Type of business | Delaware-registered public-benefit corporation |
---|---|
Type of site | Crowdfunding |
Headquarters | Brooklyn, New York City, U.S. |
Founder(s) | Perry Chen Yancey Strickler Charles Adler |
CEO | Everette Taylor |
Industry | Financial services Internet |
Net income | $1.3 million after tax (2019) [1] : 1 |
Employees | 140 (before May 2020 40% staff reduction) [1] : 1 |
URL | www |
Launched | April 28, 2009 |
Kickstarter, PBC is an American public benefit corporation [2] based in Brooklyn, New York, that maintains a global crowdfunding platform focused on creativity. [3] The company's stated mission is to "help bring creative projects to life". [4] As of February 2023, Kickstarter has received US$7 billion in pledges from 21.7 million backers to fund 233,626 projects, such as films, music, stage shows, comics, journalism, video games, board games, technology, publishing, and food-related projects. [5]
People who back Kickstarter projects are offered tangible rewards or experiences in exchange for their pledges. [6] This model traces its roots to subscription model of arts patronage, in which artists would go directly to their audiences to fund their work. [7]
Kickstarter launched on April 28, 2009, [8] by Perry Chen, Yancey Strickler, and Charles Adler. The New York Times called Kickstarter "the people's NEA". [9] Time named it one of the "Best Inventions of 2010" [10] and "Best Websites of 2011". [11] Kickstarter reportedly raised $10 million funding from backers including NYC-based venture firm Union Square Ventures and angel investors such as Jack Dorsey, Zach Klein and Caterina Fake. [12] The company was based at 58 Kent Street in Greenpoint, Brooklyn until they transitioned to a fully remote workforce after the COVID-19 pandemic. [13] [14]
On February 14, 2013, Kickstarter released an iOS app called Kickstarter for the iPhone. [15] The app was aimed at users who create and back projects and was the first time Kickstarter had an official mobile presence. [16]
On October 31, 2012, Kickstarter opened projects based in the United Kingdom, [17] followed by projects based in Canada on September 9, 2013, [18] Australia and New Zealand on November 13, 2013, [19] the Netherlands on April 28, 2014, Denmark, Ireland, Norway, and Sweden on September 15, 2014, [20] Germany on April 28, 2015, France and Spain on May 19, 2015, [21] Austria, Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg and Switzerland on June 16, 2015, Singapore and Hong Kong on August 30, 2016, [22] Mexico on November 15, 2016, and Japan on September 12, 2017. In July 2017, Strickler announced his resignation. [23]
On April 20, 2020, Kickstarter announced that it was likely going to lay off workers due to the coronavirus pandemic causing the number of active projects to be "about 35% below what it was at this time last year with no clear sign of rebound." [24] The layoff was reported by the union to affect up to 45% of the employees, although Kickstarter has yet to report the scale of the layoff as of May 2, 2020. The union negotiated a settlement for laid off employees including four months of severance pay and up to six months of continued health benefits for anyone who gets laid off, recall rights for a year (so that those laid off can return to job openings), and a release from noncompete agreements for those who accept severance pay. [1] [25]
In December 2021, Kickstarter announced they would be moving their platform to blockchain, with the aim of making the tools required for creating a crowdfunding site available to anyone. [26] The pivot came on the back of a $100 million investment from the crypto fund of Andreessen Horowitz. The decision backfired, alienated many users, damaging Kickstarter's reputation. [27]
Kickstarter is one of a number of crowdfunding platforms for gathering money from the public, which circumvents traditional avenues of investment. [28] [29] Project creators choose a deadline and a minimum funding goal. If the goal is not met by the deadline, no funds are collected (a kind of assurance contract). [30]
The kickstarter platform is open to backers from anywhere in the world and to creators from many countries, including the US, UK, [31] Canada, [32] Australia, New Zealand, [19] The Netherlands, Denmark, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Spain, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland and Mexico.
Kickstarter applies a 5% fee on the total amount of the funds raised. [33] Its payments processor applies an additional 3–5% fee. [34] Unlike many forums for fundraising or investment, Kickstarter claims no ownership over the projects and the work they produce. The web pages of projects launched on the site are permanently archived and accessible to the public. After funding is completed, projects and uploaded media cannot be edited or removed from the site. [35]
There is no guarantee that people who post projects on Kickstarter will deliver on their projects, use the money to implement their projects, or that the completed projects will meet backers' expectations. Kickstarter advises backers to use their judgment on supporting a project. They also warn project leaders that they could be liable for legal damages from backers for failure to deliver on promises. [36] Projects might also fail even after a successful fundraising campaign when creators underestimate the total costs required or technical difficulties to be overcome. [37] [38]
When asked what made Kickstarter different from other crowdfunding platforms, co-founder Perry Chen said: "I wonder if people really know what the definition of crowdfunding is. Or, if there's even an agreed upon definition of what it is. We haven't actively supported the use of the term because it can provoke more confusion. In our case, we focus on a middle ground between patronage and commerce. People are offering cool stuff and experiences in exchange for the support of their ideas. People are creating these mini-economies around their project ideas. So, you aren't coming to the site to get something for nothing; you are trying to create value for the people who support you. We focus on creative projects—music, film, technology, art, design, food and publishing—and within the category of crowdfunding of the arts, we are probably ten times the size of all the others combined." [39]
On June 21, 2012, Kickstarter began publishing statistics on its projects. [40] As of December 4, 2019, there were 469,286 launched projects (3,524 in progress), [41] with a success rate of 37.45% (success rate being how many were successfully funded by reaching their set goal).[ clarification needed ] The total amount pledged was $4,690,286,673. [42]
The business grew quickly in its early years. In 2010 Kickstarter had 3,910 successful projects and $27,638,318 pledged. The corresponding figures for 2011 were 11,836 successfully funded projects and $99,344,381 pledged; and there were 18,109 successfully funded projects, $610,352 pledged in 2012. [43]
On February 9, 2012, Kickstarter hit a number of milestones. A dock made for the iPhone designed by Casey Hopkins became the first Kickstarter project to exceed one million dollars in pledges. A few hours later, a new adventure game project started by computer game developers, Double Fine Productions, reached the same figure, having been launched less than 24 hours earlier, and finished with over $3 million pledged. [44] This was also the first time Kickstarter raised over a million dollars in pledges in a single day. [45] On August 30, 2014, the "Coolest Cooler", an icebox created by Ryan Grepper, became the most funded Kickstarter project in history, with US$13.28 million in funding, breaking the record previously held by the Pebble smartwatch. [46]
From 2012 to 2013, Wharton professor Ethan Mollick and Jeanne Pi conducted research into what contributes to a project's success or failure on Kickstarter. Some key findings from the analysis were that increasing goal size is negatively associated successfully, projects that are featured on the Kickstarter homepage have an 89% chance of being successful, compared to 30% without, and that for an average $10,000 project, a 30-day project has a 35% chance of success, while a 60-day project has a 29% chance of success, all other things being constant. [47]
The ten largest Kickstarter projects by funds raised are listed below. Among successful projects, most raise between $1,000 and $9,999. These dollar amounts drop to less than half in the Design, Games, and Technology categories. However, the median amount raised for the latter two categories remains in the four-figure range. There is substantial variation in the success rate of projects falling under different categories. Over two thirds of completed dance projects have been successful. In contrast, fewer than 30% of completed fashion projects have reached their goal. Most failing projects fail to achieve 20% of their goals and this trend applies across all categories. Indeed, over 80% of projects that pass the 20% mark reach their goal. [42]
Creators categorize their projects into one of 13 categories and 36 subcategories. [48] They are: Art, Comics, Dance, Design, Fashion, Film and Video, Food, Games, Music, Photography, Publishing, Technology and Theater. Of these categories, Film & Video and Music are the largest categories and have raised the most money. These categories, along with Games, account for over half the money raised. [42] Video games and tabletop games alone account for more than $2 out of every $10 spent on Kickstarter. [49]
To maintain its focus as a funding platform for creative projects, Kickstarter has outlined three guidelines for all project creators to follow: creators can fund projects only; projects must fit within one of the site's 13 creative categories; and creators must abide by the site's prohibited uses, which include charity and awareness campaigns. Kickstarter has additional requirements for hardware and product design projects. These include [50] [51]
The guidelines are designed to reinforce Kickstarter's position that people are backing projects, not placing orders for a product. To underscore the notion that Kickstarter is a place in which creators and audiences make things together, creators across all categories are asked to describe the risks and challenges a project faces in producing it. This educates the public about the project goals and encourages contributions to the community. [53]
Several creative works have gone on to receive critical acclaim and accolades after being funded on Kickstarter. Others, such as the Ouya console, have resulted in commercial failure. [54] The documentary short "Sun Come Up" and documentary short "Incident in New Baghdad" were each nominated for an Academy Award; [55] [56] contemporary art projects "EyeWriter" and "Hip-Hop Word Count" were both chosen to exhibit in the Museum of Modern Art in 2011; [57] filmmaker Matt Porterfield was selected to screen his film Putty Hill at the Whitney Biennial In 2012; [58] author Rob Walker's Hypothetical Futures project exhibited at the 13th International Venice Architecture Biennale; [59] musician Amanda Palmer's album Theatre is Evil debuted at No. 10 on the Billboard 200; [60] designer Scott Wilson won a National Design Award from Smithsonian's Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum following the success of his TikTok + LunaTik project; [61] the Kickstarter funded GoldieBlox toy gained nationwide distribution in 2013; [62] and approximately 10% of the films accepted into the Sundance, SXSW and Tribeca Film Festivals are projects funded on Kickstarter. [63] [64]
The Glowing Plant project was the first and only synthetic biology campaign on Kickstarter. [65]
The Oculus Rift began as a 2012 Kickstarter project and became one of the most funded projects at the time. The company was then acquired by Facebook two years later for $2 billion. [66] Peloton Interactive sold its first exercise bike on Kickstarter in 2013 with an early bird price tag of $1,500. It became a public company in 2019 via an initial public offering raising $1.1 billion. [67] Cards Against Humanity originated with a $4,000 Kickstarter campaign in 2010. [68] [69]
Rank | Total USD | Project name | Creator | Category | % funded | Backers | Closing date |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 41,754,153 | Surprise! Four Secret Novels by Brandon Sanderson | Dragonsteel Entertainment | Publishing | 4,175 | 185,341 | 31 March 2022 |
2 | 20,338,986 | Pebble Time – Awesome Smartwatch, No Compromises [71] | Pebble Technology | Product design | 4,067 | 78,471 | 27 March 2015 |
3 | 13,285,226 | Coolest Cooler: 21st Century Cooler that's Actually Cooler [72] | Ryan Grepper | Product design | 26,570 | 62,642 | 30 August 2014 |
4 | 12,969,608 | Frosthaven [73] | Cephalofair Games | Tabletop games | 2,594 | 83,193 | 1 May 2020 |
5 | 12,779,843 | Pebble 2, Time 2 + All-New Pebble Core [74] | Pebble Technology | Product design | 1,277 | 66,673 | 30 June 2016 |
6 | 12,393,139 | Kingdom Death: Monster 1.5 [75] | Kingdom Death/Adam Poots | Tabletop games | 12,393 | 19,264 | 7 January 2017 |
7 | 12,179,651 | EcoFlow DELTA Pro: The Portable Home Battery | EcoFlow | Hardware | 12,180 | 3,199 | 13 September 2021 |
8 | 12,143,435 | Travel Tripod by Peak Design [76] | Peak Design | Product design | 2,429 | 27,168 | 13 December 2019 |
9 | 11,385,449 | Critical Role: The Legend of Vox Machina Animated Special [77] [78] | Critical Role Productions | Film | 1,518 | 88,887 | 19 April 2019 |
10 | 10,266,845 | Pebble: E-Paper Watch for iPhone and Android [79] | Pebble Technology | Product design | 10,266 | 68,929 | 18 May 2012 |
Rank | Backers | Project name | Creator | Category | Total USD | Closing date |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 219,382 | Exploding Kittens | Exploding Kittens | Tabletop games | 8,782,571 | 20 February 2015 |
2 | 185,341 | Surprise! Four Secret Novels by Brandon Sanderson | Dragonsteel Entertainment | Publishing | 41,754,153 | 31 March 2022 |
3 | 154,926 | Fidget Cube | Matthew and Mark McLachlan | Product design | 6,465,690 | 20 October 2016 |
4 | 105,857 | Bring Reading Rainbow Back for Every Child, Everywhere! | LeVar Burton & Reading Rainbow | Web | 5,408,916 | 3 July 2014 |
5 | 91,585 | The Veronica Mars Movie Project | Rob Thomas | Film | 5,702,153 | 13 April 2013 |
6 | 88,887 | Critical Role: The Legend of Vox Machina Animated Special [77] [78] | Critical Role Productions | Film | 11,385,449 | 19 April 2019 |
7 | 87,142 | Double Fine Adventure | Double Fine and 2 Player Productions | Film/video games | 3,336,371 | 14 March 2012 |
8 | 85,581 | Bears vs Babies - A Card Game | Exploding Kittens | Tabletop games | 3,215,679 | 18 November 2016 |
9 | 83,193 | Frosthaven | Cephalofair Games | Tabletop games | 12,969,608 | 1 May 2020 |
10 | 81,567 | Avatar Legends: The Roleplaying Game | Magpie Games | Tabletop games | 9,535,317 | 2 September 2021 |
Both Kickstarter and project creators have cancelled projects that appeared to have been fraudulent. Questions were raised about the projects in internet communities related to the fields of the projects. The concerns raised were: apparent copying of graphics from other sources; unrealistic performance or price claims; and failure of project sponsors to deliver on prior Kickstarter projects.
Some notable cancelled projects include:
Many individual Kickstarter projects caused controversy:
In February 2014, Kickstarter announced a data breach of almost 5.2 million users' data, including email addresses, usernames and salted SHA-1 hashes of passwords. [115]
On March 19, 2019, Kickstarter's staff announced plans to unionize as part of the Office and Professional Employees International Union (OPEIU), which would make Kickstarter the only major tech company to have a union. [116] [117] Shortly after the announcement, three senior staffers released a memo dissenting against the decision, claiming that it is too extreme and that it would be a "misappropriation of unions for use by privileged workers." [118] According to Kickstarter employees, they wanted to found a union both for enabling collective bargaining for wages and for "giving employees more clout," allowing them to work for goals that they saw in their interest and the public's interest. [25]
In May, Aziz Hasan, then CEO of Kickstarter, announced that the company would require an election for the union rather than voluntarily recognizing it, saying that "our view is that we are better set up to be successful without the framework of a union." [119]
On September 16, the employees filed a complaint against Kickstarter with the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) after two employees were terminated. According to the workers, they were fired for unionizing, although the company says it was for "performance issues." [120] [121] After these allegations, some Kickstarter creators have started a campaign against Kickstarter to let its employees unionize. [122] [123]
On September 28, Kickstarter confirmed that it would not recognise the unionisation effort. In a statement addressed to project creators, the CEO stated that unionisation would turn workplace relations "inherently adversarial" and that it "doesn't reflect who we are as a company." Additionally, the CEO confirmed that Kickstarter stood by its decision to fire the two employees and would be pursuing legal action to fight their claims. [124] The statement immediately resulted in criticism and calls for boycotts from creators who had previously used the platform, [125] while writer Neil Gaiman tweeted that he would be unlikely to post support for or links to new Kickstarter campaigns "as long as they are anti-union." [126]
Kickstarter employees continued to file complaints to the NLRB, which forced Kickstarter to allow its employees a formal vote on unionization. The vote was held on the morning of February 18, 2020, with 46 voting in favor of joining the OPEIU and 37 voting against. [127] The CEO at the time, Aziz Hasan, said after the vote, "We support and respect this decision, and we are proud of the fair and democratic process that got us here." [128] With this, the OPEIU will now work with the union effort, Kickstarter United, to bargain with Kickstarter management for a contract. [129]
As of May 2, 2020, 60% of the workforce was part of the union. [1]
On December 8, 2021, Kickstarter announced a plan to develop a decentralized protocol on blockchain platform Celo to build an open source and blockchain-based crowdfunding infrastructure and then move its own website to that system. [130] The announcement prompted backlash from creators and backers on Twitter, many of whom pledged to abandon Kickstarter if the move went forward. [131] [132] On December 15, a week later, Kickstarter responded to the controversy in a blog post that clarified the company's position but did not indicate a change of plans. [132]
ArtistShare is the internet's first commercial crowdfunding website. It also operates as a record label and business model for artists which enables them to fund their projects by allowing the general public to directly finance, watch the creative process, and in most cases gain access to extra material from an artist. According to Bloomberg News, the company's chief executive officer, record producer Brian Camelio, founded ArtistShare in 2000 with the idea that fans would finance production costs for albums sold only on the Internet and Artists also would enjoy much more favourable contract terms. ArtistShare was described in 2005 as a "completely new business model for creative artists" which "benefits both the artist and the fans by financing new and original artistic projects while building a strong and loyal fan base".
Fan-funded music is crowdfunding for music. Often, fan-funded music occurs in conjunction with direct-to-fan marketing. Fans of music have the option to donate and collectively raise money with the goal of jump-starting the career of a given musical artist. The fan-funding of music occurs primarily through web-based services using a business model for crowdfunding. Fans are typically given rewards based on their monetary contributions.
PledgeMusic was an online direct-to-fan music platform, launched in August 2009. It was started to facilitate musicians looking to pre-sell, market, and distribute projects; such as recordings and concerts. It bore similarities to other artist payment platforms as ArtistShare, Kickstarter, Indiegogo, Patreon, RocketHub and Sellaband.
Indiegogo is an American crowdfunding website founded in 2008 by Danae Ringelmann, Slava Rubin, and Eric Schell. Its headquarters are in San Francisco, California. The site is one of the first sites to offer crowd funding. Indiegogo allows people to solicit funds for an idea, charity, or start-up business. Indiegogo charges a 5% fee on contributions. This charge is in addition to Stripe credit card processing charges of 2,9% + $0.30 per transaction. Fifteen million people visit the site each month.
Pozible is an Australia-based crowdfunding platform and community-building tool for creative projects and ideas. It was developed to help people raise funds.
Castle Story is a sandbox and real-time strategy game developed by Sauropod Studio. Funded through crowdfunding website Kickstarter in 2012, the game launched in September 2013 in early access, and was fully released in August 2017.
Broken Age is a point-and-click adventure video game developed and published by Double Fine. Broken Age was game director Tim Schafer's first return to the genre since 1998's Grim Fandango, and was released for Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux, iOS, Android, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, and Xbox One platforms. The game was developed in two acts; the first was released on January 28, 2014, and the second was released on April 28, 2015. A retail version of the complete game for Windows, macOS, and Linux, published by Nordic Games, was released on April 28, 2015. A Nintendo Switch version was released on September 13, 2018.
The Ouya, stylized as OUYA, is an Android-based microconsole developed by Ouya Inc. Julie Uhrman founded the project in 2012, bringing in designer Yves Béhar to collaborate on its design and Muffi Ghadiali as VP of Product Management to put together the engineering team. Development was funded via Kickstarter, raising US$8.5 million, becoming one of the website's highest-earning projects in its history.
Video game development has typically been funded by large publishing companies or are alternatively paid for mostly by the developers themselves as independent titles. Other funding may come from government incentives or from private funding.
Star Citizen is an in-development multiplayer, space trading and combat simulation game. The game is being developed and published by Cloud Imperium Games for Windows. An extended retry of unrealized plans for Freelancer, Star Citizen is led by director Chris Roberts. The game was announced via a private crowdfunding page in September 2012, followed on October 18, 2012 by a successful Kickstarter campaign which drew over US$2 million. Pre-production of the game began in 2010, with production starting in 2011.
Experiment, formerly called Microryza, is a US website for crowdfunding science-based research projects. Researchers can post their research projects to solicit pledges. Experiment works on the all-or-nothing funding model. The backers are only charged if the research projects reach their funding target during a set time frame. In February 2014, the site changed its name from Microryza to Experiment.com.
Spacehive is a United Kingdom-based crowdfunding platform for projects aimed at improving local civic and community spaces.
One Spark was an annual crowdfunding festival held in Downtown Jacksonville, Florida, United States. In the event, creators displayed projects in various categories and crowdfunded from attendees. The event also offered opportunities for private investment in projects, as well as speakers, music, and entertainment. The event launched in 2013.
Seed&Spark is a film-centric crowdfunding and SVOD platform launched in 2012.
The Coolest Cooler was a multi-function cooler that was initially funded through the crowdfunding website Kickstarter. In the summer of 2014, Ryan Grepper raised over $13 million, making it the most funded Kickstarter campaign of 2014. In December 2019, the company announced that it was closing, with over 20,000 of the 62,642 original backers never receiving a cooler. The project came to be regarded as Kickstarter's largest failure.
Harebrained Schemes, LLC is an American video game developer based in Seattle, Washington. It was co-founded in 2011 by Jordan Weisman and Mitch Gitelman. Prior to founding Harebrained Schemes, Weisman and Gitelman worked together on the MechCommander and Crimson Skies franchises at FASA, another company founded by Weisman. As of mid-2015, the studio had under 60 employees. The studio was acquired by Paradox Interactive in June 2018. Harebrained Schemes and Paradox Interactive parted ways on January 1, 2024.
Crowdfunding is the practice of funding a project or venture by raising money from a large number of people, typically via the internet. Crowdfunding is a form of crowdsourcing and alternative finance. In 2015, over US$34 billion was raised worldwide by crowdfunding.
Chronicles of Elyria is a planned massively multiplayer online role-playing game for Microsoft Windows that has been in development by Soulbound Studios since 2016. Production started after an initially successful crowdfunding campaign on Kickstarter that raised $1.3 million. The studio subsequently raised an additional $7.7m via their website. The game was originally marked for an estimated December 2017 release, but this target was not met and nor have any subsequent timelines. In 2020 the studio announced that it would close, and laid-off of all of its staff. It subsequently reopened later the same year.
BackerKit is a crowdfunding platform focusing on creative projects with an emphasis on tabletop games and fantasy books. On ethical grounds, BackerKit bans projects containing art produced by Generative AI.
Kickstarter United, the union that represents 60 percent of the company's 140 employees, said the agreement includes four months of severance pay for all laid-off employees, a release from any non-compete agreements for anyone who accepts severance, and recall rights for one year. The company will continue healthcare coverage for any laid-off employees for up to six months, depending on salary.
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