Vice (2018 film)

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Vice
Vice (2018 film poster).png
Theatrical release poster
Directed by Adam McKay
Written byAdam McKay
Produced by
Starring
Cinematography Greig Fraser
Edited by Hank Corwin
Music by Nicholas Britell
Production
companies
Distributed byAnnapurna Pictures
Release dates
Running time
132 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$60 million [1] [2]
Box office$76.1 million [3]

Vice is a 2018 American epic biographical political satire black comedy film directed, written, and produced by Adam McKay. The cast of this film include Christian Bale as former U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney, with Amy Adams, Steve Carell, Sam Rockwell, Justin Kirk, Tyler Perry, Alison Pill, Lily Rabe, and Jesse Plemons in supporting roles. The film follows Cheney on his path to becoming the most powerful vice president in American history. It is the second theatrical film to depict the presidency of George W. Bush, following Oliver Stone's W. (2008).

Contents

Vice was released in the United States on December 25, 2018, by Annapurna Pictures, and grossed $76 million worldwide. While the performances were universally acclaimed, the film polarized critics; some considered it to be one of the best films of the year while others thought it to be one of the worst, with McKay's screenplay and direction receiving both "scathing critiques and celebratory praise". [4] [5] The film received numerous accolades, with eight nominations at the Oscars, including for Best Picture, winning Best Make-Up and Hairstyling. It also received six nominations each from the Golden Globes (including for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy) and the BAFTAs. For their performances, Bale, Adams, and Rockwell were nominated at all three shows, with Bale winning the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy.

Plot

Vice is narrated by Kurt, a fictitious veteran of the Afghan and Iraqi wars.

In 1963, Dick Cheney works as a lineman in Wyoming after his alcoholism led him to drop out of Yale University. After Cheney is stopped by a traffic cop for driving while intoxicated, his wife Lynne tells him to clean up his life or she will leave him.

In 1969, Cheney finds work as a White House intern during the Nixon Administration. Working under Nixon's economic adviser, Donald Rumsfeld, Cheney becomes a savvy political operative as he juggles commitments to his wife and their daughters, Liz and Mary. Cheney overhears Henry Kissinger discussing the secret bombing of Cambodia with President Richard Nixon, revealing the true power of the executive branch to Cheney. Rumsfeld's abrasive attitude leads to him and Cheney being distanced from Nixon, which works in both men's favor; after Nixon's resignation, Cheney rises to the position of White House Chief of Staff for President Gerald Ford, while Rumsfeld becomes Secretary of Defense. The media later dubs the sudden shake-up in the cabinet as the Halloween Massacre. During his tenure, a young Antonin Scalia introduces Cheney to the unitary executive theory.

After Ford loses the election, Cheney runs for Congress in Wyoming. After giving an awkward and uncharismatic campaign speech, Cheney suffers his first heart attack. While he recovers, Lynne campaigns on her husband's behalf, helping him to win a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. During the Reagan Administration, Cheney supports a raft of conservative, pro-business policies favoring the fossil fuel industries, as well as the abolition of the FCC fairness doctrine, which contributed to the rise of Fox News, conservative talk radio, and the increasing level of party polarization in the United States. Cheney next serves as Secretary of Defense under President George H. W. Bush during the Gulf War. Outside of politics, Cheney and Lynne come to terms with their younger daughter, Mary, coming out as a lesbian. Though Cheney develops ambitions to run for president, he decides to retire from public life due to lack of presidential polling enthusiasm for him and to spare Mary from media scrutiny.

Cheney becomes the CEO of Halliburton while his wife breeds golden retrievers and writes books. A sarcastic false epilogue claims that Cheney lived the rest of his life healthy and happy in the private sector and credits begin rolling, only for them to end abruptly as the film continues.

Cheney is invited to become the running mate of George W. Bush in the 2000 United States presidential election. Under the impression that Bush is more interested in pleasing his father than attaining power for himself, Cheney agrees on the condition that Bush delegates executive responsibilities to him and avoids getting him involved in the Republican Party's stance against gay rights. As vice president, Cheney works with Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld, legal counsel David Addington, Mary Matalin, and Chief of Staff Scooter Libby to exercise control of key foreign policy and defense decisions.

In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, Cheney and Rumsfeld maneuver to initiate and preside over the U.S. invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq. Various other events from his vice presidency are depicted, including his endorsement of the unitary executive theory, the Plame affair, the accidental shooting of Harry Whittington, and tensions between the Cheney sisters over same-sex marriage. Cheney's actions are shown to lead to hundreds of thousands of deaths and the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq, resulting in him receiving record-low approval ratings by the end of the Bush administration.

As he is narrating Cheney's deathbed goodbye to his family after another heart attack, Kurt dies in a road traffic incident. His healthy heart is transplanted into Cheney. Liz states her opposition to same-sex marriage while running for a Senate seat a few months later, and Cheney does not object. This upsets Mary, who distances herself from her family. Liz wins election to her father's former position in the House two years later. An irate Cheney breaks the fourth wall and delivers a monologue to the audience at the end of the film, declaring he has no regrets about anything he has done in his career.

In a mid-credit scene, some members of a focus group reviewing the film get into a heated debate about the film's effectiveness and the presidency of Donald Trump, while others are uninterested and would rather discuss the latest Fast & Furious movie.

Cast

Main characters

Supporting characters

Production

On November 22, 2016, it was announced that Paramount Pictures had come on board to handle the rights to a drama about Dick Cheney; the screenplay was to be written by Adam McKay, who would also direct. [6] The film was produced by Plan B producers Brad Pitt, Dede Gardner and Jeremy Kleiner, along with McKay and his Gary Sanchez partners Will Ferrell and Kevin Messick. [6] Bale signed on to play Cheney in April 2017, and gained 40 pounds (18 kg) for the role. [7] [8]

On August 22, Bill Pullman was cast as Nelson Rockefeller (though he did not appear in the finished film), and a title, Backseat, was announced. It was later changed to Vice. [9] On August 31, Sam Rockwell was cast as George W. Bush. [10] In September 2017, Adam Bartley joined the cast. [11]

Principal production commenced in late September 2017. [12] Tyler Perry and Lily Rabe joined the film in October as Colin Powell and Liz Cheney, respectively. [13] [14]

Music

Release

The film premiered at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, on December 11, 2018. [15]

Vice was released in both Canada and the United States on December 25, 2018 [16] alongside Holmes & Watson . [17] It was previously scheduled for release on December 14, 2018. [18] The film opened in the U.K. on January 25, 2019, with most of Europe and Hong Kong following with February 2019 release dates. [19] [ better source needed ]

Vice was released on Blu-ray Disc and DVD by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on April 2, 2019. [20]

Reception

Box office

Vice grossed $47.8 million in the United States and Canada, and $28.2 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $76.1 million, against a production budget of $60 million. [3]

In the United States and Canada, the film was released alongside Holmes & Watson on Christmas Day and was projected to gross around $13 million from 2,378 theaters over its first six days. [21] [22] It made $4.8 million on its first day and $2.9 million on its second. [23] The film went on to have a first weekend gross of $7.8 million, for a six-day total of $17.7 million. [24] According to The Hollywood Reporter , the film performed its "best on both coasts, versus America's heartland, although some theaters in markets including Dallas, Houston and Phoenix turned in respectable business". [25] It then made $5.8 million in its second weekend and $3.3 million in its third. [26] [27]

Critical response

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 65% based on 367 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "Vice takes scattershot aim at its targets, but writer-director Adam McKay hits some satisfying bullseyes—and Christian Bale's transformation is a sight to behold." [28] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score 61 out of 100, based on 54 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". [29] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale, while those at PostTrak gave it an overall positive score of 72% and a 49% "definite recommend". [23] The critical response to Vice made it one of the worst-reviewed films to ever be nominated for Best Picture at the Academy Awards. [30] [31]

Christian Bale 2014 (cropped).jpg
Amy Adams (8000637920).jpg
Sam Rockwell Moon 2009 Tribeca portrait.jpg
The performances of Christian Bale, Amy Adams and Sam Rockwell received critical acclaim, earning them Academy Award nominations for Best Actor, Best Supporting Actress and Best Supporting Actor respectively.

Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter , who named the film his favorite of 2018, wrote: "Across the board in Vice, everyone has risen to the occasion of their individual challenges, none of them easy, to collectively pull off a political satire that both provokes great laughs and hits home with some tragic truths". [32] Eric Kohn of IndieWire gave the film a "B−" and called it "messy but ambitious", writing: "Vice, in its rambunctious and unfocused manner, takes some ludicrous risks to make cogent points about Cheney's malicious intent—and how he put his plans into action". [33] By contrast, Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian awarded the film 4/5 stars, and wrote that Bale "captur[es] the former vice-president's bland magnificence in Adam McKay's entertainingly nihilist biopic". [34]

Rolling Stone film critic Peter Travers praised the film, giving it a 4/5 rating and writing: "Adam McKay's flamethrowing take on Dick Cheney, played by a shockingly brilliant Christian Bale, polarizes by being ferociously funny one minute, bleakly sorrowful the next, and ready to indict the past in the name of our scarily uncertain future." [35]

Stephanie Zacharek of Time gave the film a negative review, describing Vice as an "exhausting film that turns Dick Cheney into a cartoon villain". [36] Ikon London Magazine, while praising the make-up artistry of Greg Cannom, [37] noted that "the story reminds of a witch hunt". [38]

Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post praised Bale's performance as Cheney but criticized the story pacing, awarding the film 2/5 stars. Hornaday had issues with the film's structure, writing that the film is "a mess, zigging here and zagging there, never knowing quite when to end, and when it finally does, leaving few penetrating or genuinely illuminating ideas to ponder". [39] Similarly, Scott Mendelson of Forbes praised Bale's and Amy Adams's performances, but criticized the film as a "cinematic mediocrity". [40]

Historical inaccuracies

Real-life photograph of Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld with President Gerald Ford at the Oval Office in 1975. President Ford meets with Rumsfeld and Cheney - NARA - 7140637.jpg
Real-life photograph of Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld with President Gerald Ford at the Oval Office in 1975.

Numerous scenes from the film were identified as being historically inaccurate, heavily dramatized, or presented without necessary context. [41] [42] [43] [44] Politifact stated that in certain scenes, "the line between historic facts and poetic interpretation gets fuzzy". [41]

In an early scene where Rumsfeld (played by Steve Carell) is introduced, it was stated that he was an elite Navy jet pilot. In reality, Rumsfeld never flew jet-engine aircraft during active-duty service within the United States Navy; he only flew propeller-engine aircraft such as the Grumman S-2F Tracker and North American T-6 Texan. [45]

During the early scene when Cheney first arrives for his congressional internship program in 1969, it is depicted that Cheney still has not yet decided whom he will work for and decides to work with Illinois's 13th district Congressman, Donald Rumsfeld following Cheney listening to and admiring Rumsfeld's speech. In real-life, Dick Cheney, who had been affiliated with the Republican Party and conservatism prior to his government service work, was actually introduced to Donald Rumsfeld by Rumsfeld's colleague in the House of Representatives, Congressman William A. Steiger from the 6th district of Wisconsin, to work under Rumsfeld when he was appointed by President Richard Nixon as Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity and needed more staff to work with. During Rumsfeld's tenure as Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity, Rumsfeld also brings along his old protégé from Rumsfeld's time at Princeton University, Frank Carlucci to work along with Dick Cheney to assist Rumsfeld with tasks as Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity. Carlucci later succeeded Rumsfeld as Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity when Rumsfeld was appointed as Counselor to the President by President Nixon. Rumsfeld, Cheney and Carlucci would all later serve as United States Secretary of Defense. [46] [45]

An important scene in the film that depicts Dick Cheney conversing with Antonin Scalia in the mid-1970s about expanding the power of the executive branch is totally fictional. However, Cheney campaigned for increased presidential authority. [41] In the scene, the "theory of the unitary executive" is mentioned although the phrase did not become used by legal scholars until the late 1980s. Politifact says that the film also "butchers" the meaning of the unitary executive when in reality, the theory says the president has ultimate control over the executive branch. However, the film represents the theory as advocating for the president to have unlimited powers. [41]

Responses from Cheney family

Dick Cheney's daughter and Congresswoman Liz Cheney criticized Christian Bale for his portrayal of her father in Vice, remarking during a Fox & Friends interview that "he finally had the chance to play a real superhero, and he clearly screwed it up". Liz also responded negatively to Bale's acceptance speech for winning the Best Actor in a Comedy or Musical Golden Globe for his portrayal of Cheney, in which the actor thanked Satan for inspiring him to play the role of Cheney. [47] [48] [49]

Accolades

Vice has received multiple awards and nominations, and was nominated for six Golden Globe Awards at the 76th annual ceremony, the most nominations of any film, [50] with Bale winning for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. [51] The film was subsequently nominated for eight awards at the 91st Academy Awards (winning Best Make-Up and Hairstyling), [52] nine awards at the 24th Critics' Choice Awards (winning Best Actor and Best Actor in a Comedy for Bale), [53] six awards at the 72nd British Academy Film Awards (winning Best Editing), [54] and 4 nominations at the 8th AACTA International Awards. [55]

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References

  1. ↑ Anthony D'Alessandro (October 10, 2018). "The Reasons Behind Annapurna's Tumultuous Week". Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 10, 2018.
  2. ↑ "Annapurna Upheaval: Megan Ellison Is 'Reevaluating' Film Division Amid Money Woes". TheWrap . October 10, 2018. Archived from the original on October 11, 2018. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
  3. 1 2 "Vice (2018)". Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved May 10, 2019.
  4. ↑ Nickolai, Nate (December 17, 2018). "'Vice' Reviews: What the Critics Are Saying". Variety . New York City. Retrieved December 17, 2018.
  5. ↑ Foreman, Alison (December 17, 2018). "'VICE' divides critics in early reviews". Mashable . Retrieved December 18, 2018.
  6. 1 2 Fleming, Mike Jr. (November 22, 2016). "Adam McKay To Direct Dick Cheney Movie At Paramount". Deadline Hollywood . Los Angeles, California: Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 23, 2016.
  7. ↑ Coyle, Jake (April 12, 2017). "Christian Bale to play Dick Cheney in Adam McKay's biopic". The Seattle Times . Seattle, Washington: Seattle Times Company. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  8. ↑ Miller, Julie (October 2, 2017). "See Christian Bale's Incredible Dick Cheney Transformation in First Vice Photo". Vanity Fair . New York City. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  9. ↑ Patten, Dominic (August 22, 2017). "Bill Pullman Joins Adam McKay's Dick Cheney Movie As A Veep Himself". Deadline Hollywood . Los Angeles, California: Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  10. ↑ Kit, Borys (August 31, 2017). "Sam Rockwell to Play George W. Bush in Adam McKay's Dick Cheney Biopic (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles, California. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  11. ↑ N'Duka, Amanda (September 19, 2017). "Adam Bartley Joins Adam McKay's Dick Cheney Film; Elaine Hendrix Cast In 'Burying Yasmeen' Indie". Deadline Hollywood . Los Angeles, California: Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  12. ↑ McNary, Dave (August 31, 2017). "Sam Rockwell in Talks to Play George W. Bush in Adam McKay's 'Cheney'". Variety . Los Angeles, California. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  13. ↑ Fleming, Mike Jr. (October 10, 2017). "Tyler Perry To Play Colin Powell In Adam McKay's Dick Cheney Pic". Deadline Hollywood . Los Angeles, California: Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  14. ↑ Busch, Anita (October 12, 2017). "Lily Rabe Will Portray Liz Cheney In Annapurna Feature About Dick Cheney". Deadline Hollywood . Los Angeles, California. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  15. ↑ St. Clair, Matthew (December 12, 2018). "'Vice': Stars were on the red carpet for the world premiere in LA". USA Today . Retrieved December 13, 2018.
  16. ↑ D'Alessandro, Anthony (September 28, 2018). "Adam McKay's Dick Cheney Project Now Titled 'Vice'; Will Go Wide On Christmas Day". Deadline Hollywood . Los Angeles, California. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
  17. ↑ D'Alessandro, Anthony (December 27, 2018). "'Aquaman' $16.9M Wednesday Bests 'Last Jedi' & 'Black Panther'; DC Superhero Will Fly To $54M Second Weekend". Deadline. Retrieved September 1, 2019.
  18. ↑ D'Alessandro, Anthony (February 9, 2018). "Annapurna Dates Films By Adam McKay, Babak Anvari & Sundance Acquisition 'Sorry To Bother You'". Deadline Hollywood . Los Angeles, California. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  19. ↑ "Vice Release Info". IMDb. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
  20. ↑ "Vice Blu-ray Review". High Def Digest. April 4, 2019. Retrieved August 31, 2023.
  21. ↑ D'Alessandro, Anthony (December 18, 2018). "'Aquaman' Darting To $120M+ In Competitive Christmas 5-Day Corridor – Box Office Preview". Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 18, 2018.
  22. ↑ D'Alessandro, Anthony (December 27, 2018). "'Aquaman' $16.9M Wednesday Bests 'Last Jedi' & 'Black Panther'; DC Superhero Will Fly To $54M Second Weekend". Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 28, 2018.
  23. 1 2 D'Alessandro, Anthony (December 26, 2018). "'Aquaman' Unwraps $22M+ On Christmas For $105M+ Cume; 'Holmes & Watson' Opens To $6M+; 'Vice' $4M+". Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 26, 2018.
  24. ↑ D'Alessandro, Anthony (December 30, 2018). "'Aquaman' Sailing To $52M+ 2nd Weekend; $189M+ Cume Pacing Ahead Of 'Doctor Strange' & 'Guardians Of The Galaxy'". Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 30, 2018.
  25. ↑ McClintock, Pamela (December 30, 2018). "Specialty Box Office: 'On the Basis of Sex,' 'Vice' Lure Urban Liberal Moviegoers". The Hollywood Reporter.
  26. ↑ D'Alessandro, Anthony (January 6, 2018). "'Aquaman' Still The Big Man At The B.O. With $30M+; 'Escape Room' Packs In $17M+ – Early Sunday Update". Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 6, 2019.
  27. ↑ D'Alessandro, Anthony (January 13, 2018). "'Upside' Set To Be STX's First No. 1 Opener With $19M+; 'Aquaman' Flips Over $1B WW; Keanu Reeves Hits B.O. Low With 'Replicas'". Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 20, 2019.
  28. ↑ "Vice (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved October 10, 2021.
  29. ↑ "Vice Reviews". Metacritic . Retrieved February 16, 2019.
  30. ↑ Welk, Brian (December 17, 2018). "Adam McKay's Dick Cheney Biopic 'Vice' Polarizes Critics, From 'Clunky' to 'Zeitgeist Event'". thewrap . Retrieved December 17, 2018.
  31. ↑ Fallon, Kevin (January 22, 2019). "Oscars: Are 'Bohemian Rhapsody' and 'Vice' the Worst Best Picture Nominees Ever?". The Daily Beast . Retrieved January 26, 2019.
  32. ↑ McCarthy, Todd (December 17, 2018). "'Vice': Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 17, 2018.
  33. ↑ Kohn, Eric (December 17, 2018). "'Vice' Review: Christian Bale Is a Perfect Dick Cheney, But the Satire Tries Too Hard". IndieWire . Retrieved December 17, 2018.
  34. ↑ Bradshaw, Peter (December 17, 2018). "Vice review – Christian Bale hilarious as toad-like VP Dick Cheney". The Guardian . Retrieved January 1, 2019.
  35. ↑ Travers, Peter (December 17, 2018). "'Vice' Review: Meet The Dubya Era's Dark Lord". RollingStone.com. Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on December 18, 2018. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
  36. ↑ Zacharek, Stephanie (December 17, 2018). "Review: An Exhausting Vice Turns Dick Cheney Into a Cartoon Villain". Time . New York City. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  37. ↑ Orlova Alvarez, Tamara (January 17, 2019). "Vice Movie Make Up Artistry And Costume Design". Ikon London Magazine. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  38. ↑ Orlova Alvarez, Tamara (January 16, 2019). "Vice Film Review". Ikon London Magazine. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  39. ↑ Hornaday, Ann (December 18, 2019). "Christian Bale nails it as Dick Cheney in 'Vice', but the rest of the movie is an absurd mess". The Washington Post . Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  40. ↑ Mendelson, Scott (December 17, 2018). "'Vice' Review: Strong Performances Can't Save Useless Dick Cheney Biopic". Forbes . New York City. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  41. 1 2 3 4 "Vice: What the movie gets right and wrong about Dick Cheney". PolitiFact. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
  42. ↑ "Fact-Checking Vice: The True Story vs. the Dick Cheney Movie". HistoryvsHollywood.com. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
  43. ↑ Mallenbaum, Carly. "Fact-checking 'Vice': Did Dick Cheney really do all of that?". USA TODAY. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
  44. ↑ Lemann, Nicholas (January 3, 2019). ""Vice" vs. the Real Dick Cheney". The New Yorker. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
  45. 1 2 Rumsfeld, Donald (2011). Known and unknown : a memoir. New York: Sentinel. ISBN   978-1-59523-067-6. OCLC   650210649.
  46. ↑ "Fact-Checking Vice: The True Story vs. the Dick Cheney Movie". HistoryvsHollywood.com. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
  47. ↑ Cheney speaks out on Christian Bale calling her dad 'satan' on YouTube
  48. ↑ Wagner, John (January 9, 2019). "Liz Cheney says Christian Bale blew his chance to play 'a real superhero' — her father". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
  49. ↑ Stampler, Laura (January 9, 2019). "Liz Cheney Says Christian Bale 'Screwed Up' His Chance to Play 'a Real Superhero' in Movie About Her Dad". Fortune. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
  50. ↑ "Golden Globe Nominations: Complete List". Variety . December 6, 2018. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
  51. ↑ "All the Winners of the 76th Golden Globes". Golden Globe Awards (Press release). January 6, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
  52. ↑ France, Lisa Respers (January 22, 2019). "Oscars 2019: See who's nominated". CNN . Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  53. ↑ "Critics' Choice Awards winners: Full list of Critics' Choice Award winners". Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: 6abc. January 13, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
  54. ↑ "'The Favourite' Dominates BAFTA Nominations 2019". The Hollywood Reporter . January 9, 2019. Archived from the original on January 9, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
  55. ↑ "'A Star Is Born,' 'Vice' Lead 2019 Australian Academy Award Nominees". TheWrap. December 11, 2018. Retrieved August 2, 2021.
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