Natural gas is a naturally occurring mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons consisting primarily of methane (97%) in addition to various smaller amounts of other higher alkanes. Low levels of trace gases like carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, and helium are also usually present. Methane is colorless and odorless, and the second largest greenhouse gas contributor to global climate change after carbon dioxide. Because natural gas is odorless, odorizers such as mercaptan are commonly added to it for safety so that leaks can be readily detected.
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas (predominantly methane, CH4, with some mixture of ethane, C2H6) that has been cooled down to liquid form for ease and safety of non-pressurized storage or transport. It takes up about 1/600th the volume of natural gas in the gaseous state at standard conditions for temperature and pressure.
A floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) unit is a floating vessel used by the offshore oil and gas industry for the production and processing of hydrocarbons, and for the storage of oil. An FPSO vessel is designed to receive hydrocarbons produced by itself or from nearby platforms or subsea template, process them, and store oil until it can be offloaded onto a tanker or, less frequently, transported through a pipeline. FPSOs are preferred in frontier offshore regions as they are easy to install, and do not require a local pipeline infrastructure to export oil. FPSOs can be a conversion of an oil tanker or can be a vessel built specially for the application. A vessel used only to store oil is referred to as a floating storage and offloading (FSO) vessel.
Sempra is a North American public utility holding company based in San Diego, California. The company is one of the largest utility holding companies in the United States with nearly 40 million consumers. Sempra's focus is on electric and natural gas infrastructure and its operating companies include: Southern California Gas Company (SoCalGas) and San Diego Gas & Electric (SDG&E) in Southern California; Oncor Electric Delivery Company in Texas; and Sempra Infrastructure, with offices in California.
Renewable natural gas (RNG), also known as biomethane, is a biogas which has been upgraded to a quality similar to fossil natural gas and has a methane concentration of 90% or greater. By removing CO2 and other impurities from biogas, and increasing the concentration of methane to a level similar to fossil natural gas, it becomes possible to distribute RNG via existing gas pipeline infrastructure. RNG can be used in existing appliances, including vehicles with natural gas burning engines (natural gas vehicles).
Enagás, S.A. is a Spanish energy company and European transmission system operator (TSO), which owns and operates the nation's gas grid. The firm also owns four liquefied natural gas regasification terminals in the country, at Huelva, Barcelona, Cartagena and Gijon. In addition, it owns 50% of the plant BBG (Bilbao) and 72.5% of the Saggas terminal in Sagunto. The chairman of Enagás is Antonio Llardén Carratalá and his chief executive officer is Arturo Gonzalo Aizpiri. The firm's headquarters are located in Madrid. Apart from Spain, Enagás has presence in Mexico, Perú, Chile, Sweden and in the Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP) European project.
Gasum Oy is a Finnish state-owned energy company operating in the Nordics. Gasum owns 17 biogas refineries in Finland and Sweden, and is the largest processor of biodegradable waste in the Nordic countries. In addition, Gasum sells wind power and provides various energy market services. It is in the process of building a gas filling station network that will also serve heavy-duty vehicles.
N.V. Nederlandse Gasunie is a Dutch natural gas infrastructure and transportation company operating in the Netherlands and Germany. Gasunie owns the Netherlands gas transmission network with a total length of over 12,000 kilometres (7,500 mi) and 3,100 kilometres (1,900 mi) long network in Germany.
Saipem S.p.A. is an Italian multinational company that operates as a contractor in the oil and gas industry, particularly in remote and deepwater locations. Founded in 1957, it has established its headquarters in Milan, Italy. As a leader in engineering, procurement, construction (EPC), and drilling services, Saipem specializes in the design, construction, and operation of complex, safe, and sustainable infrastructures and plants worldwide.
LNG Hrvatska d.o.o. is a company that operates a floating liquefied natural gas (LNG) regasification terminal in Omišalj on the island of Krk, Croatia. It commenced operations on 1 January 2021, with full capacity booked for the next three years.
GRTgaz is a French natural gas transmission system operator located in Bois-Colombes, Île de France, France. The operated system consists of high pressure gas pipelines with pressure exceeding 60 bars (6,000 kPa).
The Adriatic LNG terminal is a liquid natural gas offshore terminal, formally known as Terminale GNL Adriatico Srl. Located in the northern Adriatic 9 miles (14 km) offshore of Porto Levante, Porto Viro, near Rovigo, Italy, it is the world's first offshore gravity-based structure LNG regasification terminal. The terminal is operated by ExxonMobil (70%), Qatar Terminal Ltd., a subsidiary of QatarEnergy (23%), and Snam (7%).
Compressed natural gas (CNG) carrier ships are those designed for transportation of natural gas under high pressure. CNG carrier technology relies on high pressure, typically over 250 bar (2900 psi), to increase the density of the gas, but it is still 2.4 times less than that of LNG (426 kg/m3). CNG carriers may find their place abreast with the well established technology of liquefied natural gas by LNG carriers as it is economical for medium distance marine transport. Most of the energy consumed for the gas pressurisation can be recovered as electricity using turboexpander while delivering CNG to the inland piping network at unloading jetty/harbour. CNG carriers are also alternate solutions to the undersea pipelines as they have less complicated fast loading and unloading features.
The Azerbaijan–Georgia–Romania Interconnector (AGRI) is a proposed project to transport Azerbaijani natural gas to Romania and further to Central Europe. Natural gas would be transported by the pipeline from Sangachal Terminal in Azerbaijan to the Kulevi Terminal at the Black Sea coast of Georgia. In Kulevi, the liquefied natural gas export terminal would be built. Liquefied natural gas will be transported by LNG tankers to the Constanța terminal in Romania. After regasification natural gas will be delivered through the existing gas grid to Romania and other European countries. Alternative to the transportation of liquefied natural gas is transportation of compressed natural gas.
Qatar Gas Transport Company Limited, commonly known as Nakilat is a Qatari shipping and maritime company. Its LNG shipping fleet is one of the largest in the world, comprising 74 vessels. The company also jointly owns one Floating Storage Regasification Unit (FSRU) and 4 very large LPG carriers (VLGCs). Through its in-house ship management, Nakilat manages and operates the four very large LPG carriers and 14 LNG carriers.
A liquefied natural gas terminal is a facility for managing the import and/or export of liquefied natural gas (LNG). It comprises equipment for loading and unloading of LNG cargo to/from ocean-going tankers, for transfer across the site, liquefaction, re-gasification, processing, storage, pumping, compression, and metering of LNG. LNG as a liquid is the most efficient way to transport natural gas over long distances, usually by sea.
Klaipėda LNG terminal is an liquefied natural gas import terminal in the port of Klaipėda, Lithuania. It cost US$128 million to construct. The developer and owner of the project is KN Energies.
Gasgrid Finland Oy is a Finnish state-owned natural gas transmission system operator. Gasgrid Finland offers natural gas and biogas transmission services and is responsible for the gas transmission system operations in Finland. The CEO of Gasgrid Finland is Olli Sipilä.
The Bapco Energies, formerly nogaholding, is a semi-independent agency within the Ministry of Oil and Gas in the nation of Bahrain whose mission is to develop the nation's petroleum resources. Established in 2007 as a unit of the National Oil and Gas Authority (NOGA), the government's petroleum regulator, it became an independent agency when NOGA was abolished in September 2021.
