3D Systems

Last updated
3D Systems Corporation
Company type Public
Industry Technology
Founded1986;38 years ago (1986) in Valencia, California, U.S.
Headquarters Rock Hill, South Carolina, U.S.
Area served
 Worldwide
Key people
Products
Services SLA, SLS, DMP, FDM, CNC,
Injection Molding, Investment Casting,
Sheet Metal, Figure 4, Medical Grade Prototypes,
Appearance Models, Low-Volume Mass Production
RevenueDecrease2.svg US$538 million (2022)
Decrease2.svgUS$−117 million (2022)
Decrease2.svgUS$−123 million (2022)
Total assets Decrease2.svgUS$1.45 billion (2022)
Total equity Decrease2.svgUS$750 million (2022)
Number of employees
2,032 (2022)
Website 3dsystems.com
Footnotes /references
[1]

3D Systems Corporation headquartered in Rock Hill, South Carolina, is a company that engineers, manufactures, and sells 3D printers, 3D printing materials, 3D scanners, and offers a 3D printing service. The company creates product concept models, precision and functional prototypes, master patterns for tooling, as well as production parts for direct digital manufacturing. It uses proprietary processes to fabricate physical objects using input from computer-aided design and manufacturing software, or 3D scanning and 3D sculpting devices. [2]

Contents

3D Systems' technologies and services are used in the design, development, and production stages of many industries, including aerospace, automotive, healthcare, dental, entertainment, and durable goods. The company offers a range of professional- and production-grade 3D printers, as well as software, materials, and the online rapid part printing service On Demand. [3] It is notable within the 3D printing industry for developing stereolithography and the STL file format. Chuck Hull, the CTO and former president, pioneered stereolithography and obtained a patent for the technology in 1986. [4]

As of 2020, 3D Systems employed over 2400 people in 25 offices worldwide. [5]

History

3D Systems was founded in Valencia, California by Chuck Hull, the inventor and patent-holder of the first stereolithography (SLA) rapid prototyping system. Prior to Hull's introduction of SLA rapid prototyping, concept models required extensive time and money to produce. The innovation of SLA reduced these resource expenditures while increasing the quality and accuracy of the resulting model. Early SLA systems were complex and costly, and required extensive redesigns before achieving commercial viability. Primary issues concerned hydrodynamic and chemical complications. In 1996, the introduction of solid-state lasers permitted Hull and his team to reformulate their materials. Engineers in transportation, healthcare, and consumer products helped fuel early phases of 3D Systems' rapid prototyping research and development. These industries remain key followers of 3D Systems' technology.

In late 2001, 3D Systems began an acquisitions program that expanded the company's technology through ownership of software, materials, printers, and printable content, as well as access to the skills of engineers and designers. The rate of 3D Systems' acquisitions (16 in 2011) raised questions with regard to the task facing the company's management team. Other onlookers pointed to the encompassing scope of the acquisitions as indicating calculated steps by 3D Systems to consolidate the 3D printing industry under one roof and logo, and to become capable of servicing each link in the scan/create-to-print chain. [6] [ unreliable source? ]

In 2003, Hull was succeeded by Avi Reichental. [7] Both Reichental and Hull are listed among the top twenty most influential people in rapid technologies by TCT Magazine. [8] Hull remains an active member of 3D Systems' board and serves as the company's Chief Technology Officer and Executive Vice President. [9] In 2005, 3D Systems relocated its headquarters to Rock Hill, South Carolina, citing a favorable business climate, a sustained lower cost of doing business, and significant investment and tax benefits as reasons for the move. [10]

In May 2011, 3D Systems transferred from NASDAQ (TDSC) to the New York Stock Exchange (DDD). In 2012, a Gray Wolf Report predicted 3D Systems' rate of growth to be unsustainable, pointing to inflated impressions from acquisitions as a corporate misstatement of organic growth. 3D Systems responded to this article on November 19, 2012, claiming it to "contain materially false statements and erroneous conclusions that we believe defamed the company and its reputation and resulted in losses to our shareholders". [11]

In January 2014 it was announced that 3D Systems had acquired the Burbank, CA-based collectibles company Gentle Giant, [12] which designs, develops, and manufactures three-dimensional representations of characters from a variety of globally recognized franchises, including Star Wars, Harry Potter, The Simpsons, and The Lord of the Rings.[ citation needed ] In July 2014, 3D Systems announced the acquisition of Israeli medical imaging company Simbionix for US$ 120,000,000. [13] In September 2014, 3D Systems acquired the Leuven, Belgium-based LayerWise, a principal provider of direct metal 3D printing and manufacturing services spun off from KU Leuven. [14] The terms of the acquisition were not disclosed by either company. [15] The takeover added Belgium to the list of countries where 3D Systems has active locations.

In January 2015, 3D Systems acquired the 3D printer manufacturer botObjects, the first company to commercialize a full-color printer using the fused filament fabrication technique. [16] botObjects was founded by Martin Warner (CEO) and Mike Duma (CTO). [17] botObjects' proprietary 5-color CMYKW cartridge system [18] was claimed to be able to generate color combinations and gradients by mixing primary printing colors. [17] There was some skepticism about botObjects' claims. [19]

In April 2015, 3D Systems announced its acquisition of the Chinese Easyway Group, creating 3D Systems China. Easyway is a Chinese 3D printing sales and service provider, with key operations in Shanghai, Wuxi, Beijing, Guangdong, and Chongqing. [20]

In October 2015, Reichental stepped down as the president and CEO of 3D Systems, Inc. and was replaced on an interim basis by the company's chief legal officer Andrew Johnson. [21] Vyomesh Joshi (VJ) was appointed as president and CEO on April 4, 2016. [22] On May 14, 2020, the 3D Systems board named Jeff Graves as president and CEO, effective May 26. He remains the CEO as of February 17, 2023. [23]

Technology

3D Systems manufactures stereolithography (SLA), fused deposition modeling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), color-jet printing (CJP), multi-jet printing (MJP), and direct metal printing (DMP, a version of SLS that uses metal powder) systems. Each technology uses digital 3D data to create parts through an additive layer-by-layer process. The systems vary in their materials, print capacities, and applications.

Color jet printing uses inkjet technology to deposit a liquid binder across a bed of powder. Powder is released and spread with a roller to form each new layer. This technology was originally developed by Z Corporation. [24]

Multi-jet printing refers to the process of depositing liquid photopolymers onto a build surface using inkjet technology. A high resolution is attainable, with a support material that can be easily removed in post-processing.

Products and patents

As part of 3D Systems' effort to consolidate 3D printing under one company, its products span a range of 3D printers and print products to target users of its technologies across industries. 3D Systems offers both professional and production printers. In addition to printers, 3D Systems offers content creation software, including reverse engineering software and organic 3D modeling software. Following a razor and blades model, 3D Systems offers more than one hundred materials to be used with its printers, including waxes, rubber-like materials, metals, composites, plastics and nylons. [25]

3D Systems is a closed-source company, using in-house technologies for product development and patents to protect their technologies from competitors. Critics of the closed-source model have blamed seemingly slow development and innovation in 3D printing not on a lack of technology, but on a lack of open information sharing within the industry, [26] and supporters argue that the right to patents inspires and motivates higher-quality innovations, leading to a better and more impressive final product.

In November 2012, 3D Systems filed a lawsuit against prosumer 3D printer company Formlabs and the Kickstarter crowdfunding website over Formlabs' attempt to fund a printer which it claimed infringed its patent on "Simultaneous multiple layer curing in stereolithography." [27] The legal procedure lasted more than two years and was significant enough to be covered in a Netflix documentary about 3D printing, called "Print the Legend". [28] [29]

3D Systems has applied for patents for the following innovations and technologies: the rapid prototyping and manufacturing system and method; radiation-curable compositions useful in image projection systems; compensation of actinic radiation intensity profiles for 3D modelers; apparatus and methods for cooling laser-sintered parts; radiation-curable compositions useful in solid freeform fabrication systems; apparatus for 3D printing using imaged layers; compositions and methods for selective deposition modeling; edge smoothness with low-resolution projected images for use in solid imaging; an elevator and method for tilting a solid image build platform for reducing air entrapment and for build release; selective deposition modeling methods for improved support-object interface; region-based supports for parts produced by solid freeform fabrication; additive manufacturing methods for improved curl control and sidewall quality; support and build material and applications. [30]

Applications and industries

3D Systems' products and services are used across industries to assist, either in part or in full, the design, manufacture and/or marketing processes. 3D Systems' technologies and materials are used for prototyping and the production of functional end-use parts, in addition to fast, precise design communication. Current 3D Systems-reliant industries include automotive, aerospace and defense, architecture, dental and healthcare, consumer goods, and manufacturing.

Examples of industry-specific applications include:

For industries such as aerospace and automotive, 3D Systems' technologies have reduced the time needed to incorporate design drafts and enabled the production of more efficient parts of lighter weight. Because 3D printing builds layer-by-layer according to design, it does not need to accommodate the traditional manufacturing tools of subtractive methods, often resulting in lighter parts and more efficient geometries.

Operations

In 2007, the company consolidated its offices, operations, and research and development functions into a new global headquarters in Rock Hill, South Carolina, US. About half of the headquarters' 80,000 square feet (7,400 m2) consist of research and development laboratories with an 18,000-square-foot (1,700 m2) Rapid Manufacturing Center (RMC) with 3D Systems' rapid prototyping, rapid manufacturing and 3D printing systems at work. [31]

With customers in 80 countries, 3D Systems has over 2100 employees in 25 worldwide locations, including San Francisco, Leuven, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, South Korea, Brazil, the United Kingdom, China and Japan.[ citation needed ] The company has more than 359 U.S. and foreign patents. [32]

In 2019, the company consolidated resources within its On Demand domestic rapid printing service locations into Littleton, Seattle, Lawrenceburg, and Wilsonville. Restructuring and additions were made to the Lawrenceburg facility for future expansions and growth, which nearly doubled its size.

Community involvement and partnerships

3D Systems is involved in a multi-year agreement with the Smithsonian Institution as part of an effort to strengthen collections' stewardship and increase collection accessibility through 3D representations. [33] In 2012, 3D Systems began partnering with the Scholastic Art & Writing Awards in the Future New category, where three winners are awarded with a $1000 scholarship in addition to the prizes and recognition granted to winners by the Scholastic Awards, [34] and contributed two production-grade 3D printers to the National Network for Manufacturing Innovation (NNMI), which aims to re-localize manufacturing and increase US manufacturing competitiveness. [35] 3D Systems is also a corporate underwriter of the National Children's Oral Health Foundation (NCOHF), which delivers educational, preventative and treatment oral health services to children in at-risk populations. [36]

On February 18 of 2014, Ekso Bionics debuted the first ever 3D-printed hybrid exoskeleton in collaboration with 3D Systems. [37] [38]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stereolithography</span> 3D printing technique

Stereolithography is a form of 3D printing technology used for creating models, prototypes, patterns, and production parts in a layer by layer fashion using photochemical processes by which light causes chemical monomers and oligomers to cross-link together to form polymers. Those polymers then make up the body of a three-dimensional solid. Research in the area had been conducted during the 1970s, but the term was coined by Chuck Hull in 1984 when he applied for a patent on the process, which was granted in 1986. Stereolithography can be used to create prototypes for products in development, medical models, and computer hardware, as well as in many other applications. While stereolithography is fast and can produce almost any design, it can be expensive.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">3D printing</span> Additive process used to make a three-dimensional object

3D printing or additive manufacturing is the construction of a three-dimensional object from a CAD model or a digital 3D model. It can be done in a variety of processes in which material is deposited, joined or solidified under computer control, with the material being added together, typically layer by layer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">STL (file format)</span> File format for stereolithography applications

STL is a file format native to the stereolithography CAD software created by 3D Systems. Chuck Hull, the inventor of stereolithography and 3D Systems’ founder, reports that the file extension is an abbreviation for stereolithography.

S. Scott Crump is the inventor of fused deposition modeling (FDM) and co-founder of Stratasys, Ltd. Crump invented and patented FDM technology in 1989 with his wife and Stratasys co-founder Lisa Crump. He is currently the chairman of the board of directors of Stratasys, which produces additive manufacturing machines for direct digital manufacturing ; these machines are popularly called “3D printers.” He took the manufacturing company public in 1994 (Nasdaq:SSYS). He also runs Fortus, RedEye on Demand, and Dimension Printing – business units of Stratasys.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rapid prototyping</span> Group of techniques to quickly construct physical objects

Rapid prototyping is a group of techniques used to quickly fabricate a scale model of a physical part or assembly using three-dimensional computer aided design (CAD) data. Construction of the part or assembly is usually done using 3D printing or "additive layer manufacturing" technology.

Chuck Hull is the co-founder, executive vice president and chief technology officer of 3D Systems. He is one of the inventors of the SLA 3D printer, the first commercial rapid prototyping technology, and the widely used STL file format. He is named on more than 60 U.S. patents as well as other patents around the world in the fields of ion optics and rapid prototyping. He was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2014 and in 2017 was one of the first inductees into the TCT Hall of Fame.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stratasys</span> Manufacturer of 3D production systems

Stratasys, Ltd. is an American-Israeli manufacturer of 3D printers, software, and materials for polymer additive manufacturing as well as 3D-printed parts on-demand. The company is incorporated in Israel. Engineers use Stratasys systems to model complex geometries in a wide range of polymer materials, including: ABS, polyphenylsulfone (PPSF), polycarbonate (PC) and polyetherimide and Nylon 12.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Objet Geometries</span>

Objet Geometries is one of the brands of Stratasys, a 3D printer developing company. The brand began with Objet Geometries Ltd, a corporation engaged in the design, development, and manufacture of photopolymer 3D printing systems. The company, incorporated in 1998, was based in Rehovot, Israel. In 2011 the company merged with Stratasys. It held patents on a number of associated printing materials that are used in PolyJet and PolyJet Matrix polymer jetting technologies. It distributed 3D printers worldwide through wholly owned subsidiaries in the United States, Europe, and Hong Kong. Objet Geometries owned more than 50 patents and patent-pending inventions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Powder bed and inkjet head 3D printing</span> 3D printing technique

Binder jet 3D printing, known variously as "Powder bed and inkjet" and "drop-on-powder" printing, is a rapid prototyping and additive manufacturing technology for making objects described by digital data such as a CAD file. Binder jetting is one of the seven categories of additive manufacturing processes according to ASTM and ISO.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Materialise NV</span> Belgian 3D printing company

Materialise NV, headquartered in Leuven, Belgium, is a company in the 3D printing / additive manufacturing sector.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shapeways</span> New York-based 3D printing marketplace and service

Shapeways, Inc. is a global, 3D printing marketplace and service, publicly traded company. Users design and upload 3D printable files, and Shapeways prints the objects for them or others. 3D printing resources are available for university students, faculty, and educators with an .EDU email

Solid Concepts, Inc. is a custom manufacturing company engaged in engineering, manufacturing, production, and prototyping. The company is headquartered in Valencia, California, in the Los Angeles County area, with six other facilities located around the United States. Solid Concepts is an additive manufacturing service provider as well as a major manufacturer of business products, aerospace, unmanned systems, medical equipment and devices, foundry cast patterns, industrial equipment and design, and transportation parts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Formlabs</span>

Formlabs is a 3D printing technology developer and manufacturer. The Somerville, Massachusetts-based company was founded in September 2011 by three MIT Media Lab students. The company develops and manufactures 3D printers and related software and consumables. It is most known for raising nearly $3 million in a Kickstarter campaign and creating the Form 1, Form 1+, Form 2, Form Cell, Form 3, Form 3L, Fuse 1, Fuse 1+ and Form Auto stereolithography and selective laser sintering 3D printers and accessories.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fused filament fabrication</span> 3D printing process

Fused filament fabrication (FFF), also known as fused deposition modeling, or filament freeform fabrication, is a 3D printing process that uses a continuous filament of a thermoplastic material. Filament is fed from a large spool through a moving, heated printer extruder head, and is deposited on the growing work. The print head is moved under computer control to define the printed shape. Usually the head moves in two dimensions to deposit one horizontal plane, or layer, at a time; the work or the print head is then moved vertically by a small amount to begin a new layer. The speed of the extruder head may also be controlled to stop and start deposition and form an interrupted plane without stringing or dribbling between sections. "Fused filament fabrication" was coined by the members of the RepRap project to give an acronym (FFF) that would be legally unconstrained in its use.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">EnvisionTEC</span>

EnvisionTEC is a privately held global company that develops, manufactures and sells more than 40 configurations of desktop and production 3D printers based on seven several distinct process technologies that build objects from digital design files. Founded in 2002, the company now has a corporate headquarters for North America, located in Dearborn, Mich., and International headquarters in Gladbeck, Germany. It also has a production facility in the Greater Los Angeles area, as well as additional facilities in Montreal, for materials research, in Kiev, Ukraine, for software development, and in Woburn, Mass, for robotic 3D printing research and development. Today, the company's 3D Printers are used for mass customized production and to manufacture finished goods, investment casting patterns, tooling, prototypes and more. EnvisionTEC serves a variety of medical, professional and industrial customers. EnvisionTEC has developed large customer niches in the jewelry, dental, hearing aid, medical device, biofabrication and animation industries. EnvisionTEC is one of the few 3D printer companies globally whose products are being used for real production of final end-use parts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kudo3d</span>

Kudo3D, based in Dublin, California, manufactures professional desktop 3D printers. Its Titan 1 and Titan 2 3D printer use a proprietary passive self-peeling technology, making it one of the leading professional high-resolution stereolithography printers. This technology allows both the Titan 1 and Titan 2 to be used in printing for various applications.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">DFM analysis for stereolithography</span>

In design for additive manufacturing (DFAM), there are both broad themes and optimizations specific to a particular AM process. Described here is DFM analysis for stereolithography, in which design for manufacturability (DFM) considerations are applied in designing a part to be manufactured by the stereolithography (SLA) process. In SLA, parts are built from a photocurable liquid resin that cures when exposed to a laser beam that scans across the surface of the resin (photopolymerization). Resins containing acrylate, epoxy, and urethane are typically used. Complex parts and assemblies can be directly made in one go, to a greater extent than in earlier forms of manufacturing such as casting, forming, metal fabrication, and machining. Realization of such a seamless process requires the designer to take in considerations of manufacturability of the part by the process. In any product design process, DFM considerations are important to reduce iterations, time and material wastage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">3D printing processes</span> List of 3D printing processes

A variety of processes, equipment, and materials are used in the production of a three-dimensional object via additive manufacturing. 3D printing is also known as additive manufacturing, because the numerous available 3D printing process tend to be additive in nature, with a few key differences in the technologies and the materials used in this process.

Multi-material 3D printing is the additive manufacturing procedure of using multiple materials at the same time to fabricate an object. Similar to single material additive manufacturing it can be realised through methods such as FFF, SLA and Inkjet 3D printing. By expanding the design space to different materials, it establishes the possibilities of creating 3D printed objects of different color or with different material properties like elasticity or solubility. The first multi-material 3D printer Fab@Home became publicly available in 2006. The concept was quickly adopted by the industry followed by many consumer ready multi-material 3D printers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fast Radius</span>

Fast Radius is a company that provides manufacturing services in four main areas: application discovery, product design and testing, production-grade manufacturing, and global fulfillment. Its on-demand manufacturing capabilities include additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, CNC machining, injection molding, and urethane casting.

References

  1. ↑ "3D Systems Corporation 2022 Annual Report (Form 10-K)". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. 16 March 2023.
  2. ↑ "About 3D Systems". 3D Systems. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  3. ↑ "3D Systems On Demand". 3D Systems. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
  4. ↑ U.S. Patent 4,575,330 ("Apparatus for Production of Three-Dimensional Objects by Stereolithography")
  5. ↑ "DDD | 3D Systems Corp. Profile". MarketWatch. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
  6. ↑ Pfeifle, Sam (10 October 2012). "A brief history of 3D Systems acquisitions". Head in the Point Clouds (blog). SPAR Point Group. Archived from the original on 14 March 2013.
  7. ↑ Petch, Michael (December 2, 2019). "The hype and rise of 3D printing and Avi Reichental". 3DPrintingIndustry.com. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
  8. ↑ Staff. "The TCT Top 20". TCT Magazine. United Kingdom: Rapid News Publications. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  9. ↑ "3D Systems Corporation: NYSE:DDD quotes & news". Google Finance . Officers and Directors. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  10. ↑ Staff (5 November 2005). "California 3D-Technology Firm To Relocate Headquarters to Rock Hill, SC" . WRAL TechWire. United States: Capitol Broadcasting Company.
  11. ↑ Staff (19 November 2012). "3D Systems' CEO Hosts Recent Articles Discussion Conference (Transcript)" . United States: Seeking Alpha.Note: the first page of the 9-page transcript is available without registration.
  12. ↑ "3D Systems Acquires Gentle Giant Studios". 3 January 2014.
  13. ↑ Weinreb, Gali (31 July 2014). "3D Systems acquires Simbionix for $120m". Globes . Israel. Archived from the original on August 2, 2014.
  14. ↑ "Company". LayerWise. Archived from the original on 9 Nov 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  15. ↑ "3D Systems Acquires LayerWise, Extending its Global Leadership in Advanced Metal 3D Printing, On-Demand Parts Manufacturing Services and Personalized Medical Devices" (Press release). 3D Systems. 3 September 2014.
  16. ↑ "3D Systems Acquires botObjects" (Press release). 3D Systems. 13 January 2015. Archived from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2015– via Desktop Engineering (Peerless Media).
  17. 1 2 "3D Systems Acquires 3D Printer Maker botObjects and Introduces CubePro C Full-Color 3D Printer". January 5, 2015
  18. ↑ "An Exclusive Look At The BotObjects ProDesk3D Color 3D Printer". February 5, 2014
  19. ↑ Lecher, Colin (February 8, 2014). "This Full-Color 3-D Printer Sounds Too Good To Be True. Is It?". Popular Science. Bonnier Corporation. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  20. ↑ By Chris Lange, 24/7 Wall St. "3D Systems Hopes Acquisition in China Will Help." April 6, 2015. April 6, 2015.
  21. ↑ "3D Systems Announces Departure of President and CEO" (Press release). 3D Systems. 29 October 2015.
  22. ↑ "Printing Innovator and Leader, Vyomesh Joshi Takes Helm as 3D Systems' Chief Executive Officer" (Press release). 3D Systems. 4 April 2016.
  23. ↑ "CEO Veteran and Global Manufacturing Leader Jeff Graves Named President and CEO of 3D Systems". finance.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
  24. ↑ "Welcome To 3DS Central". Archived from the original on 2016-11-11. Retrieved 2018-09-25.
  25. ↑ "The Next Big Thing: 3D Printing". CNBCFast Money. Archived from the original (Video) on 2016-05-07. Retrieved 2012-12-11.
  26. ↑ "How Patents Have Held Back 3D Printing". 31 January 2012.
  27. ↑ Rob Giseburt, 3D Systems Suing Formlabs and Kickstarter for Patent Infringement, Make:, 21 November 2012.
  28. ↑ Netflix (9 September 2014). "Print the Legend Official Trailer [HD] Netflix". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-19.
  29. ↑ Biggs, John (December 2, 2014). "3D Systems v. Formlabs Patent Lawsuit Dismissed". Tech Crunch.
  30. ↑ "TDSC - 3D Systems Corp. patents". Fresh Patents. Archived from the original on 2012-10-28. Retrieved 2012-12-11.
  31. ↑ "3D Systems". Archived from the original on 2016-01-15. Retrieved 2014-11-25.
  32. ↑ "Company Patents". 3Dsystems.com. Archived from the original on April 22, 2006. Retrieved 2006-06-10.
  33. ↑ "3D Systems Partners With the Smithsonian on Landmark 3D Digitization Project" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 18, 2019.
  34. ↑ "Future New - Scholastic Art & Writing Award New Category". NWP.org. Archived from the original on 2013-04-15. Retrieved 2012-12-11.
  35. ↑ "3D Systems Invests In U.S. Government's Additive Manufacturing Institute". TCT Magazine. 23 October 2012.
  36. ↑ "3D Systems Joins NCOHF: America's ToothFairy". Dentistry Today. Archived from the original on 2012-11-06. Retrieved 2012-12-11.
  37. ↑ "3D Systems Prints First Hybrid Robotic Exoskeleton Enabling Amanda Boxtel to Walk Tall" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-03. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
  38. ↑ "Press Releases - Ekso Bionics Holdings, Inc. (EKSO)". Eksobionics.com. Archived from the original on 2014-04-03. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.