Ticker symbol

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Stock telegraph ticker machine invented by Thomas Edison Edison Stock Telegraph Ticker.jpg
Stock telegraph ticker machine invented by Thomas Edison

A ticker symbol or stock symbol is an abbreviation used to uniquely identify publicly traded shares of a particular stock or security on a particular stock exchange. Ticker symbols are arrangements of symbols or characters (generally Latin letters or digits) which provide a shorthand for investors to refer to, purchase, and research securities. Some exchanges include ticker extensions, which encode additional information such as share class, bankruptcy status, or voting rights into the ticker. [1]

Contents

The first ticker symbol was used in 1867, following the invention of the ticker tape machine by Edward Calahan. It was used to identify shares of the Union Pacific Railroad Company. [2] [3] [4]

Interpreting the symbol

Stock symbols are unique identifiers assigned to each security traded on a particular market. A stock symbol can consist of letters, numbers, or a combination of both, and is a way to uniquely identify that stock. The symbols were kept as short as possible to reduce the number of characters that had to be printed on the ticker tape, and to make it easy to recognize by traders and investors.

The allocation of symbols and formatting conventions is specific to each stock exchange. In the US, for example, stock tickers are typically between 1 and 4 letters and represent the company name where possible. For example, US-based computer company stock Apple Inc. traded on the NASDAQ exchange has the symbol AAPL, while the motor company Ford's stock that is traded on the New York Stock Exchange has the single-letter ticker F. In Europe, most exchanges use three-letter codes; for example, Dutch consumer goods company Unilever traded on the Amsterdam Euronext exchange has the symbol UNA. In Asia, numbers are often used as stock tickers to avoid issues for international investors when using non-Latin scripts. For example, the bank HSBC's stock traded on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange has the ticker symbol 0005.

Symbols sometimes change to reflect mergers. Prior to the 1999 merger with Mobil Oil, Exxon used a phonetic spelling of the company "XON" as its ticker symbol. The symbol of the firm after the merger was "XOM". Symbols are sometimes reused. In the US the single-letter symbols are particularly sought after as vanity symbols. For example, since March of 2008 Visa Inc. has used the symbol V that had previously been used by Vivendi which had delisted and given up the symbol. [5]

To fully qualify a stock, both the ticker and the exchange or country of listing needs to be known. On many systems both must be specified to uniquely identify the security. This is often done by appending the location or exchange code to the ticker.

Example Vodafone Group plc stock ticker symbol
Location Reuters Instrument Code Bloomberg tickerYahoo ticker
London Stock ExchangeVOD.LVOD:LNVOD.L
NasdaqVOD.O or VOD.OQVOD:USVOD
Stock Exchange of SingaporeVOD.SIVOD:SPVOD.SI

Other identifiers

Although stock tickers identify a security, they are exchange dependent, generally limited to stocks, and can change. These limitations have led to the development of other codes in financial markets to identify securities for settlement purposes. The most prevalent of these is the International Securities Identifying Number (ISIN). [6] An ISIN uniquely identifies a security and its structure is defined in ISO 6166. Securities for which ISINs are issued include bonds, commercial paper, stocks, and warrants. The ISIN code is a 12-character alpha-numerical code that does not contain information characterizing financial instruments, but serves for uniform identification of a security at trading and settlement.

The ISIN identifies the security, not the exchange (if any) on which it trades; it is, therefore, not a replacement for the ticker symbol. [7] For instance, Daimler AG stock trades on twenty-two different stock exchanges worldwide and is priced in five foreign currencies; it has the same ISIN on each (DE0007100000), though not the same ticker symbol. ISIN cannot specify a particular trade in this case, and another identifier, typically the three- or four-letter exchange code (such as the Market Identifier Code), will have to be specified in addition to the ISIN.

Symbol for stock market indices

While usually a stock ticker identifies a security that can be traded, stock market indices are also sometimes assigned a symbol, even though they can generally not be traded. Symbols for indices are usually distinguished by adding a symbol in front of the name, such as a circumflex (or 'caret') ^ or a dot. [8] For example, Reuters lists the Nasdaq Composite index under the symbol .IXIC. [9]

Symbols by country

Australia

In Australia the Australian Securities Exchange uses the following conventions: Three character base symbol with the first and third character being alphanumeric and the second alphabetic. ETFs and ETMFs can be either 3 or 4 characters. Exchange-traded warrants and exchange-traded options are six characters. ETOs can have numbers in the sixth character. [10]

ASX fourth, fifth, and sixth-letter codes extensions
D[A–Z]Deferred settlement security, temporary code used typically during a consolidation/reverse split. Used for both Equities and Company Options.
H[A–Z]Bonds/Debt
F[A-Z][A–Z]Exchanged-traded Warrants
G or G[A–Z]Convertible Debt
H or H[A–Z]Unsecured Note
I[A–Z][A–Z]Instalment Warrant
LVNon-Voting or Limited Voting
O or O[A–G]Company option
P[A–Z]Preference/Interest Bearing security
R or R[A–Z]Company rights
W[A–Z][A–Z]Exchanged-traded Warrants
U[A–Z][A–Z]Exchanged-traded Warrants
V[A–Z][A–Z]Exchanged-traded Warrants

Canada

In Canada the Toronto Stock Exchange TSX and the TSXV use the following special codes after the ticker symbol:

TSX "behind the dot" extensions and other special codes [11]
A–B – class of sharesNO, NS, NT – notesS – special U.S. terms
DB – debentureP – Capital Pool CompanyU, V – U.S. funds
E – equity dividendPR – preferredUN – units
H – NEX marketR – subscription receiptsW – when issued
IR – installment receiptsRT – rightsWT – warrants

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, prior to 1996, stock codes were known as EPICs, named after the London Stock Exchange's Exchange Price Information Computer (e.g.: "MKS" for Marks and Spencer). Following the introduction of the Sequence trading platform in 1996, EPICs were renamed Tradable Instrument Display Mnemonics (TIDM), but they are still widely referred to as EPICs. Stocks can also be identified using their SEDOL (Stock Exchange Daily Official List) number or their ISIN (International Securities Identification Number).

United States

In the United States, modern letter-only ticker symbols were developed by Standard & Poor's (S&P) to bring a national standard to investing. Previously, a single company could have many ticker symbols as they varied between the dozens of individual stock markets. The term ticker refers to the noise made by the ticker tape machines once widely used by stock exchanges.

The S&P system was later standardized by the securities industry and modified as the years passed. Stock symbols for preferred stock have not been standardized. [12]

Some companies use a well-known product as their ticker symbol. Belgian brewer AB InBev, the brewer of Budweiser beer, uses "BUD" (symbolizing its premier product in the United States) as its three-letter ticker for American Depository Receipts. Its rival, the Molson Coors Brewing Company, uses a similarly beer-related symbol, "TAP". Likewise, Southwest Airlines pays tribute to its headquarters at Love Field in Dallas through its "LUV" symbol. Cedar Fair Entertainment Company, which operates large amusement parks in the United States, uses "FUN" as its symbol. Harley-Davidson uses "HOG", an abbreviation for the corporate-sponsored Harley Owners Group. [13] Yamana Gold uses "AUY", because on the periodic table of elements, "Au" is the symbol for gold. Sotheby's, an auction house, previously used the symbol "BID". [14] Petco uses the symbol "WOOF".

While most symbols come from the company's name, sometimes it happens the other way around. Tricon Global, owner of KFC, Pizza Hut and Taco Bell, adopted the symbol "YUM" to represent its corporate mission when the company was spun out of PepsiCo in 1997. In 2002, the company changed its name to match its symbol, adopting the name Yum! Brands. [15]

Symbols sometimes change to reflect mergers. Before the 1999 merger with Mobil, Exxon used a phonetic spelling of the company "XON" as its ticker symbol. [16] The symbol of the firm after the merger was "XOM". After Hewlett-Packard merged with Compaq, the new firm took on the ticker symbol "HPQ". (The former symbols were HWP and CPQ.) AT&T's ticker symbol is "T"; accordingly, the company is referred to simply as "Telephone" on Wall Street (the T symbol is so well known that when SBC purchased the company, it took the AT&T name, capitalizing on its history and keeping the desired single letter symbol).[ citation needed ]

Some examples of US Stock symbols include:

Formerly, a glance at a U.S. stock symbol and its appended codes would allow an investor to determine where a stock trades; however, in July 2007, the SEC approved a rule change allowing companies moving from the New York Stock Exchange to the Nasdaq to retain their three-letter symbols; DirecTV was one of the first companies to make this move. When first implemented, the rule change did not apply to companies with one or two-letter symbols, [17] but subsequently any stock was able to move from the NYSE to the Nasdaq without changing its symbol. CA Technologies, which traded under the symbol CA before it was acquired in 2018, moved from the NYSE to the Nasdaq in April 2008 and kept its two-letter symbol. [18]

NYSE "behind the dot" or Nasdaq fifth-letter codes and other special codes
A – Class "A"K – Nonvoting (common)U – Units
B – Class "B"L – MiscellaneousV – Pending issue and distribution
C – NextSharesM – fourth class – preferred shares W – Warrants
D – New issue or reverse splitN – third class – preferred sharesX – Mutual fund
E – Delinquent SEC filings O – second class – preferred sharesY – American depositary receipt (ADR)
F – ForeignP – first class preferred sharesZ – Miscellaneous situations
G – first convertible bond Q – In bankruptcy Special codes
H – second convertible bondR – Rights PK – A Pink Sheet, indicating over-the-counter
I – third convertible bondS – Shares of beneficial interest SC – Nasdaq Small Cap
J – Voting share – specialT – With warrants or rightsNM – Nasdaq National Market

Single-letter NYSE ticker symbols

Unassigned letters:

Single-letter NASDAQ ticker symbols

Unassigned letters:

  • A–Y

Other countries

In countries where Arabic script is used, and in East Asia, transliterated Latin script versions of company names may be confusing to an unpracticed Western reader; stock symbols provide a simple means of clear communication in the workplace. Many Asian countries use numerical or alphanumerical ticker symbols of only digits and Roman letters to facilitate international trade.

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">New York Stock Exchange</span> American stock exchange

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An International Securities Identification Number (ISIN) is a code that uniquely identifies a security globally for the purposes of facilitating clearing, reporting and settlement of trades. Its structure is defined in ISO 6166. The ISIN code is a 12-character alphanumeric code that serves for uniform identification of a security through normalization of the assigned National Number, where one exists, at trading and settlement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Corporate action</span> Event initiated by a public company


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A CUSIP is a nine-character numeric or alphanumeric code that uniquely identifies a North American financial security for the purposes of facilitating clearing and settlement of trades. All CUSIP identifiers are fungible, which means that a unique CUSIP identifier for each individual security stays the same, regardless of the exchange where the shares were purchased or venue on which the shares were traded. CUSIP was adopted as an American national standard by the Accredited Standards Committee X9 and is designated ANSI X9.6. CUSIP was re-approved as an ANSI standard in December 2020. The acronym derives from Committee on Uniform Security Identification Procedures.

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References

  1. ↑ "What is a ticker? | Investing Definitions | Morningstar". Morningstar, Inc. 2022-10-04. Retrieved 2024-08-31.
  2. ↑ "How Ticker Symbols Shape the Financial System". SIX. Retrieved 2024-08-31.
  3. ↑ "Stock Symbol (Ticker Symbol): Abbreviation for a Company's Stock". Investopedia. Retrieved 2024-08-31.
  4. ↑ "What is a Stock Symbol: Overview and History". Vantage Markets. 25 August 2024. Retrieved 31 August 2024.
  5. ↑ Mantell, Ruth (3 August 2006). "Vivendi voluntarily delists from NYSE, ends ADR program". Marketwatch. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
  6. ↑ "Home". ISIN, CUSIP, LEI, SEDOL, WKN, CFI Codes, Database Securities Apply Application Register.
  7. ↑ "ISIN for ETFs". ISIN.net. Retrieved 2023-03-15.
  8. ↑ "Stock quotes Available For Download". Market Indices, such as the Dow Jones Industrial Average. Ticker symbols for these items all begin with the circumflex (caret) symbol, '^'.
  9. ↑ "All American Indices". Reuters . 2017-09-07. Archived from the original on 2007-12-14.
  10. ↑ "ASX Codes and Descriptors". Australian Securities Exchange. Retrieved 2023-03-15.
  11. ↑ "Stock Market Terms, Stock Symbol Extension". TMX Money. Retrieved 2016-04-01.
  12. ↑ "Preferred Ticker Symbols and Names - QuantumOnline.com". www.quantumonline.com.
  13. ↑ "How Harleys Became Known as 'Hogs'". RideApart.com.
  14. ↑ "Sotheby's (BID:New York): Stock Quote&Company Profile". Businessweek. 29 February 2012. Archived from the original on 14 February 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  15. ↑ "Tricon announces name change to Yum! Brands Inc | Yum Brands". AMEinfo.com. Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2012-11-13.
  16. ↑ Chris Isidore (1999-11-30). "Exxon and Mobil to merge". CNN Money. Retrieved 2023-03-15.
  17. ↑ "UPDATE 1-SEC allows Nasdaq to list 3-letter ticker symbols". Reuters. 10 July 2017.
  18. ↑ "CA Announces Move to NASDAQ".
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Trivia - One-Letter Ticker Symbols on NYSE". The Investment FAQ. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  20. ↑ "Loews Scores Coveted One-Letter Ticker". New York Times . June 17, 2008. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
  21. 1 2 Wilson, David. "Zillow With a Z Will Break NYSE Grip on One-Letter Tickers". BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on May 30, 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
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