List of crude oil products

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Crude oil map Crude oil map.png
Crude oil map
Main features of some qualities of crude oil Crudes.PNG
Main features of some qualities of crude oil
Density and sulfur content of crude oils Crude oil sulfur content.png
Density and sulfur content of crude oils

In the international petroleum industry, crude oil products are traded on various oil bourses based on established chemical profiles, delivery locations, and financial terms. The chemical profiles, or crude oil assays, specify important properties such as the oil's API gravity. The delivery locations are usually sea ports close to the oil fields from which the crude was obtained (and new fields are constantly being explored), and the pricing is usually quoted based on FOB (free on board, without consideration of final delivery costs).

Contents

Benchmarks

The three most quoted oil products are North America's West Texas Intermediate crude (WTI), North Sea Brent Crude, and the UAE Dubai Crude, and their pricing is used as a barometer for the entire petroleum industry, although, in total, there are 46 key oil exporting countries. Brent Crude is typically priced at about $2 over the WTI Spot price, which is typically priced $5 to $6 above the EIA's Imported Refiner Acquisition Cost (IRAC) and OPEC Basket prices. WTI and Brent are quoted FOB specific locations, not FOB the oilfields. For WTI, the delivery point is Cushing, OK; for Brent, it is Sullom Voe, located in Shetland, an island archipelago north of mainland Scotland.

Although crude oil assays evaluate various chemical properties of the oil, the two most important properties determining a crude's value are its density (measured as API specific gravity) and its sulphur content (measured per mass). Crude oil is considered "heavy" if it has long hydrocarbon chains, or "light" if it has short hydrocarbon chains: an API gravity of 34 or higher is "light", between 31 and 33 is "medium", and 30 or below is "heavy". Crude is considered "sweet" if it is low in sulphur content (< 0.5%/weight), or "sour" if high (> 1.0%/weight). Generally, the higher the API gravity (the "lighter" it is), the more valuable the crude.

List of crude oil products

Product nameAPI gravitySulphur content (as % of mass)Operating companyLocation of fieldPort of sale
Abu Bukhoosh31.6°2.0%Total Abu Al Bukhoosh Dubai Abu Al-Bukhoosh
Agbami47.5°0.044% Chevron Nigeria offshore
UndisclosedUndisclosedUndisclosedGenel Energy/CPC Taiwan Somaliland Central Somaliland oil fields
Aktobe41.6°0.73% Kazakhstan Novorossiysk
Al Shaheen26.51°2.49% North Oil Company (Qatar) Qatar Mesaieed
Al-Jurf30.0°1.90% Libya Farwah FPSO
Alaska North Slope31.9°0.93% United States Alaska Marine Terminal
Alba (Equatorial Guinea)53.0°0.02% Equatorial Guinea Punta Europa
Alba (U.K.)19.4°1.24% Chevron United Kingdom offshore
Albian Heavy (Athabasca)19.6°2.10% Canada
Algerian Condensate 68.7°0.001%Sonatrach, BP and Statoil Algeria Bejaia
Amenam Blend38.2°0.12% Nigeria
Amenam/Mars Blend33.5°0.94% Nigeria
Ameriven-Hamaca26°1.55% Venezuela Puerto José
Amna36°0.17% Libya
Anasuria Shell United Kingdom FPSO Anasuria [1]
Antan Blend26.4°0.27% Nigeria Knock Adoon FPSO/Antan Terminal
Arab Extra Light39.4°1.09% Saudi Arabia
Arab Heavy27.7°2.87% Saudi Arabia
Arab Light32.8°1.97% Saudi Arabia
Arab Light / Seg 17 Blend32.4°2.19% United States
Arab Medium30.2°2.59% Saudi Arabia
Arab Super Light50.1°0.09% Saudi Arabia
Arab Super Light Ardjuna50.6°0.04%
Arun Condensate
Åsgard Blend50.5°0.07% Statoil Norway offshore
Attaka42.3°0.09% Indonesia
Azadegan Iran
Azeri BTC36.1°0.14% BP SOCAR Azerbaijan Ceyhan, Turkey
Azeri Light34.8°0.15% BP SOCAR Azerbaijan Supsa, Georgia
BCF-1716.5°2.53% Venezuela La Salina
Bạch Hổ 33.8°0.08% Vietnam
Bachaquero 1717°2.4% [2] Venezuela
Bachaquero 2424° Venezuela
Balder30.1°0.48% Norway Balder FPSO
Baobab23°0.39-0.46% Ivory Coast Baobab FPSO
Barrow36.1°0.05%Santos Australia Barrow Island
Basrah Blend
Basrah Light30.5°2.90% Iraq
Basrah Light/Mesa 30 Blend (35/65)30.5°1.63% Iraq/United States
Bayou Choctaw Sour32.2°1.43% United States
Bayou Choctaw Sweet36.0°0.36% United States
Bayu Undan55.9°0.07% Australia/East Timor Liberdade FSO
Belanak47.8°0.02% Indonesia Belanak FPSO
Belayim Blend27.5°2.40% Egypt Wadi Feiran
Belida45.1°0.02% Indonesia
Benchamas
Beryl37.5°0.42% United Kingdom Beryl
Bintulu Condensate69.3°0.03% Malaysia Bintulu
Usan29.9°0.26% Nigeria
Bonga29.1°0.26% Nigeria Bonga FPSO
Bonito Sour35.5°0.99% United States St. James, Louisiana
Bonny Light33.4°0.16% Nigeria
Bontang Condensate
Boscan10.1°5.70% Venezuela Bajo Grande
Bouri26.3°1.91% Libya Bouri
Bow River24.7°2.10% Canada
Brass River0.14% Nigeria
Brega39.8°0.20% Libya Brega
Brent Blend 38.3°0.37% Shell UK Oil Company United Kingdom, Norway Hound point, UK or Sture terminal, Norway [3]
Brunei Light
CPC Blend45.3°0.56% Chevron Kazakhstan Novorossiysk
Cabinda32.4°0.13% Angola
Canadian Par40° Canada
Canadon Seco25.7°0.20% [4] Argentina Caleta Olivia [5]
Cano Limon30°0.45% Colombia Covenas
Captain19.2°0.70% United Kingdom Captain FPSO
Ceiba29.9°0.57% Equatorial Guinea Sendje Ceiba FPSO
Cepu32°0.15% Indonesia Cepu FSO
Cerro Negro16°3.34% Venezuela Puerto José
Champion28.7°0.13% Brunei Seria
Chim Sao40.1°0.03%PV Oil Vietnam Chim Sao Marine Terminal
Chinguetti28.3°0.49% Mauritania Berge Helene FPSO
Cinta31.1°0.09% Indonesia Cinta
Clair23.7°0.44% United Kingdom Sullom Voe
Cold Lake21.2°3.70% Canada Westridge Marine Terminal
Cooper45.2°0.03%Santos Australia Port Bonython
Cossack47.7°0.05% Australia Cossack Pioneer FPSO
Cusiana44°0.14% Colombia
DUC33.6°0.26% Denmark Fredericia
Dalia23.6°0.51% Total S.A. Angola offshore
Daqing32.2°0.11% China Dairen (Dalian)
Dar Blend26.42°0.12% Sudan Al-Khayr
Djeno27.0°0.47% Congo Djeno
Doba21.1°0.10% Chad Kome Kribi 1 FSO
Doroud34°2.5% Iran Kharg Island
Draugen39.9°0.15% Shell Oil Company Norway offshore
Dubai 31°2.0%
Dukhan41.1°1.22% Qatar Umm Said
Dulang37.6°0.05% Malaysia Dulang FSO
Duri20.8°0.20% Indonesia Dumai
EA Crude35.1°0.08% Nigeria
East MS Mix30.9°2.10% United States
Ekofisk Blend (Norway)37.2°0.23% Norway
Ekofisk Blend37.5°0.23% ConocoPhillips United Kingdom Teesside
El Sharara43.1°0.07% Libya Zawiya terminal
Enfield21.7°0.13% Australia Nganhurra FPSO
Erha31.8°0.21% Nigeria Erha FPSO
Sidra37° Waha Oil Company Libya Sidra
Escalante24.1°0.19% Argentina Comodoro Rivadavia
Escravos34.2°0.17% Nigeria
ESPO blend34.8°0.62% Russia Kozmino
Eugene Island34.3°1.18% United States St. James, Louisiana
Fateh30.4°2.13%Dubai Petroleum Dubai Fateh
Fife United States
Flotta35.4°1.22% United Kingdom Flotta
Foinaven26.6°0.40% United Kingdom
Forcados (to Europe)30.8°0.16% Nigeria
Foroozan Blend29.7°2.34% Iran Kharg Island
Forties Blend40.3°0.56% BP United Kingdom Hound Point
Fulmar Shell United Kingdom
Furrial30.0°1.06% Venezuela
Galeota Mix37.8°0.19% Trinidad
Gippsland42° ExxonMobil Australia Long Island Point
Girassol29.9°0.32% Total S.A. Angola offshore
Glitne32.9°0.50% Statoil Norway offshore
Grane18.7°0.83% Statoil Norway Sture terminal
Gryphon
Gullfaks Blend37.5°0.22% Statoil Norway offshore
Handil Mix43.9°0.05% Indonesia Senipah
Hanze Netherlands
Harding20.7°0.59% United Kingdom Cromarty Firth
Heavy Hardisty22°3.36% Canada
Heavy Louisiana Sweet32.9°0.35% United States Empire, Louisiana
Heidrun25.0°0.52% Statoil Norway Mongstad terminal
Hibernia34.4°0.41% Canada
Hungo Blend29.1°0.61% ExxonMobil Angola Kizomba A FPSO offshore
Iran Heavy30.2°1.77% Iran Kharg Island
Iran Light33.1°1.50% Iran Kharg Island
Isthmus33.4°1.25% Mexico Dos Bocas, Salina Cruz
Jasmine
Jotun
Karachaganak Condensate44.7°0.81% Kazakhstan Novorossiysk, Odesa
Kashagan42-48°0.80% Kazakhstan Ceyhan
Khafji28.5°2.85% Saudi Arabian Neutral Zone Ras al-Khafji
Kikeh34.9°0.11% Malaysia Kikeh FPSO
Kirkuk (Netback Price at U.S. Gulf)33.9°2.26% Iraq
Kissanje Blend29.8°0.38% ExxonMobil Angola Kizomba B FPSO offshore
Kitina36.4°0.11% Congo
Kittiwake
Kole32.1°0.33% Cameroon Kole
Kuito19.0°0.68% Angola Kuito FPSO
Kumkol41.2°0.11% Kazakhstan Yuzhnaya Ozereevka, Batumi
Kutubu Blend46.6°0.04%Oil Search Papua New Guinea Kumul
Kuwait Blend30.2°2.72% Kuwait Oil Company Kuwait
Labuan32.0°0.09% Malaysia Labuan
Laguna10.9°5.4% Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. Venezuela Puerto Miranda [6]
Laminaria
LA Mississippi Sweet40.7°0.34% United States
Lavan Blend34.2°1.93% Iran Lavan Island
Light Louisiana Sweet35.6°0.37% United States St. James, Louisiana [7]
Lion Crude39.6°0.18% Ivory Coast
Liuhua
Liverpool Bay°45°0.21% United Kingdom Liverpool Bay Platform
Lloyd Blend 20.9°3.50% Canada
Lower Zakum39.8°1.02%ADNOC Offshore Abu Dhabi Das Island
Loreto18.1°1.3% Pluspetrol Peru Bayovar - Piura
Lufeng33.3°0.06% Statoil China offshore
MacCulloch
Mandji30° Gabon
Marib Light (Alif)48.9°0.07% BP Yemen
Marlim19.6°0.67% Petrobras Brazil Campos Basin
Mars Blend30.3°1.91% United States LOOP Clovelly Hub, Louisiana
Mars/Mesa Blend (40/60)30.1°1.65%Loop
Mars/Urals Blend (50/50)31.1°1.57% United States LOOP Clovelly Hub, Louisiana
Masila31.4°0.54% Yemen Ash Shihr
Maureen35.3° [8] 1.3% [8] United Kingdom [9]
Maya21.8°3.33% Mexico Cayo Arcas, Salina Cruz
Mayna21.5°0.5% Pluspetrol Peru Bayovar - Piura
Medanito34.9°0.48% Argentina Puerto Rosales
Mediterranean Sidi Kerir (Heavy)30° Iran
Mediterranean Sidi Kerir (Light)34° Iran
Mesa 3029.4°1.12% Venezuela
Minas35.3°0.09% Indonesia Dumai
Miri32.3°0.08% Malaysia Miri
Mixed Blend Sweet41.0°0.42% Canada Edmonton
Mondo28.8°0.44% ExxonMobil Angola Mondo FPSO offshore
Murban40.2°0.79%ADNOC Onshore Abu Dhabi Jebel Dhanna
Mutineer Exeter43.4°0.03%Santos Australia Modec Venture 11 FPSO
Naphtha Koch57.8°0.11% United States
N'kossa41.0°0.04% Congo N'Kossa
NFC II57.95°0.23% Qatar Ras Laffan
Northwest Shelf Condensate61.2°0.01% Australia Withnell Bay
Nang Nuang
Nanhai Light40.1°0.06% China Nan Hai Fa Xian FPSO
Napo19°2% Ecuador Esmeraldas
Nemba40.9°0.18% Angola
New Zafiro Blend29.5°0.26% Equatorial Guinea Serpentina FPSO
Nile Blend33.9°0.06% Sudan Port Sudan
Njord46.6°0.05% Statoil Norway offshore
Norne30.8°0.22% Statoil Norway offshore
Nowruz/Soroush18-19°3.4-3.5% Iran Kharg Island
Odudu30.5°0.15% Nigeria
Oguendjo27.3°1.50% Gabon
Okono41.9°0.06% Nigeria
Olmeca37.3°0.84% Mexico
Oman Blend34°2.00% Oman
Oriente24.1°1.51% Ecuador
Ormen Lange condensate52.3°0.007% Statoil Norway Nyhamna
Oseberg Blend 37.8°0.27% Statoil Norway Sture terminal
Ösgard Blend
Oso Condensate45.7°0.06% Nigeria
Palanca/Soyo Blend37.8°0.16% Angola
Panyu28-32°<0.25% China Panyu FPSO
Peng Lai21.8°0.29% China Peng Lai FPSO
Pennington35°0.08% Nigeria Pennington Terminal
Peregrino 13.4°1.8% Brazil
Petrozuata Heavy19.5°2.69% [10] PDVSA, Conoco [11] Venezuela
Pierce
Plutonio32.6º0.39% [12] BP Angola
Port Hudson45.0°0.05% United States
Poseidon Streams29.6°1.97% BP United States Houma [13]
Premium Albian35.5°0.04% Canada
Qatar Marine35.8°1.47% Qatar Halul Island
Qua Iboe36.3°0.14% Nigeria
Rabi Light37.7°0.15% Gabon
Rang Dong37.7°0.05% Vietnam Rang Dong FPSO
Rincon35.8°0.39% Argentina San Vincente, Chile
Rio Grande do Norte29.5°0.33% Petrobras Brazil
Ross
Sahara Blend 45°0.09% Sonatrach Algeria
Santa Barbara39.5°0.49% Venezuela
Sarir37.6°0.16% Libya Marsa El Hariga
Saudi Arabia Heavy27° Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia Light34° Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia Medium31° Saudi Arabia
Saxi Batuque Blend32.8°0.32% ExxonMobil Angola Saxi Batuque FPSO offshore
Schiehallion Blend25.5°0.47% BP United Kingdom Sullom Voe
Senipah51.9°0.03% Indonesia Senipah
Seria Light36.2°0.08% Brunei
Seria Light Export
Shah Deniz Condensate47°0.03% BP Azerbaijan Ceyhan, Turkey
Shengli24.2°0.84% China Qingdao
Siberian Light35.1°0.57% Russia Tuapse
Sincor30-32°0.13% Venezuela Puerto José
Siri38.1°0.22% Denmark Siri
Sirri33.4°1.81% Iran Sirri Island
Sirtica42.2°0.40% Libya Brega
Sleipner Condensate62.0°0.02% Statoil Norway Kårstø
Snorre
Snøhvit Condensate 60.1°0.019% Statoil Norway Melkøya
Sokol (Sakhalin I)37.9°0.23% Russia DeKastri
Souedieh24.1°3.90% Syria Banias, Tartous
South Arne37.71°0.21% Denmark
Southern Green Canyon30.4°2.24% United States Port Arthur, Texas and Texas City, Texas
South Louisiana Sweet35.9°0.33% United States
Stag18.5°0.14%Apache Australia Stag Marine Facility
Statfjord39.1°0.22% Statoil Norway offshore
Su Tu Den (Black Lion)36°0.04%PV Oil Vietnam Su Tu Den Terminal
Suez Blend30.8°1.49% Egypt Ras Shukheir
Syncrude Sweet Blend30.5-33.6°0.07-0.13% Canada
Syrian Light37.7°0.74% Syria Banias, Tartous
Tapis Blend45.2°0.03% Malaysia Tapis
Thang Long36.8°0.09% Vietnam
Tempa Rossa
Tengiz46.4°0.51% Chevron Kazakhstan Odesa, Batumi, Kulevi, Taman
Terra Nova33.20.48% Canada Whiffen Head
Thamama Condensate58.4°0.11%ADNOC Onshore Abu Dhabi Jebel Dhanna
Tia Juana Heavy11°2.66% Venezuela Punta Cardon
Tia Juana Light31.9°1.18% Venezuela Las Salinas
Triton37.5°0.32% United Kingdom Triton FPSO
Troll Blend35.8°0.21% Statoil Norway Mongstad terminal
Turkmen Blend33.0°0.15-0.29% Turkmenistan Aladzha, Okarem
Ukpokiti41.7°0.08%Conoco Phillips Nigeria Trinity Spirit FPSO
Umm Shaif36.5°1.39%ADNOC Offshore Abu Dhabi Das Island
Upper Zakum32.9°1.78%ADNOC Offshore Abu Dhabi Zirku Island
Urals (to Mediterranean)31.7°1.35% Russia / C.I.S.
Urucu42.1°0.09% Petrobras Brazil Urucu
Varg37.9°0.23% Talisman Norway offshore
Vasconia24.5°0.95% Colombia
Vityaz (Sakhalin II)34.6°0.22% Russia Molikpaq-Prigorodnoye
Volve27.9°1.8% Statoil Norway offshore
Wafra24.5°3.80%Saudi Arabian Neutral Zone Mina Saud
West Seno38°0.12% Indonesia Santan
West Texas Intermediate 39.6°0.24% United States Cushing, Oklahoma
West Texas Sour31.7°1.28% United States Midland, Texas
Western Canadian Select 20.3°3.43% Canada Hardisty
White Rose29.8°0.32% Canada SeaRose FPSO
Widuri33.2°0.07% Indonesia Widuri
Williams Sugarland Blend40.9°0.20% United States
Wytch Farm Perenco United Kingdom Hamble
Xikomba34.7°0.39% ExxonMobil Angola offshore
Yoho Crude39.3°0.08% Nigeria
Zakum40.2°1.01% Abu Dhabi Das Island
Zarzaitine42.8°0.06% Algeria La Skhirra, Tunisia
Mesa 3030°0.13% Total S.A. Venezuela Jose terminal
Zuwetina41.5°0.31% Libya Zuwetina, Libya

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Petroleum or crude oil, also referred to as simply oil, is a naturally occurring yellowish-black liquid mixture of mainly hydrocarbons, and is found in geological formations. The name petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil and petroleum products that consist of refined crude oil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">West Texas Intermediate</span> Grade of crude oil used as a benchmark in oil pricing

West Texas Intermediate (WTI) is a grade or mix of crude oil; the term is also used to refer to the spot price, the futures price, or assessed price for that oil. In colloquial usage, WTI usually refers to the WTI Crude Oil futures contract traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX). The WTI oil grade is also known as Texas light sweet. Oil produced from any location can be considered WTI if the oil meets the required qualifications. Spot and futures prices of WTI are used as a benchmark in oil pricing. This grade is described as light crude oil because of its low density and sweet because of its low sulfur content.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brent Crude</span> Classification of crude oil that serves as a major worldwide benchmark price

Brent Crude may refer to any or all of the components of the Brent Complex, a physically and financially traded oil market based around the North Sea of Northwest Europe; colloquially, Brent Crude usually refers to the price of the ICE Brent Crude Oil futures contract or the contract itself. The original Brent Crude referred to a trading classification of sweet light crude oil first extracted from the Brent oilfield in the North Sea in 1976. As production from the Brent oilfield declined to zero in 2021, crude oil blends from other oil fields have been added to the trade classification. The current Brent blend consists of crude oil produced from the Forties, Oseberg, Ekofisk, Troll oil fields and oil drilled from Midland, Texas in the Permian Basin.

The American Petroleum Institute gravity, or API gravity, is a measure of how heavy or light a petroleum liquid is compared to water: if its API gravity is greater than 10, it is lighter and floats on water; if less than 10, it is heavier and sinks.

Petroleum geochemistry is a branch of geochemistry which deals specifically with petroleum and its origin, generation, and accumulation, as well as its extraction, refinement, and use. Petroleum, also known as crude oil, is a solid, liquid, and/or gaesous mix of hydrocarbons. These hydrocarbons are from the burial and metamorphosis of organic matter from millions of years ago; the organic matter is from marine animals, plants, and algae. Petroleum is extracted from the Earth, refined, and used as an energy source.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Catalytic reforming</span> Chemical process used in oil refining

Catalytic reforming is a chemical process used to convert naphthas from crude oil into liquid products called reformates, which are premium "blending stocks" for high-octane gasoline. The process converts low-octane linear hydrocarbons (paraffins) into branched alkanes (isoparaffins) and cyclic naphthenes, which are then partially dehydrogenated to produce high-octane aromatic hydrocarbons. The dehydrogenation also produces significant amounts of byproduct hydrogen gas, which is fed into other refinery processes such as hydrocracking. A side reaction is hydrogenolysis, which produces light hydrocarbons of lower value, such as methane, ethane, propane and butanes.

Light crude oil is liquid petroleum that has a low density and flows freely at room temperature. It has a low viscosity, low specific gravity and high API gravity due to the presence of a high proportion of light hydrocarbon fractions. It generally has a low wax content. Light crude oil receives a higher price than heavy crude oil on commodity markets because it produces a higher percentage of gasoline and diesel fuel when converted into products by an oil refinery.

Heavy crude oil is highly viscous oil that cannot easily flow from production wells under normal reservoir conditions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bonny Light oil</span> High grade of Nigerian crude oil

Bonny Light oil was found at Oloibiri in the Niger delta region of Nigeria in 1956 for its commercial use. Due to its features of generating high profit, it is highly demanded by refiners. Bonny light oil has an API of 32.9, classified as light oil. It is regarded as more valuable than the other oils with lower API as more high-value products are produced in the refinement. However, in Nigeria, problems due to oil spillage caused by vandalism, affects both human and the ecosystem in detrimental ways. Some experiments on animals and soil are done to figure out those impacts on organisms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Price of oil</span> Spot price of a barrel of benchmark crude oil

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A crude oil assay is the chemical evaluation of crude oil feedstocks by petroleum testing laboratories. Each crude oil type has unique molecular and chemical characteristics. No two crude oil types are identical and there are crucial differences in crude oil quality. The results of crude oil assay testing provide extensive detailed hydrocarbon analysis data for refiners, oil traders and producers. Assay data help refineries determine if a crude oil feedstock is compatible for a particular petroleum refinery or if the crude oil could cause yield, quality, production, environmental and other problems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Benchmark (crude oil)</span> Reference price for trading of an oil commodity

A benchmark crude or marker crude is a crude oil that serves as a reference price for buyers and sellers of crude oil. There are three primary benchmarks, West Texas Intermediate (WTI), Brent Blend, and Dubai Crude. Other well-known blends include the OPEC Reference Basket used by OPEC, Tapis Crude which is traded in Singapore, Western Canadian Select used in Canada, Bonny Light used in Nigeria, Urals oil used in Russia and Mexico's Isthmus. Energy Intelligence Group publishes a handbook which identified 195 major crude streams or blends in its 2011 edition.

Dilbit is a bitumen diluted with one or more lighter petroleum products, typically natural-gas condensates such as naphtha. Diluting bitumen makes it much easier to transport, for example in pipelines. Per the Alberta Oil Sands Bitumen Valuation Methodology, "Dilbit Blends" means "Blends made from heavy crudes and/or bitumens and a diluent, usually natural-gas condensate, for the purpose of meeting pipeline viscosity and density specifications, where the density of the diluent included in the blend is less than 800 kg/m3." If the diluent density is greater than or equal to 800 kg/m3, the diluent is typically synthetic crude and accordingly the blend is called synbit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">API oil–water separator</span>

An API oil–water separator is a device designed to separate gross amounts of oil and suspended solids from industrial wastewater produced at oil refineries, petrochemical plants, chemical plants, natural gas processing plants and other industrial oily water sources. The API separator is a gravity separation device designed by using Stokes Law to define the rise velocity of oil droplets based on their density and size. The design is based on the specific gravity difference between the oil and the wastewater because that difference is much smaller than the specific gravity difference between the suspended solids and water. The suspended solids settles to the bottom of the separator as a sediment layer, the oil rises to top of the separator and the cleansed wastewater is the middle layer between the oil layer and the solids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kent Refinery</span>

The BPRefinery (Kent) was an oil refinery on the Isle of Grain in Kent. It was commissioned in 1953 and had a maximum processing capacity of 11 million tonnes of crude oil per year. It was decommissioned in August 1982.

Crude oil is extracted from the bedrock before being processed in several stages, removing natural contaminants and undesirable hydrocarbons. This separation process produces mineral oil, which can in turn be denoted as paraffinic, naphthenic or aromatic. The differences between these different types of oils are not clear-cut, but mainly depend on the predominant hydrocarbon types in the oil. Paraffinic oil, for example, contains primarily higher alkanes, whereas naphthenic oils have a high share of cyclic alkanes in the mixture.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">World oil market chronology from 2003</span> Chronology of events affecting the oil market

From the mid-1980s to September 2003, the inflation adjusted price of a barrel of crude oil on NYMEX was generally under $25/barrel. Then, during 2004, the price rose above $40, and then $60. A series of events led the price to exceed $60 by August 11, 2005, leading to a record-speed hike that reached $75 by the middle of 2006. Prices then dropped back to $60/barrel by the early part of 2007 before rising steeply again to $92/barrel by October 2007, and $99.29/barrel for December futures in New York on November 21, 2007. Throughout the first half of 2008, oil regularly reached record high prices. Prices on June 27, 2008, touched $141.71/barrel, for August delivery in the New York Mercantile Exchange, amid Libya's threat to cut output, and OPEC's president predicted prices may reach $170 by the Northern summer. The highest recorded price per barrel maximum of $147.02 was reached on July 11, 2008. After falling below $100 in the late summer of 2008, prices rose again in late September. On September 22, oil rose over $25 to $130 before settling again to $120.92, marking a record one-day gain of $16.37. Electronic crude oil trading was temporarily halted by NYMEX when the daily price rise limit of $10 was reached, but the limit was reset seconds later and trading resumed. By October 16, prices had fallen again to below $70, and on November 6 oil closed below $60. Then in 2009, prices went slightly higher, although not to the extent of the 2005–2007 crisis, exceeding $100 in 2011 and most of 2012. Since late 2013 the oil price has fallen below the $100 mark, plummeting below the $50 mark one year later.

Tapis crude is a Malaysian crude oil used as a pricing benchmark in Singapore. Tapis is very light, with an API gravity of 43°-45°, and very sweet, with only about 0.04% sulfur. While it is not traded on a market like Brent Crude or West Texas Intermediate (WTI), it is often used as an oil marker or price referencing indicator for Asia and Australia.

Heavy oil production is a developing technology for extracting heavy oil in industrial quantities. Estimated reserves of heavy oil are over 6 trillion barrels, three times that of conventional oil and gas.

Western Canadian Select (WCS) is a heavy sour blend of crude oil that is one of North America's largest heavy crude oil streams and, historically, its cheapest. It was established in December 2004 as a new heavy oil stream by EnCana, Canadian Natural Resources, Petro-Canada and Talisman Energy. It is composed mostly of bitumen blended with sweet synthetic and condensate diluents and 21 existing streams of both conventional and unconventional Alberta heavy crude oils at the large Husky Midstream General Partnership terminal in Hardisty, Alberta. Western Canadian Select—the benchmark for heavy, acidic crudes—is one of many petroleum products from the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin oil sands. Calgary-based Husky Energy, now a subsidiary of Cenovus, had joined the initial four founders in 2015.

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