Glowing Plant project

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The Glowing Plant project was the first crowdfunding campaign for a synthetic biology application. The project was started by the Sunnyvale-based hackerspace Biocurious as part of the DIYbio philosophy. According to the project's goals, funds were used to create a glowing Arabidopsis thaliana plant using firefly luminescence genes. Long-term ambitions (never realized) included the development of glowing trees that can be used to replace street lights, reducing CO2 emissions by not requiring electricity.

Contents

In 2023 this concept was finally achieved, commercialized, and brought to market by Light Bio, [1] who used a fungal luminescence gene in petunias to achieve the first commercially available luminescent plants. These are currently only available in the US (as of 2024)

Project funding

Using Kickstarter, the project's founders raised $484,000 on June 8, 2013. [2] This was significantly more than the initial target of $65,000.

Seeds were initially scheduled to be delivered in April 2014, and subsequently scheduled for the fall of 2014. [3] In March 2016, delivery of seeds was forecast for 2016 on the Glowing Plant website. The company encountered difficulty in producing plants that emit significant amounts of light, resulting in a transition to producing moss that emits a patchouli scent. [4] They later announced via email December 2017 that the company was permanently ceasing operations.

Methods

Biocurious planned to tweak the biobrick containing six genes, including luciferin-regenerating enzyme and luciferase from fireflies. [5] [6] During initial development, they would use Agrobacterium to test the transfer of the genetic circuit. When producing the final product, they intended to instead use a gene gun to avoid issues related to regulation of GM plants. [4] Over the course of the project, several plants were mentioned as being recipients, including Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana tabacum , and roses. [6] Issues surrounding the production included the difficulty of moving the six component genes of the metabolic pathway, increasing the dim light produced by the plant following insertion, and preventing the pathway from being silenced. [4]

Controversy

The project generated widespread media attention and a discussion of appropriate uses of biotechnology. [7] As a result of the controversy, Kickstarter decided to prohibit genetically modified organisms as rewards to project backers. [8]

Though the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) has shown no regulatory concerns about the project, some synthetic biologists and policy researchers have questioned the project's feasibility and impact on future oversight or public opinion of synthetic biology. In particular, if the company were to encourage backers to use a genetic DIY kit themselves, additional regulatory oversight would likely occur. [9]

See also

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bioluminescence</span> Emission of light by a living organism

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LUX or Phytoclock1 (PCL1) is a gene that codes for LUX ARRHYTHMO, a protein necessary for circadian rhythms in Arabidopsis thaliana. LUX protein associates with Early Flowering 3 (ELF3) and Early Flowering 4 (ELF4) to form the Evening Complex (EC), a core component of the Arabidopsis repressilator model of the plant circadian clock. The LUX protein functions as a transcription factor that negatively regulates Pseudo-Response Regulator 9 (PRR9), a core gene of the Midday Complex, another component of the Arabidopsis repressilator model. LUX is also associated with circadian control of hypocotyl growth factor genes PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 (PIF4) and PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 5 (PIF5).

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References

  1. ↑
  2. ↑ Glowing Plants: Natural Lighting with no Electricity by Antony Evans — Kickstarter
  3. ↑ "Progress to date". Glowing Plant website. Archived from the original on 2014-10-02. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 "Why Kickstarter's Glowing Plant Left Backers in the Dark". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 2022-04-04.
  5. ↑ "Team:Cambridge/Bioluminescence - 2010.igem.org". 2010.igem.org. Retrieved 2022-04-04.
  6. 1 2 Regalado, Antonio (July 15, 2016). "Why Kickstarter's Glowing Plant Left Backers in the Dark". MIT Technology Review.
  7. ↑ Ariana Eunjung Cha (October 5, 2013). "Glowing plants spark environmental debate". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on October 20, 2014. Retrieved 21 September 2014.
  8. ↑ David Holmes (August 2, 2013). "Why did Kickstarter ban GMOs?". PandoDaily.
  9. ↑ Ikemoto, Lisa (2017). DIY Bio: Hacking Life in Biotech's Backyard. UC Davis School of Law. pp. 558–559.
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