The Piano

This article is about the film. For the instrument, see Piano. For other uses, see Piano (disambiguation).

The Piano
Theatrical release poster
Directed by	Jane Campion
Written by	Jane Campion
Produced by	Jan Chapman
Starring	Holly Hunter Harvey Keitel Sam Neill Anna Paquin Kerry Walker Genevieve Lemon
Cinematography	Stuart Dryburgh
Edited by	Veronika Jenet
Music by	Michael Nyman
Production companies	Jan Chapman Productions CiBy 2000
Distributed by	BAC Films (France) Miramax [1] (Australia and New Zealand; through Buena Vista International [2] and Roadshow Film Distributors [3] )
Release dates	15 May 1993 (1993-05-15)(Cannes) 19 May 1993 (1993-05-19)(France) 5 August 1993 (1993-08-05)(Australia)
Running time	117 minutes
Countries	New Zealand Australia France
Languages	English Māori British Sign Language
Budget	US$7 million [4]
Box office	US$140 million [5]

The Piano is a 1993 historical drama film written and directed by New Zealand filmmaker Jane Campion. It stars Holly Hunter, Harvey Keitel, Sam Neill, and Anna Paquin in her first major acting role. The film focuses on a mute Scottish woman who travels to a remote part of New Zealand with her young daughter after her arranged marriage to a settler. The plot has similarities to Jane Mander's 1920 novel, The Story of a New Zealand River, but also substantial differences. Campion has cited the novels Wuthering Heights and The African Queen as inspirations. ^[6]

An international co-production between New Zealand, Australia, and France, The Piano was a critical and commercial success, grossing US$140.2 million worldwide (equivalent to $295.7 million in 2023) against its US$7 million budget (equivalent to $14.8 million in 2023). It was noted for its crossover appeal beyond the arthouse circuit to attracting mainstream popularity, largely due to rave reviews and word of mouth. ^[7]

Hunter and Paquin both received high praise for their performances. In 1993, the film won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival, making Campion the first female director to receive the award. It won three Academy Awards out of eight total nominations in March 1994: Best Actress for Hunter, Best Supporting Actress for Paquin, and Best Original Screenplay for Campion. Paquin was 11 years old at the time and remains the second-youngest actor to win an Oscar in a competitive category.

Plot

In the mid-1800s, ^[8] Ada McGrath, a Scottish woman with elective mutism, travels to colonial New Zealand with her daughter Flora for an arranged marriage to settler Alisdair Stewart. Ada has not spoken since the age of six, and the reason for this as well as the identity of Flora's father remain unknown. She communicates through playing the piano and sign language, with Flora acting as her interpreter.

Ada and Flora, along with their handcrafted piano, are stranded on a New Zealand beach by a ship's crew. The next day, Alisdair arrives with his Māori crew and neighbour George Baines, a retired sailor who's adapted to Maori customs, including facial tattoos. Alisdair tells Ada that they don't have enough bearers for the piano and then refuses to go back for it, claiming that they all need to make sacrifices. Desperate to retrieve her piano, Ada seeks George's help. While at first saying no, he appears to give in due to her keenness on recovering the piano. Once at the beach, he is entranced by her music and appears charmed by her happy ways when she is playing, in contrast to her stern behaviour when in the farm.

George offers Alisdair the land he's been coveting in exchange for the piano and Ada's lessons. Alisdair agrees, oblivious to George's attraction to Ada. Ada is enraged by George's proposition but agrees to trade lessons for piano keys. She restricts the lessons to the black keys only and resists George's demands for more intimacy. Ada continues to rebuff Alisdair's advances while exploring her sensuality with George. George eventually realizes that Ada will never commit to him emotionally and returns the piano to her, confessing that he wants Ada to care for him genuinely.

Although Ada has her piano back, she longs for George and returns to him. Alisdair overhears them having sex and watches them through a crack in the wall. Furious, he confronts Ada and tries to force himself on her despite her strong resistance. He then coerces Ada into promising she will no longer see George.

Shortly after, Ada instructs Flora to deliver a package to George, which contains a piano key with a love declaration engraved on it. Flora delivers it to Alisdair instead. Enraged after reading the message, Alisdair cuts off Ada's index finger, depriving her of the ability to play the piano. He sends Flora to George with the severed finger, warning him to stay away from Ada or he will chop off more fingers. Later, while touching Ada as she sleeps, Alisdair hears what he thinks is her voice in his head, asking him to let George take her away. He goes to George's house and asks if Ada has ever spoken to him, but George says no. George and Ada leave together with her belongings and piano tied onto a Māori canoe. As they row to the ship, Ada asks George to throw the piano overboard. She allows her leg to be caught by the rope attached to the piano and is dragged underwater with it in an attempt to drown herself. As she sinks, she appears to change her mind and struggles free before being pulled to safety.

In the epilogue, Ada describes her new life with George and Flora in Nelson, New Zealand, where she gives piano lessons in their new home. George has made her a metal finger to replace the one she lost, and Ada has been practicing and taking speech lessons. She sometimes dreams of the piano resting at the bottom of the ocean with her still tethered to it.

Cast

• Holly Hunter as Ada McGrath
• Harvey Keitel as George Baines
• Sam Neill as Alisdair Stewart
• Anna Paquin as Flora McGrath
• Kerry Walker as Aunt Morag
• Genevieve Lemon as Nessie
• Tungia Baker as Hira
• Ian Mune as the Reverend
• Peter Dennett as the head seaman
• Cliff Curtis as Mana
• Pete Smith as Hone
• Te Whatanui Skipwith as Chief Nihe
• Mere Boynton as Nihe's daughter
• George Boyle as Ada's father
• Rose McIver as Angel
• Mika Haka as Tahu
• Gordon Hatfield as Te Kori
• Bruce Allpress as the blind piano tuner
• Stephen Papps as Bluebeard

Production

The film was originally titled The Piano Lesson, but the filmmakers could not obtain the rights to use the title because of the American play of the same name, and it was changed to The Piano. ^[9]

Casting the role of Ada was a difficult process. Sigourney Weaver was Campion's first choice, but she was not interested. Jennifer Jason Leigh was also considered, but had a conflict with her commitment to Rush (1991). ^[10] Isabelle Huppert met with Jane Campion and had vintage period-style photographs taken of her as Ada, and later said she regretted not fighting for the role as Hunter did. ^[11]

The casting for Flora occurred after Hunter had been selected for the part. They did a series of open auditions for girls age 9 to 13, focusing on girls who were small enough to be believable as Ada's daughter (as Holly Hunter is relatively short at 157 cm; 5 ft 2 in tall ^[12] ). Anna Paquin ended up winning the role of Flora over 5,000 other girls. ^[13]

Alistair Fox has argued that The Piano was significantly influenced by Jane Mander's The Story of a New Zealand River. ^[14] Robert Macklin, an associate editor with The Canberra Times newspaper, has also written about the similarities. ^[15] The film also serves as a retelling of the fairytale "Bluebeard", ^{[16] [17]} itself depicted as a scene in the Christmas pageant. Campion has cited the novels Wuthering Heights and The African Queen as inspirations. ^[6]

In July 2013, Campion revealed that she originally intended for the main character to drown in the sea after going overboard after her piano. ^[18]

Principal photography took place over 12 weeks from February to mid-May 1992. ^[19] The Piano was filmed in New Zealand’s North Island. The scene where Ada comes ashore and the piano is abandoned was filmed at Karekare Beach, west of Auckland. Bush scenes were filmed near Matakana and Awakino, while underwater scenes were filmed at the Bay of Islands. ^[20]

Campion was determined to market the film to appeal to a larger audience than the limited audiences many art films attracted at the time. Simona Benzakein, the publicist for The Piano at Cannes noted: "Jane and I discussed the marketing. She wanted this to be not just an elite film, but a popular film." ^[21]

Reception

Critical reception

The performances of Holly Hunter and Anna Paquin garnered widespread critical acclaim, earning them Academy Award for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress respectively.

Reviews for the film were overwhelmingly positive. Roger Ebert wrote: "The Piano is as peculiar and haunting as any film I've seen" and "it is one of those rare movies that is not just about a story, or some characters, but about a whole universe of feeling". ^[22] Hal Hinson of The Washington Post called it an "evocative, powerful, extraordinarily beautiful film". ^[23]

The Piano was named one of the best films of 1993 by 86 film critics, making it the most acclaimed film of 1993. ^[24]

In his 2013 Movie Guide, Leonard Maltin gave the film three and half out of four stars, calling the film a "haunting, unpredictable tale of love and sex told from a woman's point of view" and went on to say "writer-director Campion has fashioned a highly original fable, showing the tragedy and triumph erotic passion can bring to one's daily life". ^[25]

On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 90% based on 71 reviews, and an average rating of 8.50/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "Powered by Holly Hunter's main performance, The Piano is a truth-seeking romance played in the key of erotic passion." ^[26] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 89 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". ^[27]

Box office

The film was the highest-grossing New Zealand film of all-time surpassing Footrot Flats: The Dog's Tale (1986) with a gross of $NZ3.8 million. ^[28]

It grossed over US$140 million worldwide, including $7 million in Australia, $16 million in France, and $39 million in the United States and Canada. ^[29]

Accolades

The film was nominated for eight Academy Awards (including Best Picture), winning three for Best Actress (Holly Hunter), Best Supporting Actress (Anna Paquin) and Best Original Screenplay (Jane Campion). At age 11, Anna Paquin became the second youngest competitive Academy Award winner (after Tatum O'Neal in 1973). ^[30]

At the Cannes Film Festival, the film won the Palme d'Or (sharing with Chen Kaige's Farewell My Concubine ), with Campion becoming the first woman to win the honour, as well as the first filmmaker from New Zealand to achieve this. ^{[31] [32]} Holly Hunter also won Best Actress. ^[33]

In 2019, the BBC polled 368 film experts from 84 countries to name the 100 best films by women directors, and The Piano was named the top film, with nearly 10% of the critics polled giving it first place on their ballots. ^[34]

Award	Category	Nominee(s)	Result	Ref.
Academy Awards	Best Picture	Jan Chapman	Nominated	[35]
	Best Director	Jane Campion	Nominated
	Best Actress	Holly Hunter	Won
	Best Supporting Actress	Anna Paquin	Won
	Best Screenplay – Written Directly for the Screen	Jane Campion	Won
	Best Cinematography	Stuart Dryburgh	Nominated
	Best Costume Design	Janet Patterson	Nominated
	Best Film Editing	Veronika Jenet	Nominated
American Cinema Editors Awards	Best Edited Feature Film		Nominated
American Society of Cinematographers Awards	Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases	Stuart Dryburgh	Nominated	[36]
Argentine Film Critics Association Awards	Best Foreign Film	Jane Campion	Won
Australian Film Institute Awards	Best Film	Jan Chapman	Won	[37]
	Best Direction	Jane Campion	Won
	Best Actor in a Leading Role	Harvey Keitel	Won
	Best Actress in a Leading Role	Holly Hunter	Won
	Best Actor in a Supporting Role	Sam Neill	Nominated
	Best Actress in a Supporting Role	Kerry Walker	Nominated
	Best Original Screenplay	Jane Campion	Won
	Best Cinematography	Stuart Dryburgh	Won
	Best Costume Design	Janet Patterson	Won
	Best Editing	Veronika Jenet	Won
	Best Original Music Score	Michael Nyman	Won
	Best Production Design	Andrew McAlpine	Won
	Best Sound	Lee Smith, Tony Johnson, Gethin Creagh, Peter Townsend, and Annabelle Sheehan	Won
Bodil Awards	Best Non-American Film	Jane Campion	Won	[38]
Boston Society of Film Critics Awards	Best Actress	Holly Hunter	Won	[39]
British Academy Film Awards	Best Film	Jan Chapman and Jane Campion	Nominated	[40]
	Best Direction	Jane Campion	Nominated
	Best Actress in a Leading Role	Holly Hunter	Won
	Best Original Screenplay	Jane Campion	Nominated
	Best Cinematography	Stuart Dryburgh	Nominated
	Best Costume Design	Janet Patterson	Won
	Best Editing	Veronika Jenet	Nominated
	Best Production Design	Andrew McAlpine	Won
	Best Score for a Film	Michael Nyman	Nominated
	Best Sound	Lee Smith, Tony Johnson, and Gethin Creagh	Nominated
British Society of Cinematographers Awards	Best Cinematography in a Theatrical Feature Film	Stuart Dryburgh	Nominated	[41]
Camerimage	Golden Frog (Main Competition)		Won
Cannes Film Festival	Palme d'Or	Jane Campion	Won [a]	[33]
	Best Actress	Holly Hunter	Won
César Awards	Best Foreign Film	Jane Campion	Won	[42]
Chicago Film Critics Association Awards	Best Film		Nominated	[43]
	Best Foreign Language Film		Won
	Best Director	Jane Campion	Nominated
	Best Actress	Holly Hunter	Won
	Best Supporting Actress	Anna Paquin	Nominated
	Best Screenplay	Jane Campion	Nominated
	Best Original Score	Michael Nyman	Won
Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards	Best Film		Nominated
	Best Director	Jane Campion	Nominated
	Best Actress	Holly Hunter	Won
David di Donatello Awards	Best Foreign Actress		Nominated
Directors Guild of America Awards	Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures	Jane Campion	Nominated	[44]
Film Critics Circle of Australia Awards	Best Director		Won	[45]
	Best Supporting Actor – Female	Anna Paquin	Won
	Best Screenplay	Jane Campion	Won
	Best Musical Score	Michael Nyman	Won
Golden Globe Awards	Best Motion Picture – Drama		Nominated	[46]
	Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama	Holly Hunter	Won
	Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture	Anna Paquin	Nominated
	Best Director – Motion Picture	Jane Campion	Nominated
	Best Screenplay – Motion Picture		Nominated
	Best Original Score – Motion Picture	Michael Nyman	Nominated
Golden Reel Awards	Best Sound Editing – Foreign Feature	Martin Oswin	Won
Guldbagge Awards	Best Foreign Film		Won	[47]
Independent Spirit Awards	Best International Film		Won	[48]
Japan Academy Film Prize	Outstanding Foreign Language Film		Nominated
Kinema Junpo Awards	Best Foreign Language Film	Jane Campion	Won
London Film Critics Circle Awards	Film of the Year		Won	[49] [50]
	Actress of the Year	Holly Hunter	Won
Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards	Best Picture		Runner-up	[51]
	Best Director	Jane Campion	Won
	Best Actress	Holly Hunter	Won
	Best Supporting Actress	Anna Paquin	Won [b]
	Best Screenplay	Jane Campion	Won
	Best Cinematography	Stuart Dryburgh	Won [c]
	Best Music Score	Michael Nyman	Runner-up
Nastro d'Argento	Best Foreign Director	Jane Campion	Nominated
National Board of Review Awards	Top Ten Films		4th Place	[52]
	Best Actress	Holly Hunter	Won
National Society of Film Critics Awards	Best Film		2nd Place	[53]
	Best Director	Jane Campion	2nd Place
	Best Actress	Holly Hunter	Won
	Best Supporting Actress	Anna Paquin	3rd Place
	Best Screenplay	Jane Campion	Won
	Best Cinematography	Stuart Dryburgh	2nd Place
New York Film Critics Circle Awards	Best Film		Runner-up	[54]
	Best Director	Jane Campion	Won
	Best Actress	Holly Hunter	Won
	Best Screenplay	Jane Campion	Won
	Best Cinematographer	Stuart Dryburgh	Runner-up
Political Film Society Awards	Democracy		Nominated
Producers Guild of America Awards	Outstanding Producer of Theatrical Motion Pictures	Jan Chapman	Nominated	[55]
	Most Promising Producer in Theatrical Motion Pictures		Won
Robert Awards	Best Foreign Film	Jane Campion	Won
Southeastern Film Critics Association Awards	Best Picture	Jan Chapman	Won	[56]
	Top Ten Films		Won
	Best Director	Jane Campion	Won
	Best Actress	Holly Hunter	Won
Turkish Film Critics Association Awards	Best Foreign Film		Won
Vancouver International Film Festival	Most Popular International Film	Jane Campion	Won
Writers Guild of America Awards	Best Screenplay – Written Directly for the Screen		Won	[57]

Soundtrack

For more details, see The Piano (soundtrack).

The score for the film was written by Michael Nyman, and included the acclaimed piece "The Heart Asks Pleasure First"; additional pieces were "Big My Secret", "The Mood That Passes Through You", "Silver Fingered Fling", "Deep Sleep Playing" and "The Attraction of the Pedalling Ankle". This album is rated in the top 100 soundtrack albums of all time and Nyman's work is regarded as a key voice in the film, which has a mute lead character. ^[58]

Home media

The film was released on VHS on May 25, 1994. Initial fears in leadup to its release were in relation to the films status as "arty" and "non-mainstream," however its nominations and success at the Academy Awards guaranteed it profitability in the home video market. ^[59] It finished in the top 30 video rentals of 1994 in the United States. ^[60] It was released on DVD in 1997 by LIVE Entertainment and on Blu-ray on 31 January 2012 by Lionsgate, but already released in 2010 in Australia. ^[61]

On 11 August 2021, the Criterion Collection announced their first 4K Ultra HD releases, a six-film slate, will include The Piano. Criterion indicated each title would be available in a 4K UHD+Blu-ray combo pack, including a 4K UHD disc of the feature film as well as the film and special features on the companion Blu-ray. The Piano was released on January 25, 2022. ^[62]

See also

• List of films considered the best

Footnotes

1. Tied with Farewell My Concubine .
2. Tied with Rosie Perez for Fearless .
3. Tied with Janusz Kamiński for Schindler's List .

References

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16. Heiner, Heidi Ann. "Modern Interpretations of Bluebeard" . Retrieved 12 April 2010.
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Bibliography

• Margolis, Harriet (2000). Jane Campion's The Piano. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0521597210 . Retrieved 13 July 2016.

Further reading

• Althofer, Beth (1994). "The Piano, or Wuthering Heights revisited, or separation and civilization through the eyes of the (girl) child". Psychoanalytic Review . 81 (2): 339–342.
• Attwood, Feona (1998). "Weird Lullaby Jane Campion's "The Piano"". Feminist Review . 58 (1): 85–101. doi:10.1080/014177898339604. JSTOR   1395681. S2CID   144226880.
• Bentley, Greg (2002). "Mothers, daughters, and (absent) fathers in Jane Campion's The Piano". Literature/Film Quarterly. 30 (1): 46. ProQuest   226994856.
• Bihlmeyer, Jaime (2005). "The (Un) Speakable FEMININITY in Mainstream Movies: Jane Campion's" The Piano"". Cinema Journal . 44 (2): 68–88. doi:10.1353/cj.2005.0004. S2CID   191463102.
• Bihlmeyer, Jaime (2003). "Jane Campion's The Piano: The Female Gaze, the Speculum and the Chora within the H (y) st (e) rical Film" (PDF). Essays in Philosophy. 4 (1): 3–27. doi:10.5840/eip20034120.
• Bogdan, Deanne; Davis, Hilary; Robertson, Judith (1997). "Sweet Surrender and Trespassing Desires in Reading: Jane Campion's The Piano and the struggle for responsible pedagogy". Changing English. 4 (1): 81–103. doi:10.1080/1358684970040106.
• Bussi, Elisa (2000). "13 Voyages and Border Crossings: Jane Campion's "The Piano" (1993)". The Seeing Century. Brill: 161–173. doi:10.1163/9789004455030_014. ISBN   9789004455030. S2CID   239977351.
• Campion, Jane (2000). Jane Campion's The Piano. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0521597210.
• Chumo II, Peter N. (1997). "Keys to the Imagination: Jane Campion's The Piano". Literature/Film Quarterly. 25 (3): 173.
• Dalton, Mary M.; Fatzinger, Kirsten James (2003). "Choosing silence: defiance and resistance without voice in Jane Campion's The Piano". Women and Language. 26 (2): 34.
• Davis, Michael (2002). "Tied to that Maternal 'Thing': Death and Desire in Jane Campion's "The Piano"". Gothic Studies. 4 (1): 63–78. doi:10.7227/GS.4.1.5.
• Dayal, Samir (2002). "Inhuman love: Jane Campion's "The Piano"". Postmodern Culture . 12 (2). doi:10.1353/pmc.2002.0005. S2CID   144838814.
• DuPuis, Reshela (1996). "Romanticizing Colonialism: Power and Pleasure in Jane Campion's "The Piano"". The Contemporary Pacific. 8 (1): 51–79. JSTOR   23706813.
• Frankenberg, Ronnie (2016). "Re-presenting the Embodied Child: the Muted Child, the Tamed Wife and the Silenced Instrument in Jane Campion's "The Piano"". The Body, Childhood and Society. Springer. p. 125. ISBN   978-0-333-98363-8.
• Frus, Phyllis (2010). "Borrowing a Melody: Jane Campion's "The Piano" and Intertextuality". In Frus, Phyllis; Williams, Christy (eds.). Beyond Adaptation: Essays on Radical Transformations of Original Works. McFarland. ISBN   978-0786442232.
• Gillett, Sue (1995). "Lips and fingers: Jane Campion's "The Piano"". Screen. 36 (3): 277–287. doi:10.1093/screen/36.3.277.
• Hazel, Valerie (1994). "Disjointed Articulations: The Politics of Voice and Jane Campion's "The Piano"" (PDF). Women's Studies Journal. 10 (2): 27.
• Hendershot, Cyndy (1998). "(Re) Visioning the Gothic: Jane Campion's "The Piano"". Literature/Film Quarterly. 26 (2): 97–108. JSTOR   43796833.
• Izod, John (1996). "The Piano, the Animus, and the Colonial Experience". Journal of Analytical Psychology. 41 (1): 117–136. doi:10.1111/j.1465-5922.1996.00117.x. PMID   8851259.
• Jacobs, Carol (December 1994). "Playing Jane Campion's Piano: Politically". Modern Language Notes . 109: 757–785.
• James, Caryn (28 November 1993). "A Distinctive Shade of Darkness". The New York Times . Retrieved 19 July 2023.
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• Klinger, Barbara (2003). "Contested Endings: Interpreting The Piano's (1993) Final Scenes". Film Moments: Criticism, History, Theory: 135–39.
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External links

• The Piano at IMDb
• The Piano at the TCM Movie Database
• The Piano at Box Office Mojo
• The Piano at Rotten Tomatoes
• The Piano at Metacritic
• The Piano at Ozmovies
• The Piano: Gothic Gone South an essay by Carmen Gray at the Criterion Collection