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In business, and only in United States corporate law, a benefit corporation (or in some states, a public benefit corporation) is a type of for-profit corporate entity whose goals include making a positive impact on society. Laws concerning conventional corporations typically do not define the "best interest of the corporation", which has led some to believe that increasing shareholder value (profits and/or share price) is the only overarching or compelling interest of a corporation. [1] Benefit corporations explicitly specify that profit is not their only goal. Their activities may or may not differ much from traditional corporations. [2] An ordinary corporation may change to a benefit corporation merely by stating in its approved corporate bylaws that it is a benefit corporation. [2]
A business may choose to file as a benefit corporation instead of a traditional C corporation for many reasons; for example, a 2013 study done by MBA students at the University of Maryland showed that one main reason businesses in Maryland had chosen to file as benefit corporations was for community recognition of their values. [3] A benefit corporation's directors and officers operate the business with the same authority and behavior as in a traditional corporation, but are required to consider the impact of their decisions not only on shareholders but also on employees, customers, the community, and local and global environment. For an example of what additional impacts directors and officers are required to consider, view the Maryland Code § 5-6C-07 – Duties of director. The nature of the business conducted by the corporation does not affect their status as a benefit corporation, instead providing them protection for including public benefits in their missions and activities.
Deciding to become a benefit corporation is the choice of a company that wants to make a profit while simultaneously addressing social, economical, and environmental needs, or to operate as a traditional for-profit business corporation model. Both have their own benefits and costs. [4]
Shareholders typically judge a company's well-being on its long-term financial success, in addition to public perception and quality of product, but in recent decades quarterly trading reporting has led to hyper-focus on short-term gains.[ citation needed ] As such, the perception that corporate directors are legally bound to maximize shareholder value has grown, although it is not true. [1] [ failed verification ] The benefit corporation legislation ensures that a director is required to consider other public benefits in addition to profit, preventing shareholders from using a drop in stock value as evidence for dismissal or a lawsuit against the corporation. Transparency provisions require benefit corporations to publish annual benefit reports of their social and environmental performance using a comprehensive, credible, independent, and transparent third-party standard. However, few of the states have included provisions for removal of benefit corporation status or fines if the companies fail to publish benefit reports that comply with the state statutes. [5]
There are no legal standards that define what constitutes a benefit corporation currently. [6] A benefit corporation need not be certified or audited by the third-party standard. Instead, it may use third-party standards solely as a rubric to measure its own performance. In this case, some authors have examined and pointed out that in the current 36 states who recognize benefit corporations as legal business forms the law regarding the requirement of certifications for operation differs from state to state. [7] For example, in the state of Indiana, there is no requirement of certifications from a third party needed to operate as a benefit corporation. [8] It has also been suggested that other organizations that choose to operate under the business formation of a benefit corporation may also want to engage in receiving a B Corp certification from a third party, such as B Lab. [9] Other research promotes the synergy between a benefit corporation and employee ownership. [10]
As a matter of law, in the 36 states who recognize this type of business form, a benefit corporation is used "to merge the traditional for-profit business corporation model with a non-profit model by allowing social entrepreneurs to consider interests beyond those of maximizing shareholder wealth." [2]
In April 2010, Maryland became the first U.S. state to pass benefit corporation legislation. [11] As of March 2018 [update] , 36 states and Washington, D.C., have passed legislation allowing for the creation of benefit corporations: [7]
State | Date passed | Date in effect | Legislation |
---|---|---|---|
Alabama | December 31, 2020 | January 1, 2021 | Act 2020-73, §8. [12] |
Arizona | April 30, 2013 | December 31, 2014 | SB 1238 Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine |
Arkansas | April 19, 2013 | July 18, 2013 | HB 1510 |
California | October 9, 2011 | January 1, 2012 | AB 361 for FPCs; revised and renamed as SPCs in 2015 via SB 1301 |
Colorado | May 15, 2013 | April 1, 2014 | HB 13-1138 |
Connecticut | April 24, 2014 | October 1, 2014 | SB 23, HB 5597 Section 140 |
Delaware | July 17, 2013 | August 1, 2013 | SB 47 |
Florida | June 20, 2014 | July 1, 2014 | SB 654, HB 685 |
Hawaii | July 8, 2011 | July 8, 2011 | SB 298 |
Idaho | April 2, 2015 | July 1, 2015 | SB 1076 |
Illinois | August 2, 2012 | January 1, 2013 | SB 2897 |
Indiana | April 30, 2015 | July 1, 2015 | HB 1015 |
Iowa [13] | June 8, 2021 | June 8, 2021 | HB 844 |
Kansas | March 30, 2017 | July 1, 2017 | HB 2153 |
Kentucky | March 7, 2017 | July 1, 2017 | HB 35 Archived June 7, 2017, at the Wayback Machine |
Louisiana | May 31, 2012 | August 1, 2012 | HB 1178 |
Maryland | April 13, 2010 | October 1, 2010 | SB 690/HB 1009 |
Massachusetts | August 7, 2012 | December 1, 2012 | 2012 Acts, Chapter 238 |
Minnesota | April 29, 2014 | January 1, 2015 | SF 2053, HF 2582 |
Montana | April 27, 2015 | October 1, 2015 | HB 2458 |
Nebraska | April 2, 2014 | July 18, 2014 | LB 751 |
Nevada | May 24, 2013 | January 1, 2014 | AB 89 Archived June 7, 2015, at the Wayback Machine |
New Hampshire | July 11, 2014 | January 1, 2015 | SB 215 |
New Jersey | January 10, 2011 | March 1, 2011 | S 2170 Archived September 26, 2015, at the Wayback Machine |
New Mexico | February 18, 2020 | February 18, 2020 | HB 118, Bill History |
New York | December 12, 2011 | February 10, 2012 | A4692-a and S79-a |
Oregon | June 18, 2013 | January 1, 2014 | HB 2296 |
Pennsylvania | October 12, 2012 | January 1, 2013 | HB 1616 |
Rhode Island | July 17, 2013 | January 1, 2014 | HB 5720 |
South Carolina | June 6, 2012 | June 14, 2012 | HB 4766 |
Tennessee | May 20, 2015 | January 1, 2016 | HB 0767/SB 0972 |
Texas | June 14, 2017 | September 1, 2017 | HB 3488 |
Utah | April 1, 2014 | May 13, 2014 | SB 133 |
Vermont | May 19, 2010 | July 1, 2011 | S 263 |
Virginia | March 26, 2011 | July 1, 2011 | HB 2358 |
Washington | January 1, 2022 | Wash. Rev. Code § 24.03A.245 | |
Washington, D.C. | February 8, 2013 | May 1, 2013 | B 19-058 Archived September 27, 2015, at the Wayback Machine |
West Virginia | March 31, 2014 | July 1, 2014 | SB 202 |
Wisconsin | November 27, 2017 | February 26, 2018 | SB298 Act 77 |
Connecticut's benefit corporation law is the first to allow "preservation clauses", which allow the corporation's founders to prevent it from reverting to a 'For Profit' entity at the will of their shareholders. [14]
Illinois established a new type of entity called the "benefit LLC", making the state the first to allow limited liability companies the same opportunities afforded to Illinois corporations under the state's benefit corporation law. [15] [16]
Washington created social purpose corporations in 2012 with a similar focus and intent. [17] [18]
In December 2015, the Italian Parliament passed legislation recognizing a new kind of organization, named Società Benefit, which was directly modeled after benefit corporations in the United States. [19] [20] [21] [22] [23]
In 2018, Colombia introduced benefit corporation legislation. [24]
In May 2018, the leader of the British Columbia Green Party introduced a bill to amend the Business Corporations Act to permit the incorporation of "benefit companies" in British Columbia. [25] On June 30, 2020, British Columbia became the first province in Canada to offer the option of incorporating as a benefit company. [26] [27] [28]
In the United Kingdom, Community Interest Companies (CIC) were introduced in 2005, intended "for people wishing to establish businesses which trade with a social purpose..., or to carry on other activities for the benefit of the community". [29]
Historically, U.S. corporate law has not been structured or tailored to address the situation of for-profit companies that wish to pursue a social or environmental mission. [30] While corporations generally have the ability to pursue a broad range of activities, corporate decision-making is usually justified in terms of creating long-term shareholder value.
The idea that a corporation has as its purpose to maximize financial gain for its shareholders was first articulated in Dodge v. Ford Motor Co. in 1919. [31] Over time, through both law and custom, the concept of "shareholder primacy" has come to be widely accepted. This was reaffirmed in 2010 for Delaware corporations by the case eBay Domestic Holdings, Inc. v. Craig Newmark, et al., 3705-CC , 61(Del. Ch.2010)., in which the Delaware Chancery Court stated that a non-financial mission that "seeks not to maximize the economic value of a for-profit Delaware corporation for the benefit of its stockholders" is inconsistent with directors' fiduciary duties. However, the fiduciary duties do not list profit or financial gains specifically, and to date no corporate charters have been written that identify profit as one of those duties.
In the ordinary course of business, decisions made by a corporation's directors are generally protected by the business judgment rule, under which courts are reluctant to second-guess operating decisions made by directors. In a takeover or change of control situation, however, courts give less deference to directors' decisions and require that directors obtain the highest price in order to maximize shareholder value in the transaction. Thus a corporation may be unable to maintain its focus on social and environmental factors in a change of control situation because of the pressure to maximize shareholder value.
Mission-driven businesses, impact investors, and social entrepreneurs are constrained by this legal framework, which is not equipped to accommodate for-profit entities whose mission is central to their existence.
Even in states that have passed "constituency" statutes, which permit directors and officers of ordinary corporations to consider non-financial interests when making decisions, legal uncertainties make it difficult for mission-driven businesses to know when they are allowed to consider additional interests. Without clear case law, directors may still fear civil claims if they stray from their fiduciary duties to the owners of the business to maximize profit. [3]
By contrast, benefit corporations expand the fiduciary duty of directors to require them to consider non-financial stakeholders as well as the interests of shareholders. [32] This gives directors and officers of mission-driven businesses the legal protection to pursue an additional mission and consider additional stakeholders. [33] [34] The enacting state's benefit corporation statutes are placed within existing state corporation codes so that the codes apply to benefit corporations in every respect except those explicit provisions unique to the benefit corporation form.
Typical major provisions of a benefit corporation are: [35]
Purpose
Accountability
Transparency
Right of action
Change of control/purpose/structure
Benefit corporations are treated like all other corporations for tax purposes. [35]
Benefit corporation laws address concerns held by entrepreneurs who wish to raise growth capital but fear losing control of the social or environmental mission of their business. In addition, the laws provide companies the ability to consider factors other than the highest purchase offer at the time of sale, in spite of the ruling on Revlon, Inc. v. MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings, Inc. Chartering as a benefit corporation also allows companies to distinguish themselves as businesses with a social conscience, and as one that aspires to a standard they consider higher than profit-maximization for shareholders. [36] Yvon Chouinard, founder of Patagonia, has written "Benefit corporation legislation creates the legal framework to enable companies like Patagonia to stay mission-driven through succession, capital raises, and even changes in ownership, by institutionalizing the values, culture, processes, and high standards put in place by founding entrepreneurs." [37]
Oregon House Bill 3572, signed by the governor of Oregon in July 2023, [38] allows public contracting agencies to award contracts to benefit corporations if the goods and services are not more than 5% higher than the goods and services available from another company. [39]
There is a difference between being filing as a benefit corporation in a state, and being a certified benefit corporation also known as a B Corporation. B Corporations voluntarily promise to run their firm with social and environmental causes as a concern. [40] To receive their certification from B Lab they must score a minimum of 80 out of 200 on a survey called the B impact assessment. [40] Next, they will have to pass through an audit process. [40] Finally, the firms wishing to remain certified will be required to pay an annual fee to B Lab. [40] Furthermore, companies will pledge to incorporate as a benefit corporation before their re-certification. [40]
Benefit corporations are not synonymous with cooperatives, which are a type of corporate governance in which the governance and shares are equally held by their members, such as all employees or all consumers. However, a benefit corporation may also be organized as a cooperative or vice versa.
A public benefit corporation is a legal entity that is organized and taxed as either an S corporation or C corporation. [40] Founders will want to keep in mind that C-corporations experience a double tax associated with profits and again with dividends or payouts to shareholders. [41] S corporations are a legal entity that escapes this double taxation but there are certain stipulations that an entity will have to consider before being able to file as an S corporation. [41] If you are currently an S or C corporation your company will not change its tax status when you transfer to a public benefit corporation. [40] If you are currently an LLC, partnership or sole proprietorship then you will have to change tax status. [40] While public benefit corporations are taxed the same as their underlying corporation status, there is added benefit to taxation on charitable contributions. If a firm makes donations to a qualifying non-profit the charitable contributions receive a tax deductible status. This will lower a firm's taxes compared to a typical C-corporation that is not donating money and only focusing on short term profits.
Reorganizing as a public benefit corporation affords a corporation's directors and founders protection from shareholder lawsuits when pursuing decisions that benefit the public at the expense of short-term profits. [40] Furthermore, firms that transition typically experience advantages in retaining employees, increasing their customer loyalty and attracting prospective talent that will mesh well into the company culture. [40]
Changing status to a public benefit corporation requires several steps. First, the firm should choose one or more specific public benefit projects that it will pursue. Next, the articles of incorporation should be amended to state at the beginning that the firm is a public benefit corporation. The term public benefit corporation (PBC) or another abbreviation may be added to the entity's name if the founders choose. Finally the share certificates that are issued by the entity should state that the firm is a public benefit corporation. A shareholder vote is required to amend the articles which must include "non-voting" shares. The vote must gain a two-thirds majority to pass, depending on the Articles of Incorporation. [40] Shareholders should be notified early that dissenter's rights apply. Dissenter's rights mean that those that vote against the amendment and qualify, may require the company to buy back their shares at fair value before the change. [40] Firms making the transition should also perform a "due diligence review" of their business contracts, affairs and status in order to avoid any unforeseen liability associated with changing the form of the entity. [40]
The transition process is different state by state but for Colorado it is as follows. First, the firm must prepare the aforementioned amended articles. Then, they also amend their bylaws and assign responsibilities to the board of directors. Next, the amendments must be approved by the directors before going to a shareholder vote. Finally they file the amended articles of incorporation with the secretary of the state. [40]
If the prior entity is an LLC or partnership there is an extra step required. For these entities the articles of incorporation themselves and the related bylaws must first be prepared and filed with the state secretary. Only then will it be possible to merge or transition the previous form into the benefit corporation. [40]
According to William Mitchell Law Review journal, about 68 million US customers have a preference for making decisions about their purchases based on a sense of environmental or social responsibility. [42] Some individuals even go as far as using their purchases to "punish" companies for bad corporate behavior when it pertains to environmental or social cause. [42] While others do the opposite, and use their purchasing power to reward firms that they believe are doing social or environmental good. [42] The Mitchell Law Review also states that around 49% of Americans have at some point in time boycotted firms whose behavior they see as "not in the best interest of society." [42] Recent research also suggests that when variables like price and quality are held constant, 87% of customers would switch from a less socially responsible brand to a more socially responsible competitor. [42]
A board of directors is an executive committee that supervises the activities of a business, a nonprofit organization, or a government agency.
Business is the practice of making one's living or making money by producing or buying and selling products. It is also "any activity or enterprise entered into for profit."
A shareholder of corporate stock refers to an individual or legal entity that is registered by the corporation as the legal owner of shares of the share capital of a public or private corporation. Shareholders may be referred to as members of a corporation. A person or legal entity becomes a shareholder in a corporation when their name and other details are entered in the corporation's register of shareholders or members, and unless required by law the corporation is not required or permitted to enquire as to the beneficial ownership of the shares. A corporation generally cannot own shares of itself.
Corporate governance are mechanisms, processes and relations by which corporations are controlled and operated ("governed").
A limited liability company (LLC) is the United States-specific form of a private limited company. It is a business structure that can combine the pass-through taxation of a partnership or sole proprietorship with the limited liability of a corporation. An LLC is not a corporation under the laws of every state; it is a legal form of a company that provides limited liability to its owners in many jurisdictions. LLCs are well known for the flexibility that they provide to business owners; depending on the situation, an LLC may elect to use corporate tax rules instead of being treated as a partnership, and, under certain circumstances, LLCs may be organized as not-for-profit. In certain U.S. states, businesses that provide professional services requiring a state professional license, such as legal or medical services, may not be allowed to form an LLC but may be required to form a similar entity called a professional limited liability company (PLLC).
A joint-stock company (JSC) is a business entity in which shares of the company's stock can be bought and sold by shareholders. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion, evidenced by their shares. Shareholders are able to transfer their shares to others without any effects to the continued existence of the company.
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) or corporate social impact is a form of international private business self-regulation which aims to contribute to societal goals of a philanthropic, activist, or charitable nature by engaging in, with, or supporting professional service volunteering through pro bono programs, community development, administering monetary grants to non-profit organizations for the public benefit, or to conduct ethically oriented business and investment practices. While once it was possible to describe CSR as an internal organizational policy or a corporate ethic strategy similar to what is now known today as Environmental, Social, Governance (ESG); that time has passed as various companies have pledged to go beyond that or have been mandated or incentivized by governments to have a better impact on the surrounding community. In addition, national and international standards, laws, and business models have been developed to facilitate and incentivize this phenomenon. Various organizations have used their authority to push it beyond individual or industry-wide initiatives. In contrast, it has been considered a form of corporate self-regulation for some time, over the last decade or so it has moved considerably from voluntary decisions at the level of individual organizations to mandatory schemes at regional, national, and international levels. Moreover, scholars and firms are using the term "creating shared value", an extension of corporate social responsibility, to explain ways of doing business in a socially responsible way while making profits.
Incorporation is the formation of a new corporation. The corporation may be a business, a nonprofit organization, sports club, or a local government of a new city or town.
A private limited company is any type of business entity in "private" ownership used in many jurisdictions, in contrast to a publicly listed company, with some differences from country to country. Examples include the LLC in the United States, private company limited by shares in the United Kingdom, GmbH in Germany and Austria, Besloten vennootschap (BV) in The Netherlands and Belgium, société à responsabilité limitée (SARL) in France, and sociedad de responsabilidad limitada (SRL) in the Spanish-speaking world. The benefit of having a private limited company is that there is limited liability.
In a corporation, a stakeholder is a member of "groups without whose support the organization would cease to exist", as defined in the first usage of the word in a 1963 internal memorandum at the Stanford Research Institute. The theory was later developed and championed by R. Edward Freeman in the 1980s. Since then it has gained wide acceptance in business practice and in theorizing relating to strategic management, corporate governance, business purpose and corporate social responsibility (CSR). The definition of corporate responsibilities through a classification of stakeholders to consider has been criticized as creating a false dichotomy between the "shareholder model" and the "stakeholder model", or a false analogy of the obligations towards shareholders and other interested parties.
Corporate law is the body of law governing the rights, relations, and conduct of persons, companies, organizations and businesses. The term refers to the legal practice of law relating to corporations, or to the theory of corporations. Corporate law often describes the law relating to matters which derive directly from the life-cycle of a corporation. It thus encompasses the formation, funding, governance, and death of a corporation.
Shareholder value is a business term, sometimes phrased as shareholder value maximization. The term expresses the idea that the primary goal for a business is to increase the wealth of its shareholders (owners) by paying dividends and/or causing the company's stock price to increase. It became a prominent idea during the 1980s and 1990s, along with the management principle value-based management or managing for value.
In corporate governance, a company's articles of association is a document that, along with the memorandum of association forms the company's constitution. The AoA defines the responsibilities of the directors, the kind of business to be undertaken, and the means by which the shareholders exert control over the board of directors.
Dodge v. Ford Motor Co., 204 Mich 459; 170 NW 668 (1919), is a case in which the Michigan Supreme Court held that Henry Ford had to operate the Ford Motor Company in the interests of its shareholders, rather than in a manner for the benefit of his employees or customers. It is often taught as affirming the principle of "shareholder primacy" in corporate America, although that teaching has received some criticism. At the same time, the case affirmed the business judgment rule, leaving Ford an extremely wide latitude about how to run the company.
The duty of loyalty is often called the cardinal principle of fiduciary relationships, but is particularly strict in the law of trusts. In that context, the term refers to a trustee's duty to administer the trust solely in the interest of the beneficiaries, and following the terms of the trust. It generally prohibits a trustee from engaging in transactions that might involve self-dealing or even an appearance of conflict of interest. Furthermore, it requires a fiduciary to deal with transparency regarding material facts known to them in interactions with beneficiaries.
A for-profit corporation is an organization which aims to earn profit through its operations and is concerned with its own interests, rather than the interests of the public.
A low-profit limited liability company (L3C) is a legal form of business entity in the United States. Commonly referred to as a hybrid structure, it has characteristics of both for-profit and non-profit entities. L3Cs were created to comply with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) program-related investments (PRIs) rules which allow most typically private foundations the ability to maintain tax-exempt status through investments in qualifying businesses and/or charities. With a social mission as the primary objective and a secondary objective of profit generation, the L3C legal form is considered a viable option for businesses seeking a reputation or marketability for being a social enterprise.
A charitable for-profit entity is an organization with a charitable mission but legally organized as a for-profit corporation. Both benefit corporations and Low-profit limited liability companies (L3C) fall under this category. As well as generating a profit, a charitable for-profit entity concentrates on setting a social objective. The business must achieve its social purpose, as well as make a profit, to be successful. There are movements to refine strategies, retuning community-oriented activities based on ROI of Little Investment or Small Capital, Low Risk, yet, higher return and rebranding nonprofit entities from wholly-dependable funding beneficiary from Governments or public i.e. business organization or individual. previously, we often heard of Nonprofits and community-based organizations, now, For-profits community-based Social Enterprises The case of organizing charitable work under for-profit rules rather than as a traditional charity such as a foundation gained prominence when Google announced its Google.org branch in 2006. Since then, the subject has been under both academic and public debate with U.S. law professor Eric Posner arguing in favor of expanding Charity law to include for-profit charities, while Brian Galle considered the legislative popularity of social enterprises a "race to the bottom among states competing to siphon away federal tax dollars for local businesses."
In business, a B Corporation is a for-profit corporation certified by B Lab for its social impact. B Corp certification is conferred by B Lab, a global non-profit organization. To be granted and to maintain certification, companies must receive a minimum score of 80 from an assessment of its social and environmental performance, integrate B Corp commitments to stakeholders into company governing documents, and pay an annual fee based on annual sales. Companies must re-certify every three years to retain B Corporation status.
A social purpose corporation (SPC) is a type of for-profit entity, a corporation, in some U.S. states that enables, but does not require, considering social or environmental issues in decision making. SPCs are similar to benefit corporations.
As of June 7, 2012, a new type of profit corporation will exist in Washington. ..[T]his law...would allow a corporation's shareholders and directors to put a social purpose (such as saving the environment or saving the whales) above the purpose of making a profit.