the years since its release, film scholars have noted The Spiral Staircase for its stylistic mixture of horror and film noir elements, and cited it as a progenitor of the contemporary slasher film. [6]

Plot

In a village in 1906 Vermont, Helen, a mute girl, attends a silent film screening in a local inn. During the screening, a paraplegic woman limps out of the theatre to her room. She is strangled by a man who was hiding in her closet. Her murder is the third in a string of killings in the community.

Dr. Parry, a friend of Helen's, drives her to the Warren home, a large estate outside town where Helen is employed as a live-in companion for the bedridden Mrs. Warren. Also residing in the house are Mrs. Warren's stepson Albert, a local professor; her son, Steven, a charming, rakish playboy; and live-in staff: Mrs. Oates, a housekeeper; her husband Mr. Oates, a handyman; Blanche, Albert's beautiful secretary who is having an affair with Steven, who has recently returned from abroad; and Nurse Barker, who Mrs. Warren verbally abuses.

In the mansion while Helen pauses to see herself in a mirror, the killer is spying on her. Before anything happens to her, someone enters the area.

Helen finds Mrs. Oates, who discusses the murder and expresses fear for Helen, as the killer appears to be targeting women with disabilities. After Mrs. Warren loses consciousness, Dr. Parry is summoned to the home. Nurse Barker discovers that the bottle of ether has gone missing, and Albert sends Mr. Oates to retrieve some in town. Meanwhile, Mrs. Warren regains consciousness and urges Dr. Parry to take Helen with him. He offers to take Helen to Boston and help her work through the trauma of her parents' death, the shock of which triggered her muteness. She agrees to go, and Dr. Parry makes plans to return in the evening.

After an argument with Steven, Blanche asks Helen if she can leave with her that night. She agrees, and Blanche goes down the spiral staircase to the basement to retrieve her suitcase. There Blanche is attacked and strangled by the killer. Helen finds her corpse in the basement and is confronted by Steven. Frightened that he is responsible, she locks him downstairs and flees upstairs. She attempts to wake Mrs. Oates who has passed out, drunk on the professor's stolen brandy. Helen attempts to call Dr. Parry but is unable to speak to the telephone operator.

Albert finds Helen frantic, and she writes on a notepad that Blanche has been murdered. As he follows her up the staircase to Mrs. Warren's room, he confesses to killing her out of jealousy, "Blanche, whom I loved, did not love me." Albert then reveals how he got everyone out of the way to get her alone, and that he has a goal of killing the "weak and imperfect of the world." Albert tells her: "I saw you earlier looking at yourself in the mirror, and you had no mouth." Helen flees, locking herself in Mrs. Warren's bedroom.

Meanwhile, the constable shows up and is answered at the front door by Albert; he leaves a message for Helen letting her know that Dr. Parry is unable to return that night. Helen returns to the basement to free Steven but finds Albert waiting. He chases her, but they are met by Mrs. Warren, armed with a gun. She shoots Albert, killing him, and Helen screams in horror. Mrs. Warren explains that she suspected Albert was the killer, but wasn't sure because the murders stopped when Steven was away. She notes Albert started killing again when Steven returned to cast suspicion on him.

Mrs. Warren orders Helen to retrieve Steven, so she frees him from the basement closet. Mrs. Warren embraces him and dies on the staircase in his arms. Downstairs, Helen calls Dr. Parry on the telephone—she is now able to fully speak.

Cast

Analysis

Since its release, The Spiral Staircase has been subject to significant film criticism and academic discussion, particularly in regard to the film's visual motifs and blending of horror and film noir. [7] Although characterized by contemporaneous press as a "mystery romance," [8] the film has been noted by contemporary critics for its prominent Gothic horror elements. [9] It has also been cited as one of numerous progenitors to the slasher film, [10] specifically for its female-centric cast [11] and point-of-view cinematography deployed during scenes in which the killer stalks his victims. [12]

Film scholar Amy Golden notes several significant visual allusions in the film, such as Luis Buñuel's Un chien andalou (1929) and Maya Deren's Meshes of the Afternoon (1943). [5] Golden cites the film as a "quintessential example of 1940s horror." [5] Writer Denis Grunes in 2007 suggested the film is "in fact a masked allegory of the passage of silent cinema into sound," citing the mute protagonist's predicament as evidence. [13] This notion was also suggested by film scholar Amy Lawrence in her 1991 book Echo and Narcissus: Women's Voices in Classical Hollywood Cinema. [14]

Production

Development

Dorothy McGuire in The Spiral Staircase The-Spiral-Staircase.jpg
Dorothy McGuire in The Spiral Staircase

Adapted from the Ethel Lina White novel Some Must Watch (1933), The Spiral Staircase was screenwriter Mel Dinelli's first screenplay. [15] RKO Pictures had acquired the rights to produce the film from independent producer David O. Selznick, who himself purchased the rights to White's novel; Selznick had originally conceived a film adaptation with Ingrid Bergman in the lead role. [16] Selznick sold the rights to the project (along with several others he owned) to RKO in order to help finance the Western Duel in the Sun (1946). [16] Under the terms of the sale, Selznick was given a back end cut of the film's earnings, [16] and subsequently gave star Dorothy McGuire a convertible as a bonus for appearing in the film. [17] The screenplay originally bore the same title as White's novel, though a subsequent working title for the project was The Silence of Helen McCord. [18] [19] [20]

When writing the screenplay, Dinelli received input from Dore Schary, who was recommended by Selznick. [16] In the early stages of Dinelli's writing, it was decided to change the setting from England to New England in the United States, which Dinelli and Schary both decided would lend a Gothic tone to the story. [16] The spiral staircase featured in the script (from which the title of the film takes its name) also featured in White's original novel. [21]

Filming

The film was shot between August and November 1945 [22] on the RKO Studio lot in Los Angeles, California, [18] [23] on a production budget of approximately $750,000. [3] In November 1945, it was publicized that actress McGuire went missing for approximately twenty minutes during filming after unintentionally locking herself in one of several labyrinthine rooms constructed in a studio basement. [24]

Cinematographer Nicholas Musuraca was hired to shoot the film, who had previously shot several low-budget films for Val Lewton at RKO, such as Cat People (1942), The Seventh Victim (1943), and The Curse of the Cat People (1944). [15] [23] Musuraca employed several techniques to achieve the film's chiaroscuro-inspired compositions, [25] which included shooting at low angles to achieve the appearance of deep shadows onscreen. [23] In order to conceal the killer's identity, Musuraca shot director Siodmak's eyes for the close-up shots of the killer watching Helen. [23] On October 10, 1945, toward the end of the shoot, the film's assistant director, Harry Scott, died. [18]

The film featured in the opening sequence at the movie house is D. W. Griffith's The Sands of Dee , which was in reality released in 1912, six years after The Spiral Staircase takes place. [26]

Release

Box office

The Spiral Staircase premiered in New York City on February 6, 1946. [27] [18] This was followed by a national theatrical run, during which the film screened in various cities across the United States during the late-winter and early-spring months of 1946. [lower-roman 1] It was later screened in England and Wales in June 1946. [33] [34]

During its theatrical run, the film managed to gross $885,000, [27] with a total of $2.8 million in U.S. rentals, according to Variety . [4] The film was a box-office success, netting a profit of approximately $900,000. [35]

Critical reception

Variety wrote, "This is a smooth production of an obvious, though suspenseful murder thriller, ably acted and directed. Mood and pace are well set, and story grips throughout." [36] Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote, "This is a shocker, plain and simple, and whatever pretensions it has to psychological drama may be considered merely as a concession to a currently popular fancy." [37] During its local theatrical runs, the film earned reviews in various local press: a review in the Pittsburgh Press called the film a "blood-and-thunder melodrama...done so well except that it tends to be tedious at times instead of tense, so leisurely is it paced that it works up considerable suspense." [29] In the Beatrice Daily Sun of Beatrice, Nebraska, it was noted: "An ingenious plot and the work of a superb cast lend distinction to The Spiral Staircase," with the film being ultimately deemed as "gripping." [38] A review published in the Corvallis Gazette-Times of Corvallis, Oregon, summarized:

The Spiral Staircase is one of the season's top mystery dramas... this gripping RKO Radio offering is laid in a New England town about the turn of the century... The suspense mounts as the menace closes in around the helpless heroine, who is unable to escape from the frightening family of her employer. A climax, terrific in its impact, had yesterday's audience breathless and tense. [32]

On the internet review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 87% based on 23 reviews, with a weighted average rating of 8/10. [39] Contemporary author and film critic Leonard Maltin awarded the film three and a half out of a possible four stars, calling it "[a] Superb Hitchock-like thriller with [an] unforgettable performance by McGuire". [40] Pauline Kael praised the film's establishment of characters, noting that it "has all the trappings of the genre...but the psychopaths are quite presentable people, and this, plus the skillful, swift direction, makes the terror convincing." [41]

A review published in the Time Out film guide called the film a "superb thriller," concluding: "Hitchcock couldn't have bettered the casual mastery with which the opening defines not just time and place (small town, turn of the century) but the themes of voyeurism and entrapment." [42] Film scholar Andrew Spicer praised the film's cinematography, calling it "the most beautifully crafted of Siodmak's films, superbly paced with the suspense steadily accumulating in intensity aided by the expressive cinematography of Nicholas Musuraca." [43] Tom Milne of the Time Out Film Guide called the film "one of the undoubted masterpieces of the Gothic mode." [44]

Ethel Barrymore was nominated for Best Supporting Actress at the 19th Academy Awards. [45]

Home media

The Spiral Staircase was released on VHS and DVD in 2000 by Anchor Bay Entertainment. [46] [47] It was re-released on DVD by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 2005 after the studio and its catalogue were acquired by Sony Pictures. [46] On October 2, 2018, Kino Lorber released DVD and Blu-ray editions in the United States under license from Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, which owns this film as part of the David O. Selznick library; Kino Lorber's release features a 4K scan from the original film elements. [48]

Adaptations

The novel was adapted for a radio production starring Helen Hayes before reaching the screen.

The Spiral Staircase was adapted as a half-hour radio play on the November 25, 1949, broadcast of Screen Director's Playhouse , starring Dorothy McGuire in her original role.

In 1961, a televised adaptation starring Elizabeth Montgomery and Lillian Gish was released. [49] It was remade again in 1975 as The Spiral Staircase with Jacqueline Bisset, and again as a 2000 TV film The Spiral Staircase with Nicollette Sheridan.

Notes

  1. ↑ Newspaper sources from various U.S. cities mention the film screening in local cinemas between February and June 1946, including cinemas in Detroit, Michigan; [8] Nashville, Tennessee; [28] Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; [29] Cincinnati, Ohio; [30] Havre, Montana; [31] and Corvallis, Oregon, [32] among others.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Siodmak</span> German-born American film director

Robert Siodmak was a German film director who also worked in the United States. He is best remembered as a thriller specialist and for a series of films noir he made in the 1940s, such as The Killers (1946).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David O. Selznick</span> American film producer (1902–1965)

David O. Selznick was an American film producer, screenwriter and film studio executive who produced Gone with the Wind (1939) and Rebecca (1940), both of which earned him an Academy Award for Best Picture. He also won the Irving Thalberg Award at the 12th Academy Awards, Hollywood's top honor for a producer, in recognition of his shepherding Gone with the Wind through a long and troubled production and into a record-breaking blockbuster.

<i>Duel in the Sun</i> (film) 1946 film by King Vidor

Duel in the Sun is a 1946 American epic psychological Western film directed by King Vidor, produced and written by David O. Selznick, and starring Jennifer Jones, Joseph Cotten, Gregory Peck, Lillian Gish, Walter Huston, and Lionel Barrymore. Based on the 1944 novel of the same name by Niven Busch, it follows a young orphaned Mestiza woman who experiences prejudice and forbidden love, while residing with her white relatives on a large Texas ranch.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dorothy McGuire</span> American actress (1916–2001)

Dorothy Hackett McGuire was an American actress. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for Gentleman's Agreement (1947) and won the National Board of Review Award for Best Actress for Friendly Persuasion (1956). She starred as the mother in the popular films Old Yeller (1957) and Swiss Family Robinson (1960).

<i>Notorious</i> (1946 film) 1946 film by Alfred Hitchcock

Notorious is a 1946 American spy film noir directed and produced by Alfred Hitchcock, starring Cary Grant, Ingrid Bergman, and Claude Rains as three people whose lives become intimately entangled during an espionage operation.

<i>Cat People</i> (1942 film) 1942 film by Jacques Tourneur

Cat People is a 1942 American supernatural horror film directed by Jacques Tourneur and produced for RKO by Val Lewton. The film tells the story of Irena Dubrovna, a newly married Serbian fashion illustrator obsessed with the idea that she is descended from an ancient tribe of Cat People who metamorphose into black panthers when aroused. When her husband begins to show interest in one of his co-workers, Irena begins to stalk her. The film stars Simone Simon as Irena, and features Kent Smith, Tom Conway, Jane Randolph, and Jack Holt in supporting roles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhonda Fleming</span> American actress and singer (1923–2020)

Rhonda Fleming was an American film and television actress and singer. She acted in more than 40 films, mostly in the 1940s and 1950s, and became renowned as one of the most glamorous actresses of her day, nicknamed the "Queen of Technicolor" because she photographed so well in that medium.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Val Lewton</span> Ukrainian-American writer and film producer

Val Lewton was a Ukrainian-American novelist, film producer and screenwriter best known for a string of low-budget horror films he produced for RKO Pictures in the 1940s. His son, also named Val Lewton, was a painter and exhibition designer.

<i>Born to Kill</i> (1947 film) 1947 film noir directed by Robert Wise

Born to Kill is a 1947 RKO Pictures American film noir starring Lawrence Tierney, Claire Trevor and Walter Slezak with Esther Howard, Elisha Cook Jr., and Audrey Long in supporting roles. The film was director Robert Wise's first film noir production, preceding his later work on The Set-Up (1949) and The Captive City (1952).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nicholas Musuraca</span> Italian cinematographer

Nicholas Musuraca, A.S.C. was a motion-picture cinematographer best remembered for his work at RKO Pictures in the 1940s, including many of Val Lewton's series of B-picture horror films.

<i>Jane Eyre</i> (1943 film) Film by Robert Stevenson

Jane Eyre is a 1943 American film adaptation of Charlotte Brontë's 1847 novel of the same name, released by 20th Century Fox. It was directed by Robert Stevenson and produced by the uncredited Kenneth Macgowan and Orson Welles; Welles also stars in the film as Edward Rochester, with Joan Fontaine playing the title character.

<i>The Window</i> (1949 film) 1949 film by Ted Tetzlaff

The Window is a 1949 American black-and-white film noir, based on the short story "The Boy Cried Murder" by Cornell Woolrich, about a lying boy who witnesses a killing but is not believed. The film, a critical success that was shot on location in New York City, was produced by Frederic Ullman Jr. for $210,000 but earned much more, making it a box-office hit for RKO Pictures. The film was directed by Ted Tetzlaff, who worked as a cinematographer on over 100 films, including another successful suspense film, Alfred Hitchcock's Notorious (1946). For his performances in this film and in So Dear to My Heart, Bobby Driscoll was presented with a miniature Oscar statuette as the outstanding juvenile actor of 1949 at the 1950 Academy Awards ceremony.

The Spiral Staircase is a 2000 television film remake of the 1946 film The Spiral Staircase based on Ethel Lina White's 1933 novel Some Must Watch. The film was directed by James Head with a screenplay by Matt Dorff, and stars Nicollette Sheridan, Judd Nelson, Alex McArthur, Debbe Dunning and Holland Taylor.

<i>The Spiral Staircase</i> (1975 film) 1975 British film

The Spiral Staircase is a 1975 British horror mystery thriller film directed by Peter Collinson and starring Jacqueline Bisset and Christopher Plummer. It is a remake of the 1946 film of the same name, which was adapted from Ethel Lina White's 1933 British novel Some Must Watch.

<i>Killers Moon</i> 1978 British horror film directed by Alan Birkinshaw

Killer's Moon is a 1978 British slasher film written and directed by Alan Birkinshaw, with uncredited dialogue written by his novelist sister, Fay Weldon, and starring Anthony Forrest, Tom Marshall, Jane Hayden, JoAnne Good, Nigel Gregory, David Jackson and Lisa Vanderpump. It follows a group of schoolgirls on a choir trip who are terrorized by four escaped psychiatric patients on LSD while staying in a remote hotel in the Lake District.

Vanguard Films, Inc. was an American film production company, established by producer David O. Selznick in 1943, after the dissolution of Selznick International Pictures. The company's president was Daniel T. O'Shea; Dore Schary was the head of production. The company was liquidated in 1951.

Amelio "Mel" Dinelli was an American writer for theatre, radio, film and magazines, usually in the suspense genre. He grew up in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and graduated from Albuquerque High School. He joined the Albuquerque Little Theatre company for its inaugural season in 1931, acting in two plays alongside future I Love Lucy star Vivian Vance. He later studied at the Pasadena Playhouse school of theater arts and the University of Washington.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Myrna Dell</span> American actress (1924–2011)

Myrna Dell was an American actress, model, and writer who appeared in numerous motion pictures and television programs over four decades. A Hollywood glamour girl in the early part of her career, she is best known today for her work in B-pictures, particularly film noir thrillers and Westerns.

<i>Time Out of Mind</i> (1947 film) 1947 film by Robert Siodmak

Time Out of Mind is a 1947 American film noir drama film directed by Robert Siodmak and starring Phyllis Calvert, Robert Hutton and Ella Raines. Made by Universal Pictures on a large budget of $1,674,500, the film was not a commercial success. The British actress Calvert was a major star in Britain and other countries for her roles in the Gainsborough Melodramas.

The Spiral Staircase is a 1961 American television film. It is a television adaptation of Ethel Lina White's novel Some Must Watch which was filmed in 1946 as The Spiral Staircase. It was directed by Boris Sagal.

References

  1. ↑ Kabatchnik 2010, p. 774.
  2. ↑ Golden 2015, p. 105.
  3. 1 2 Stegel, Fred (September 1945). "14 RKO Pictures to Exceed Million In Prod. Cost in Coming 'Year of Years'". Variety . p. 4 – via Internet Archive.
  4. 1 2 "60 Top Grossers of 1946". Variety . January 8, 1947. p. 8 – via Internet Archive.
  5. 1 2 3 Golden 2015, p. 90.
  6. ↑ Hutchings 2009, p. 294.
  7. ↑ Golden 2015, pp. 90–93.
  8. 1 2 "PARTNERS IN FEAR". Detroit Free Press . February 5, 1946. p. 12 – via Newspapers.com.
  9. ↑ Golden 2015, p. 89.
  10. ↑ Whitty, Stephen (March 8, 2009). "From monstrous metaphor to brainless splatter, the slasher film devolves". NJ.com . Archived from the original on April 2, 2023.
  11. ↑ Olney 2015, p. 61.
  12. ↑ Hutchings 2017, p. 300.
  13. ↑ Golden 2015, p. 92.
  14. ↑ Lawrence 1991, p. 6.
  15. 1 2 Nixon, Rob. "Trivia and Fun Facts for The Spiral Staircase". Turner Classic Movies. Archived from the original on February 19, 2018. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Nixon, Rob. "The Big Idea Behind The Spiral Staircase". Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on February 19, 2018. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
  17. ↑ Commire 2000, p. 759.
  18. 1 2 3 4 "The Spiral Staircase". AFI Catalog of Feature Films . American Film Institute . Retrieved December 28, 2017.
  19. ↑ L., G. (November 5, 1945). "Reviews and Previews". Harrisburg Telegraph. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. ↑ ""Spiral Staircase"". The Seattle Star . November 9, 1945. p. 14 – via Newspapers.com.
  21. ↑ White 1941, pp. 55, 75.
  22. ↑ "Ethel Barrymore Winds Up Chore for Selznick". The Austin Statesman . November 18, 1945. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.
  23. 1 2 3 4 Nixon, Rob. "Behind the Scenes on The Spiral Staircase". Turner Classic Movies. Archived from the original on February 19, 2018. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
  24. ↑ "Has Eerie Experience". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . November 21, 1945. p. 20 – via Newspapers.com.
  25. ↑ Alpi 1998, p. 145.
  26. ↑ Pitts 2015, p. 310.
  27. 1 2 Jewell & Harbin 1985, p. 210.
  28. ↑ "Playhouse Presents 'Kiss and Tell;' 'Scarlet Street' Coming to Loew's". The Tennessean . March 3, 1946. p. 26 – via Newspapers.com.
  29. 1 2 "Strangler on the Loose in 'Spiral Staircase'". The Pittsburgh Press . March 15, 1946. p. 28 – via Newspapers.com.
  30. ↑ "SPIRAL STAIRCASE". Cincinnati Enquirer . April 10, 1946. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.
  31. ↑ "SHOWING NEXT THURSDAY, FRIDAY AND SATURDAY— "The Spiral Staircase"". The Havre Daily News. April 26, 1946. p. 3 – via Newspapers.com.
  32. 1 2 "The Spiral Staircase". Corvallis Gazette-Times . April 27, 1946. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com.
  33. ↑ "Chester Odeon: The Spiral Staircase". Ellesmere Port Pioneer . June 14, 1946. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
  34. ↑ "Odeon Theatres". North Wales Weekly News . June 27, 1946. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.
  35. ↑ Pitts 2015, p. 307.
  36. ↑ "Review: 'The Spiral Staircase'". Variety . 1946. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
  37. ↑ Crowther, Bosley (February 7, 1946). "The Spiral Staircase (1946)". The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 20, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
  38. ↑ "'Spiral Staircase' At The Rivoli". Beatrice Daily Sun. Entertainment. June 23, 1946. p. 12 – via Newspapers.com.
  39. ↑ "The Spiral Staircase (1946)". Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 30, 2020.
  40. ↑ Maltin, Leonard; Green, Spencer; Edelman, Rob (January 2010). Leonard Maltin's Classic Movie Guide. Plume. p. 623. ISBN   978-0-452-29577-3.
  41. ↑ Kael 2011, p. 701.
  42. ↑ Time Out Staff (September 10, 2012). "The Spiral Staircase, directed by Robert Siodmak". Time Out . Archived from the original on December 1, 2020.
  43. ↑ Spicer 2002, p. 116.
  44. ↑ Milne, Tom. "The Spiral Staircase". British Film Institute . Archived from the original on August 8, 2018.
  45. ↑ "The 19th Academy Awards | 1947". Oscars.org . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on November 30, 2022.
  46. 1 2 Hunter, Fred (October 14, 2005). "The Spiral Staircase - The 1946 version on DVD". Turner Classic Movies . Movie News. Archived from the original on April 2, 2023.
  47. ↑ "DVD Preview: What's in the Pipeline". Billboard. July 15, 2000. p. 78 – via Google Books.
  48. ↑ The Spiral Staircase (Blu-ray). Kino Lorber. 2018. OCLC   1055205674.
  49. ↑ Nixon, Rob. "Pop Culture 101: The Spiral Staircase". Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on February 19, 2018. Retrieved February 18, 2018.

Sources

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.