Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon

For other uses, see Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (disambiguation)."Crouching Tiger" redirects here. For other uses, see Crouching Tiger (disambiguation).

Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon
International theatrical release poster
Traditional Chinese	臥虎藏龍
Simplified Chinese	卧虎藏龙
Hanyu Pinyin	Wòhǔ Cánglóng
Directed by	Ang Lee
Screenplay by	Wang Hui-ling James Schamus Tsai Kuo-jung
Based on	Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon by Wang Dulu
Produced by	Bill Kong Hsu Li-kong Ang Lee
Starring	Chow Yun-fat Michelle Yeoh Zhang Ziyi Chang Chen Lang Sihung Cheng Pei-pei
Cinematography	Peter Pau
Edited by	Tim Squyres
Music by	Tan Dun
Production companies	Columbia Pictures Film Production Asia Good Machine International Edko Films Zoom Hunt Productions China Film Co-production Corp. Asia Union Film & Entertainment
Distributed by	Sony Pictures Classics (North America) Warner Bros. (France) Columbia TriStar Film Distributors International (Select territories)
Release dates	18 May 2000 (2000-05-18)(Cannes) 7 July 2000 (2000-07-07)(Taiwan) 8 July 2000 (2000-07-08)(China) 13 July 2000 (2000-07-13)(Hong Kong) 8 December 2000 (2000-12-08)(United States)
Running time	120 minutes [1] [2]
Countries	China Taiwan Hong Kong United States [1]
Language	Mandarin [1] [2]
Budget	US$17 million [3]
Box office	US$214 million [3]

• Chow Yun-fat as Li Mu Bai (李慕白, Lǐ Mùbái)
• Michelle Yeoh as Yu Shu Lien (俞秀蓮, Yú Xiùlián)
• Zhang Ziyi as Jen Yu (玉嬌龍, Yù Jiāolóng)
• Chang Chen as Lo "Dark Cloud" Xiao Hou (羅小虎, Luó Xiǎohǔ)
• Lang Sihung as Sir Te (貝勒爺, Bèi-lèyé)
• Cheng Pei-pei as Jade Fox (碧眼狐狸, Bìyǎn Húli)
• Li Fazeng  [ zh ] as Governor Yu (玉大人, Yù Dàrén)
• Wang Deming as Inspector Tsai (蔡九, Cài Jiǔ)
• Li Li as Tsai May (蔡香妹, Cài Xiāng Mèi)
• Hai Yan as Madam Yu (玉夫人, Yù Fūren)
• Gao Xi'an as Bo (劉泰保, Liú Tàibǎo)
• Huang Suying  [ zh ] as Aunt Wu (吳媽, Wú Mā)
• Zhang Jinting as De Lu (德祿, Dé Lù)
• Du Zhenxi as Uncle Jiao (焦大爺, Jiāo Dà-Yé)
• Li Kai as Gou Jun Pei (魯君佩, Lǔ Jūn Pèi)
• Feng Jianhua as Shining Phoenix Mountain Gou (魯君雄, Lǔ Jūn Xióng)
• Ma Zhongxuan as Iron Arm Mi (米大鏢, Mǐ Dà Biāo)
• Li Bao-Cheng as Flying Machete Chang (飛刀常, Fēi Dāo Cháng)
• Yang Yongde as Monk Jing (法廣和尚, Fǎ Guǎng Héshang)

Themes and interpretations

Title

The title "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon" is a literal translation of the Chinese idiom "臥虎藏龍" which describes a place or situation that is full of unnoticed masters. It is from a poem of the ancient Chinese poet Yu Xin (513–581) that reads "暗石疑藏虎，盤根似臥龍", which means "behind the rock in the dark probably hides a tiger, and the coiling giant root resembles a crouching dragon". ^[17] The title also has several other layers of meaning. On one level, the Chinese characters in the title connect to the narrative that the last character in Xiaohu and Jiaolong's names mean "tiger" and "dragon", respectively. On another level, the Chinese idiomatic phrase is an expression referring to the undercurrents of emotion, passion, and secret desire that lie beneath the surface of polite society and civil behavior, ^[18] which alludes to the film's storyline.

Gender roles

The success of the Disney animated feature Mulan (1998) popularized the image of the Chinese woman warrior in the west. ^[19] The storyline of Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon is mostly driven by the three female characters. ^[20] In particular, Jen is driven by her desire to be free from the gender role imposed on her, ^[21] while Shu Lien, herself oppressed by the gender role, tries to lead Jen back into the role deemed appropriate for her. ^[20] Some prominent martial arts disciplines are traditionally held to have been originated by women, e.g., Wing Chun.^{[ citation needed ]} The film's title refers to masters one does not notice, which necessarily includes mostly women, and therefore suggests the advantage of a female bodyguard.

Poison

Poison is also a significant theme in the film. The Chinese word "毒" (dú) means not only physical poison but also cruelty and sinfulness. In the world of martial arts, the use of poison is considered an act of one who is too cowardly and dishonorable to fight; and indeed, the only character who explicitly fits these characteristics is Jade Fox. The poison is a weapon of her bitterness ^[22] and quest for vengeance: she poisons the master of Wudang, attempts to poison Jen, and succeeds in killing Mu Bai using a poisoned needle. In further play on this theme by the director, Jade Fox, as she dies, refers to the poison from a young child, "the deceit of an eight-year-old girl", referring to what she considers her own spiritual poisoning by her young apprentice Jen. Li Mu Bai himself warns that, without guidance, Jen could become a "poison dragon".

China of the imagination

The story is set during the Qing dynasty (1644–1912), but it does not specify an exact time. Lee sought to present a "China of the imagination" rather than an accurate vision of Chinese history. At the same time, Lee also wanted to make a film that Western audiences would want to see. ^[23] Thus, the film is shot for a balance between Eastern and Western aesthetics. There are some scenes showing uncommon artistry for the typical martial arts film such as an airborne battle among wispy bamboo plants. ^[18]

Production

The film was adapted from the novel Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon by Wang Dulu, serialized between 1941 and 1942 in Qingdao Xinmin News. ^[6] The novel is the fourth in a sequence of five. ^[18] In the contract reached between Columbia Pictures and Ang Lee and Hsu Li-kong, they agreed to invest US$6 million in filming, but the stipulated recovery amount must be more than six times before the two parties will start to pay dividends. ^[24]

Casting

Shu Qi was Ang Lee's first choice for the role of Jen, but she turned it down. ^[25]

Filming

Mount Cangyan, including the bridge pictured above, was one of many filming locations.

Although its Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film was presented to Taiwan, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon was in fact an international co-production between companies in four regions: the Chinese company China Film Co-production Corporation, the American companies Columbia Pictures Film Production Asia, Sony Pictures Classics, and Good Machine, the Hong Kong company Edko Films, and the Taiwanese Zoom Hunt Productions, as well as the unspecified United China Vision and Asia Union Film & Entertainment, created solely for this film. ^{[26] [27]}

The film was made in Beijing, with location shooting in Urumchi, Western Provinces, Taklamakan Plateau, Shanghai and Anji of China. ^[28] The first phase of shooting was in the Gobi Desert where it consistently rained. Director Ang Lee noted: "I didn't take one break in eight months, not even for half a day. I was miserable—I just didn't have the extra energy to be happy. Near the end, I could hardly breathe. I thought I was about to have a stroke." ^[29] The stunt work was mostly performed by the actors themselves and Ang Lee stated in an interview that computers were used "only to remove the safety wires that held the actors" aloft. "Most of the time you can see their faces," he added. "That's really them in the trees." ^[30]

Another compounding issue was the difference between accents of the four lead actors: Chow Yun-fat is from Hong Kong and speaks Cantonese natively; Michelle Yeoh is from Malaysia and grew up speaking English and Malay, ^[31] so she learned the Standard Chinese lines phonetically; ^[31] Chang Chen is from Taiwan and he speaks Standard Chinese in a Taiwanese accent. Only Zhang Ziyi spoke with a native Mandarin accent that Ang Lee wanted. ^[29] Chow Yun Fat said, on "the first day [of shooting], I had to do 28 takes just because of the language. That's never happened before in my life." ^[29]

The film specifically targeted Western audiences rather than the domestic audiences who were already used to Wuxia films. As a result, high-quality English subtitles were needed. Ang Lee, who was educated in the West, personally edited the subtitles to ensure they were satisfactory for Western audiences. ^[32]

Soundtrack

Main article: Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (soundtrack)

The score was composed by Dun Tan in 1999. It was played for the movie by the Shanghai Symphony Orchestra, the Shanghai National Orchestra and the Shanghai Percussion Ensemble. It features solo passages for cello played by Yo-Yo Ma. The "last track" ("A Love Before Time") features Coco Lee, who later sang it at the Academy Awards. The composer Chen Yuanlin also collaborated in the project. The music for the entire film was produced in two weeks. ^[33] Tan the next year (2000) adapted his filmscore as a cello concerto called simply "Crouching Tiger."

Release

Marketing

The film was adapted into a video game and a series of comics, and it led to the original novel being adapted into a 34-episode Taiwanese television series. The latter was released in 2004 as New Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon for Northern American release. ^[34]

Home media

The film was released on VHS and DVD on 5 June 2001 by Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment. ^[35] It was also released on UMD on 26 June 2005. In the United Kingdom, it was watched by 3.5 million viewers on television in 2004, making it the year's most-watched foreign-language film on television. ^[36]

Restoration

The film was re-released in a 4K restoration by Sony Pictures Classics in 2023.

Reception

Box office

The film premiered in cinemas on 8 December 2000, in limited release within the United States. During its opening weekend, the film opened in 15th place, grossing $663,205 in business, showing at 16 locations. ^[3] On 12 January 2001, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon premiered in cinemas in wide release throughout the U.S., grossing $8,647,295 in business, ranking in sixth place. The film Save the Last Dance came in first place during that weekend, grossing $23,444,930. ^[37] The film's revenue dropped by almost 30% in its second week of release, earning $6,080,357. For that particular weekend, the film fell to eighth place, screening in 837 theaters. Save the Last Dance remained unchanged in first place, grossing $15,366,047 in box-office revenue. ^[3] During its final week in release, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon opened in a distant 50th place with $37,233 in revenue. ^[38] The film went on to top out domestically at $128,078,872 in total ticket sales through a 31-week theatrical run. Internationally, the film took in an additional $85,446,864 in box-office business for a combined worldwide total of $213,525,736. ^[3] For 2000 as a whole, the film cumulatively ranked at a worldwide box-office performance position of 19. ^[39]

Critical response

Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, which is based on an early 20th century novel by Wang Dulu, unfolds much like a comic book, with the characters and their circumstances being painted using wide brush strokes. Subtlety is not part of Lee's palette; he is going for something grand and melodramatic, and that's what he gets.

— James Berardinelli, ReelViews ^[40]

Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon was widely acclaimed in the Western world, receiving numerous awards. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 98% based on 168 reviews, with an average rating of 8.6/10. The site's critical consensus states: "The movie that catapulted Ang Lee into the ranks of upper echelon Hollywood filmmakers, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon features a deft mix of amazing martial arts battles, beautiful scenery, and tasteful drama." ^[41] Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 94 out of 100, based on 32 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". ^[42]

Some Chinese-speaking viewers were bothered by the accents of the leading actors. Neither Chow (a native Cantonese speaker) nor Yeoh (who was born and raised in Malaysia) spoke Mandarin Chinese as a mother tongue. All four main actors spoke Standard Chinese with vastly different accents: Chow speaks with a Cantonese accent, ^[43] Yeoh with a Malaysian accent, Chang Chen with a Taiwanese accent, and Zhang Ziyi with a Beijing accent. Yeoh responded to this complaint in a 28 December 2000, interview with Cinescape . She argued: "My character lived outside of Beijing, and so I didn't have to do the Beijing accent." When the interviewer, Craig Reid, remarked: "My mother-in-law has this strange Sichuan-Mandarin accent that's hard for me to understand," Yeoh responded: "Yes, provinces all have their very own strong accents. When we first started the movie, Cheng Pei Pei was going to have her accent, and Chang Zhen was going to have his accent, and this person would have that accent. And in the end nobody could understand what they were saying. Forget about us, even the crew from Beijing thought this was all weird." ^[44]

The film led to a boost in popularity of Chinese wuxia films in the western world, where they were previously little known, and led to films such as Hero and House of Flying Daggers , both directed by Zhang Yimou, being marketed towards Western audiences. The film also provided the breakthrough role for Zhang Ziyi's career, who noted:

Because of movies like Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, Hero, and Memoirs of a Geisha, a lot of people in the United States have become interested not only in me but in Chinese and Asian actors in general. Because of these movies, maybe there will be more opportunities for Asian actors.

Film Journal noted that Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon "pulled off the rare trifecta of critical acclaim, boffo box-office and gestalt shift", in reference to its ground-breaking success for a subtitled film in the American market. ^[45]

Accolades

Garnering widespread critical acclaim at the Toronto and New York film festivals, the film also became a favorite when Academy Awards nominations were announced in 2001. The film was screened out of competition at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival. ^[46] The film received ten Academy Award nominations, which was the highest ever for a non-English language film, up until it was tied by Roma (2018). ^[47]

The film is ranked at number 497 on Empire's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time. ^[48] and at number 66 in the magazine's 100 Best Films of World Cinema, published in 2010. ^[49] In 2010, the Independent Film & Television Alliance selected the film as one of the 30 Most Significant Independent Films of the last 30 years. ^[50] In 2016, it was voted the 35th-best film of the 21st century as picked by 177 film critics from around the world in a poll conducted by BBC. ^[12] The film was included in BBC's 2018 list of The 100 greatest foreign language films ranked by 209 critics from 43 countries around the world. ^[13] In 2019, The Guardian ranked the film 51st in its 100 best films of the 21st century list. ^[14]

Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon
Traditional Chinese	臥虎藏龍
Simplified Chinese	卧虎藏龙
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Wòhǔ Cánglóng Wade–Giles Wohu Ts'anglung Yale Romanization Wòhhu Tsánglúng IPA [wôxù tsʰǎŋlʊ̌ŋ] Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Ngohfó Chòhnglùhng Jyutping Ngo6fu2 Cong4lung4 IPA [ŋɔ̀ːfǔːtsʰɔ̏ːŋlȕːŋ]

Award [51] [52]	Category	Nominee	Result	Ref.
Ammy Awards	Best Hollywood Picture	Ang Lee	Won	[53] [54] [55]
	Best Male Actor in a Cinematic Production	Chow Yun Fat	Won
	Best Female Actor in a Cinematic Production	Michelle Yeoh	Won
		Zhang Ziyi	Nominated
73rd Academy Awards	Best Picture	Bill Kong, Hsu Li-kong, and Ang Lee	Nominated	[56]
	Best Director	Ang Lee	Nominated
	Best Adapted Screenplay	Wang Hui-ling, James Schamus, and Tsai Kuo-jung	Nominated
	Best Foreign Language Film	Taiwan	Won
	Best Art Direction	Art Direction and Set Decoration: Tim Yip	Won
	Best Cinematography	Peter Pau	Won
	Best Costume Design	Tim Yip	Nominated
	Best Film Editing	Tim Squyres	Nominated
	Best Original Score	Tan Dun	Won
	Best Original Song	Jorge Calandrelli, Tan Dun and James Schamus for "A Love Before Time"	Nominated
2000 American Society of Cinematographers Awards	Best Cinematography	Peter Pau	Nominated
54th British Academy Film Awards	Best Film		Nominated	[57]
	Best Film Not in the English Language		Won
	Best Actress in a Leading Role	Michelle Yeoh	Nominated
	Best Actress in a Supporting Role	Zhang Ziyi	Nominated
	Best Cinematography	Peter Pau	Nominated
	Best Makeup and Hair		Nominated
	Best Editing	Tim Squyres	Nominated
	Best Costume Design	Tim Yip	Won
	Best Director	Ang Lee	Won
	Best Music	Tan Dun	Won
	Best Adapted Screenplay	Wang Hui-ling, James Schamus, and Tsai Kuo-jung	Nominated
	Best Production Design	Tim Yip	Nominated
	Best Sound		Nominated
	Best Visual Effects		Nominated
Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 2000	Best Foreign Film		Won	[58]
Chicago Film Critics Association Awards 2000	Most Promising Actress	Zhang Ziyi	Won	[59]
	Best Original Score	Tan Dun	Won
	Best Cinematography	Peter Pau	Won
	Best Foreign Film		Won
2000 Directors Guild of America Awards [60]	Best Director	Ang Lee	Won	[60]
2000 Film Fest Gent festival	Georges Delerue Award	Tan Dun	Won
58th Golden Globe Awards	Best Foreign Language Film		Won	[61]
	Best Director	Ang Lee	Won
	Best Original Score	Tan Dun	Nominated
20th Hong Kong Film Awards	Best Film		Won	[62]
	Best Director	Ang Lee	Won
	Best Screenplay	Wang Hui-ling, James Schamus, and Tsai Kuo-jung	Nominated
	Best Actor	Chow Yun-fat	Nominated
	Best Actress	Zhang Ziyi	Nominated
		Michelle Yeoh	Nominated
	Best Supporting Actor	Chang Chen	Nominated
	Best Supporting Actress	Cheng Pei-pei	Won
	Best Cinematography	Peter Pau	Won
	Best Film Editing	Tim Squyres	Nominated
	Best Art Direction	Tim Yip	Nominated
	Best Costume Make Up Design	Tim Yip	Nominated
	Best Action Choreography	Yuen Wo-ping	Won
	Best Original Film Score	Tan Dun	Won
	Best Original Film Song	Tan Dun, Jorge Calandrelli, Yee Kar-yeung, Coco Lee	Won
	Best Sound Design	Eugene Gearty	Won
Hugo Award (2001)	Best Dramatic Presentation		Won	[63]
Independent Spirit Awards 2000	Best Picture		Won
	Best Director	Ang Lee	Won
	Best Supporting Actress	Zhang Ziyi	Won
Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards 2000	Best Picture		Won	[64]
	Best Cinematography	Peter Pau	Won
	Best Music Score	Tan Dun	Won
	Best Production Design	Tim Yip	Won
National Board of Review Awards 2000	Best Foreign Language Film		Won	[65]
	Top Foreign Films		Shortlisted
2000 New York Film Critics Circle Awards	Best Cinematography	Peter Pau	Won	[66]
Toronto Film Critics Association Awards 2000	Best Picture		Won	[67]
	Best Director	Ang Lee	Won
	Best Actress	Michelle Yeoh	Won
	Best Supporting Actress	Zhang Ziyi	Won
2000 Toronto International Film Festival	People's Choice Award	Ang Lee	Won
Writers Guild of America Awards 2000	Best Adapted Screenplay	Wang Hui-ling, James Schamus, and Tsai Kuo-jung	Nominated	[68]
37th Golden Horse Awards – 2000	Best Feature Film		Won	[69]
	Best Director	Ang Lee	Nominated
	Best Leading Actress	Michelle Yeoh	Nominated
		Zhang Ziyi	Nominated
	Best Screenplay Adaption	Wang Hui-ling, James Schamus, and Tsai Kuo-jung	Nominated
	Best Cinematography	Peter Pau	Nominated
	Best Film Editing	Tim Squyres	Won
	Best Art Direction	Tim Yip	Nominated
	Best Original Score	Tan Dun	Won
	Best Sound Design	Eugene Gearty	Won
	Best Action Choreography	Yuen Wo-ping	Won
	Best Visual Effects	Leo Lo, and Rob Hodgson	Won
54th Bodil Awards	Best Non-American Film		Won
Online Film Critics Society Awards 2000	Best Picture		Nominated
	Best Foreign Language Film		Won
	Best Director	Ang Lee	Nominated
	Best Supporting Actress	Zhang Ziyi	Nominated
	Best Cinematography	Peter Pau	Won
	Best Editing	Tim Squyres	Nominated
	Best Original Score	Tan Dun	Nominated

Sequel

In 2001, it was reported that director Ang Lee was planning to make a sequel to the film. ^[70] Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon: Sword of Destiny , was released in 2016. It was directed by Yuen Wo-ping, who was the action choreographer for the first film. It is a co-production between Pegasus Media, China Film Group Corporation, and the Weinstein Company. ^[71] Unlike the original film, the sequel was filmed in English for international release and dubbed into Chinese for Chinese releases.

Sword of Destiny is based on Iron Knight, Silver Vase, the next (and last) novel in the Crane-Iron_Series . It features a mostly new cast, headed by Donnie Yen. Michelle Yeoh reprised her role from the original. ^[72] Zhang Ziyi was also approached to appear in Sword of Destiny but refused, stating that she would only appear in a sequel if Ang Lee were directing it. ^[73]

In the West, the sequel was for the most part not shown in theaters, instead being distributed direct-to-video by the streaming service Netflix. ^[74]

Posterity

The theme of Janet Jackson's song "China Love" was related to the film by MTV News, in which Jackson sings of the daughter of an emperor in love with a warrior, unable to sustain relations when forced to marry into royalty. ^[75]

The names of the pterosaur genus Kryptodrakon and the ceratopsian genus Yinlong (both meaning "hidden dragon" in Greek and Chinese respectively) allude to the film. ^{[76] [77]}

The character of Lo, or "Dark Cloud" the desert bandit, influenced the development of the protagonist of the Prince of Persia series of video games. ^[78]

In the video game Def Jam Fight for NY: The Takeover , there are two hybrid fighting styles that pay homage to this movie, which have the following combinations: Crouching tiger (Martial Arts + Streetfighting + Submissions) and Hidden Dragon (Martial Arts + Streetfighting + Kickboxing).

See also

• Anji County
• Clear waters and green mountains

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Further reading

• Kim, L. S. (Winter 2006). "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon: Making Women Warriors – a Transnational Reading of Asian Female Action Heroes". Jump Cut: A Review of Contemporary Media . 48.
• "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon". Time Asia . Archived from the original on 3 June 2001. Retrieved 17 November 2019. – Collection of articles
• "Xi Story: The concept that has changed China". Xinhua News Agency. 13 October 2021. Archived from the original on 13 October 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2023.

External links

• Official website
• Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon at IMDb
• Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon at AllMovie
• Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon at the TCM Movie Database
• Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
• Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon at Box Office Mojo
• Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon at Rotten Tomatoes
• Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon at Metacritic