Petroleum jelly

Last updated

Petroleum jelly White Petrolatum1.jpg
Petroleum jelly

Petroleum jelly, petrolatum, white petrolatum, soft paraffin, or multi-hydrocarbon, CAS number 8009-03-8, is a semi-solid mixture of hydrocarbons (with carbon numbers mainly higher than 25), [1] originally promoted as a topical ointment for its healing properties. [2] Vaseline has been an American brand of petroleum jelly since 1870.

Contents

After petroleum jelly became a medicine-chest staple, consumers began to use it for cosmetic purposes and for many ailments including toenail fungus, genital rashes (non-STI), nosebleeds, diaper rash, and common colds. Its folkloric medicinal value as a "cure-all" has since been limited by a better scientific understanding of appropriate and inappropriate uses. It is recognized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an approved over-the-counter (OTC) skin protectant and remains widely used in cosmetic skin care, where it is often loosely referred to as mineral oil.

History

Original US patent application for the Vaseline product US127568 Vaseline patent.TIF
Original US patent application for the Vaseline product

Marco Polo in 1273 described the oil exportation of Baku oil by hundreds of camels and ships for burning and as an ointment for treating mange. [3]

Native Americans discovered the use of petroleum jelly for protecting and healing skin. [4] Sophisticated oil pits had been built as early as 1415–1450 in Western Pennsylvania. [5] In 1859, workers operating the United States's first oil rigs noticed a paraffin-like material forming on rigs in the course of investigating malfunctions. Believing the substance hastened healing, the workers used the jelly on cuts and burns. [6] [7]

Robert Chesebrough, a young chemist whose previous work of distilling fuel from the oil of sperm whales had been rendered obsolete by petroleum, went to Titusville, Pennsylvania, to see what new materials had commercial potential. Chesebrough took the unrefined green-to-gold-colored "rod wax", as the drillers called it, back to his laboratory to refine it and explore potential uses. He discovered that by distilling the lighter, thinner oil products from the rod wax, he could create a light-colored gel. Chesebrough patented the process of making petroleum jelly by U.S. patent 127,568 in 1872. The process involved vacuum distillation of the crude material followed by filtration of the still residue through bone char. Chesebrough traveled around New York demonstrating the product to encourage sales by burning his skin with acid or an open flame, then spreading the ointment on his injuries and showing his past injuries healed, he said, by his miracle product. He opened his first factory in 1870 in Brooklyn using the name Vaseline. [6]

Physical properties

Petroleum jelly is a mixture of hydrocarbons, with a melting point that depends on the exact proportions. The melting point is typically between 40 and 70 °C (105 and 160 °F). [8] [9] It is flammable only when heated to liquid; then the fumes will light, not the liquid itself, so a wick material is needed to ignite petroleum jelly. It is colorless (or of a pale yellow color when not highly distilled), translucent, and devoid of taste and smell when pure. It does not oxidize on exposure to the air and is not readily acted on by chemical reagents. It is insoluble in water. It is soluble in dichloromethane, chloroform, benzene, diethyl ether, carbon disulfide and turpentine. [1] [10] Petroleum jelly is slightly soluble in alcohol. [11] It acts as a plasticizer on polypropylene (PP), [12] but is compatible with a wide range of materials and chemicals. [13] It is a semi-solid, in that it holds its shape indefinitely like a solid, but it can be forced to take the shape of its container without breaking apart, like a liquid, though it does not flow on its own. At room temperature, it has 20.9% solid fat content. Its partially crystalline stacks of lamellar sheets, which immobilize the liquid portion, make up its microstructure. [14] In general, only 7–13% of it is made up of high molecular weight paraffins, 30–45% of smaller paraffins, and 48–60% of small paraffins. [15]

Depending on the specific application of petroleum jelly, it may be USP, B.P., or Ph. Eur. grade. This pertains to the processing and handling of the petroleum jelly so it is suitable for medicinal and personal-care applications.

Uses

Petroleum jelly has lubricating and coating properties, including use on dry lips and dry skin. Below are some examples of the uses of petroleum jelly.

Medical treatment

Vaseline brand First Aid Petroleum Jelly, or carbolated petroleum jelly containing phenol to give the jelly additional antibacterial effect, has been discontinued. [16]

During World War II, a variety of petroleum jelly called red veterinary petrolatum, or Red Vet Pet for short, was often included in life raft survival kits. Acting as a sunscreen, it provides protection against ultraviolet rays. [17]

The American Academy of Dermatology recommends keeping skin injuries moist with petroleum jelly to reduce scarring. [18] A verified medicinal use is to protect and prevent moisture loss of the skin of a patient in the initial post-operative period following laser skin resurfacing. [19] [20]

Petroleum jelly is used extensively by otorhinolaryngologists—ear, nose, and throat doctors—for nasal moisture and epistaxis treatment, and to combat nasal crusting. Large studies have found petroleum jelly applied to the nose for short durations to have no significant side effects. [21] [22] [23]

Historically, it was also consumed for internal use and even promoted as "Vaseline confection". [24] [25]

Skin and hair care

Most petroleum jelly today is used as an ingredient in skin lotions and cosmetics, providing various types of skin care and protection by minimizing friction or reducing moisture loss, or by functioning as a grooming aid (e.g., pomade). It is also used for treating dry scalp and dandruff. [26] Although long known as just an occlusive, recent studies show that it is actually able to penetrate into the stratum corneum and helps in better absorption of other cosmetic products. Applying a significant amount of petroleum jelly onto one's face before bed is known as "slugging".

Preventing moisture loss

By reducing the loss of moisture via transepidermal water loss, petroleum jelly can prevent chapped hands and lips, and soften nail cuticles.

This property is exploited to provide heat insulation: petroleum jelly can be used to keep swimmers warm in water when training, or during channel crossings or long ocean swims. It can prevent chilling of the face due to evaporation of skin moisture during cold weather outdoor sports. [27]

Hair grooming

In the first part of the twentieth century, petroleum jelly, either pure or as an ingredient, was also popular as a hair pomade. When used in a 50/50 mixture with pure beeswax, it makes an effective moustache wax. [28] [29]

Skin lubrication

Petroleum jelly can be used to reduce the friction between skin and clothing during various sport activities, for example to prevent chafing of the seat region of cyclists, or the nipples of long distance runners wearing loose T-shirts, and is commonly used in the groin area of wrestlers and footballers.

Petroleum jelly is commonly used as a personal lubricant, because it does not dry out like water-based lubricants, and has a distinctive "feel", different from that of K-Y and related methylcellulose products. However, it is not recommended for use with latex condoms during sexual activity, as it increases the chance of rupture. [30] In addition, petroleum jelly is difficult for the body to break down naturally, and may cause vaginal health problems when used for intercourse. [29]

Product care and protection

Coating

Petroleum jelly can be used to coat corrosion-prone items such as metallic trinkets, non-stainless steel blades, and gun barrels prior to storage as it serves as an excellent and inexpensive water repellent. It is used as an environmentally friendly underwater antifouling coating for motor boats and sailing yachts. It was recommended in the Porsche owner's manual as a preservative for light alloy (alleny) anodized Fuchs wheels to protect them against corrosion from road salts and brake dust. [31]

Finishing

It can be used to finish and protect wood, much like a mineral oil finish. It is used to condition and protect smooth leather products like bicycle saddles, boots, motorcycle clothing, and used to put a shine on patent leather shoes [32] [29] (when applied in a thin coat and then gently buffed off).

Lubrication

Petroleum jelly can be used to lubricate zippers and slide rules. It was also recommended by Porsche in maintenance training documentation for lubrication (after cleaning) of "Weatherstrips on Doors, Hood, Tailgate, Sun Roof". [33] It is used in bullet lubricant compounds. [34]

Industrial production processes

Petroleum jelly is a useful material when incorporated into candle wax formulas. It softens the overall blend, allows the candle to incorporate additional fragrance oil, and facilitates adhesion to the sidewall of the glass. Petroleum jelly is used to moisten nondrying modelling clay such as plasticine, as part of a mix of hydrocarbons including those with greater (paraffin wax) and lesser (mineral oil) molecular weights. It is used as a tack reducer additive to printing inks to reduce paper lint "picking" from uncalendered paper stocks. It can be used as a release agent for plaster molds and castings. It is used in the leather industry as a waterproofing cream. [27] [29]

Other

Explosives

Petroleum jelly can be mixed with a high proportion of strong inorganic chlorates due to it acting as a plasticizer and a fuel source. An example of this is Cheddite C which consists of a ratio of 9:1, KClO3 to petroleum jelly. This mixture is unable to detonate without the use of a blasting cap. It is also used as a stabiliser in the manufacture of the propellant Cordite. [29]

Mechanical, barrier functions

Petroleum jelly can be used to fill copper or fibre-optic cables using plastic insulation to prevent the ingress of water, see icky-pick.

Petroleum jelly can be used to coat the inner walls of terrariums to prevent animals from crawling out to escape.

A stripe of petroleum jelly can be used to prevent the spread of a liquid (retain or confine a liquid to a specific area). For example, it can be applied close to the hairline when using a home hair dye kit to prevent the hair dye from irritating or staining the skin. It is also used to prevent diaper rash. [29]

Petroleum jelly is sometimes used to protect the terminals on batteries. [35] However, automobiles batteries require a silicone-based battery grease because it is less likely to melt and thus offers better protection. [36] [37]

Surface cleansing

Petroleum jelly is used to gently clean a variety of surfaces, ranging from makeup removal from faces to tar stain removal from leather.

Pet care

Petroleum jelly is used to moisturize the paws of dogs. [38] It is a common ingredient in hairball remedies for domestic cats. [39] [40]

Sports

Some goalkeepers in association football put petroleum jelly on their gloves to make them stickier. [41]

Health

Petroleum jelly contains mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH). Many MOAH, mainly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), are considered carcinogenic. The content of both MOAH and PAH in petroleum jelly products varies. The EU limits PAH content in cosmetics to 0.005%. The risks of PAH exposure through cosmetics have not been comprehensively studied, but food products with low levels (<3%) are not considered carcinogenic (by the EU). [42]

A 2012 scientific opinion by the European Food Safety Authority stated that mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) and polyaromatics were potentially carcinogenic and may present a health risk. [43]

In 2015, German consumer watchdog Stiftung Warentest analyzed cosmetics containing mineral oils, finding significant concentrations of MOAH and polyaromatics in products containing mineral oils. [44] Vaseline products contained the most MOAH of all tested cosmetics (up to 9%). [44] Based on the 2015 results, Stiftung Warentest warned consumers not to use Vaseline or any product that is based on mineral oils for lip care. [44]

A study published in 2017 found levels of MOAH levels to be up to 1% in petroleum jelly and likewise to be less than 1% in petroleum jelly-based beauty products. [45]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paraffin wax</span> Soft colorless solid derived from petroleum, coal or shale oil

Paraffin wax is a soft colorless solid derived from petroleum, coal, or oil shale that consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules containing between 20 and 40 carbon atoms. It is solid at room temperature and begins to melt above approximately 37 °C (99 °F), and its boiling point is above 370 °C (698 °F). Common applications for paraffin wax include lubrication, electrical insulation, and candles; dyed paraffin wax can be made into crayons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wax</span> Class of organic compounds which are malleable at room temperature

Waxes are a diverse class of organic compounds that are lipophilic, malleable solids near ambient temperatures. They include higher alkanes and lipids, typically with melting points above about 40 °C (104 °F), melting to give low viscosity liquids. Waxes are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents such as hexane, benzene and chloroform. Natural waxes of different types are produced by plants and animals and occur in petroleum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lanolin</span> Yellow waxy substance secreted by the sebaceous glands of wool-bearing animals

Lanolin, also called wool fat, wool yolk, wool wax, sheep grease, sheep yolk, or wool grease, is a wax secreted by the sebaceous glands of wool-bearing animals. Lanolin used by humans comes from domestic sheep breeds that are raised specifically for their wool. Historically, many pharmacopoeias have referred to lanolin as wool fat ; however, as lanolin lacks glycerides, it is not a true fat. Lanolin primarily consists of sterol esters instead. Lanolin's waterproofing property aids sheep in shedding water from their coats. Certain breeds of sheep produce large amounts of lanolin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mineral oil</span> Liquid mixture of higher alkanes from a mineral source, particularly a distillate of petroleum

Mineral oil is any of various colorless, odorless, light mixtures of higher alkanes from a mineral source, particularly a distillate of petroleum, as distinct from usually edible vegetable oils.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lip balm</span> Skin care product

Lip balm or lip salve is a wax-like substance applied to the lips to moisturize and relieve chapped or dry lips, angular cheilitis, stomatitis, or cold sores. Lip balm often contains beeswax or carnauba wax, camphor, cetyl alcohol, lanolin, paraffin, and petrolatum, among other ingredients. Some varieties contain dyes, flavor, fragrance, phenol, salicylic acid, and sunscreen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Moisturizer</span> Type of cosmetics

A moisturizer, or emollient, is a cosmetic preparation used for protecting, moisturizing, and lubricating the skin. These functions are normally performed by sebum produced by healthy skin. The word "emollient" is derived from the Latin verb mollire, to soften.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Petroleum product</span> Products ultimately derived from crude oil

Petroleum products are materials derived from crude oil (petroleum) as it is processed in oil refineries. Unlike petrochemicals, which are a collection of well-defined usually pure organic compounds, petroleum products are complex mixtures. Most petroleum is converted into petroleum products, which include several classes of fuels.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ozokerite</span> Mineral wax

Ozokerite or ozocerite, archaically referred to as earthwax or earth wax, is a naturally occurring odoriferous mineral wax or paraffin found in many localities. Lacking a definite composition and crystalline structure, it is not considered a mineral but only a mineraloid. The name was coined from Greek elements Όζω ozο, to stink, and κηρός keros, wax.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baby oil</span> Skincare product

Baby oil is, in general terms, an inert oil for the purpose of keeping skin soft and supple. It is often used on babies for the purpose of maintaining "baby-soft" skin, but it is also often used by adults for skincare and massage.

Calumet, Inc. is a publicly traded U.S.-based company that was incorporated in 1919. It specializes in the manufacture of lubricating oils, solvents, waxes, packaged and synthetic specialty products, fuels and fuel-related products. The company operates 12 production, blending, and packaging facilities across North America. This includes locations in Princeton, Cotton Valley, and Shreveport, Louisiana; Burnham, Illinois; Dickinson, Texas; Muncie, Indiana; Karns City, Pennsylvania; and Great Falls, Montana. Calumet's specialized hydrocarbon products are distributed around the world to approximately 2,700 global customers.

Microcrystalline waxes are a type of wax produced by de-oiling petrolatum, as part of the petroleum refining process. In contrast to the more familiar paraffin wax which contains mostly unbranched alkanes, microcrystalline wax contains a higher percentage of isoparaffinic (branched) hydrocarbons and naphthenic hydrocarbons. It is characterized by the fineness of its crystals in contrast to the larger crystal of paraffin wax. It consists of high molecular weight saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. It is generally darker, more viscous, denser, tackier and more elastic than paraffin waxes, and has a higher molecular weight and melting point. The elastic and adhesive characteristics of microcrystalline waxes are related to the non-straight chain components which they contain. Typical microcrystalline wax crystal structure is small and thin, making them more flexible than paraffin wax. It is commonly used in cosmetic formulations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Xeroderma</span> Excessively dry skin

Xeroderma, xerosis or xerosis cutis, or simply dry skin, is a skin condition characterized by excessively dry skin. The term derives from Greek ξηρός (xeros) 'dry' and δέρμα (derma) 'skin'.

An oil is any nonpolar chemical substance that is composed primarily of hydrocarbons and is hydrophobic and lipophilic. Oils are usually flammable and surface active. Most oils are unsaturated lipids that are liquid at room temperature.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Chesebrough</span> American chemist (1837–1933)

Robert Augustus Chesebrough was an American chemist who discovered petroleum jelly—which he marketed as Vaseline—and founder of the Chesebrough Manufacturing Company.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vaseline</span> Brand of petroleum jelly-based products

Vaseline is an American brand of petroleum jelly-based products owned by transnational company Unilever. Products include plain petroleum jelly and a selection of skin creams, soaps, lotions, cleansers, and deodorants.

Paraffin may refer to:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Liquid paraffin (drug)</span> Mineral oil used in cosmetics and medicine

Liquid paraffin, also known as paraffinum liquidum, paraffin oil, liquid paraffin oil or Russian mineral oil, is a very highly refined mineral oil used in cosmetics and medicine. Cosmetic or medicinal liquid paraffin should not be confused with the paraffin used as a fuel. The generic sense of paraffin meaning alkane led to regional differences for the meanings of both paraffin and paraffin oil. It is a transparent, colorless, nearly odorless, and oily liquid that is composed of saturated hydrocarbons derived from petroleum.

Crude oil is extracted from the bedrock before being processed in several stages, removing natural contaminants and undesirable hydrocarbons. This separation process produces mineral oil, which can in turn be denoted as paraffinic, naphthenic or aromatic. The differences between these different types of oils are not clear-cut, but mainly depend on the predominant hydrocarbon types in the oil. Paraffinic oil, for example, contains primarily higher alkanes, whereas naphthenic oils have a high share of cyclic alkanes in the mixture.

Chesebrough Manufacturing Company was an oil company, founded in 1859, which produced petroleum jelly under the brand names Vaseline and Luxor. Robert Augustus Chesebrough, a chemist who started the company, was interested in marketing oil products for medicinal use. He produced the first petroleum jelly by refining rod wax, a paraffin-like substance that formed on oil drilling rigs, using heat and filtration. He named the substance Vaseline, from the German word for water (Wasser) and the Greek word for oil (olion). Vaseline was patented in the United States in 1872 and England in 1877.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aquaphor</span> Brand of skin care ointments

Aquaphor is a brand of over-the-counter (OTC) skin care ointments manufactured by Beiersdorf Inc., an affiliate of Beiersdorf AG.

References

  1. 1 2 "Petrolatum (white)". inchem.org. International Programme on Chemical Safety and the Commission of the European Communities. March 2002. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
  2. ↑ Speser, Phyllis L. (2012). The Art and Science of Technology Transfer. John Wiley & Sons. p. 210. ISBN   978-1-118-42893-1.
  3. ↑ Travels of Marco Polo. Project Gutenberg. p. 46.
  4. ↑ Weatherford, Jack (2010). Indian Givers: How Native Americans Transformed the World. Crown. p. 240. ISBN   9780307717153.
  5. ↑ Keoke, Emory Dean; Porterfield, Kay Marie (2003). American Indian Contributions to the World: 15,000 Years of Inventions and Innovations. Facts on File. p. 199. ISBN   978-0816053674.
  6. 1 2 The History of Vaseline Petroleum Jelly began in the Pennsylvania Oil Fields!, Drake Well Museum pamphlet, copyright 1996 by Holigan Group Ltd, Dallas, Texas.
  7. ↑ "Vasoline corporate history page". Archived from the original on 30 May 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2015. ...Chesebrough noticed that oil workers would smear their skin with the residue from their drills, as it had the property to heal their cuts and burns. He got curious and took some Rod Wax home where he started experimenting with it...
  8. ↑ Robert Leach (6 December 2012). The Printing Ink Manual. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 254–. ISBN   978-94-011-7097-0.
  9. ↑ "Petroleum Jelly". HCI Wax. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  10. ↑ Vaseline (Petroleum Jelly) Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Archived 7 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine (15 June 2007). MakingCosmetics.com Inc. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
  11. ↑ Beringer, Paul; Troy, David A.; Remington, Joseph P. (2006). Remington, the science and practice of pharmacy. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1077. ISBN   978-0-7817-4673-1 . Retrieved 30 December 2012. Solubility--Insoluble in water; almost insoluble in cold or hot alcohol or in cold dehydrated alcohol; freely soluble in benzene, carbon disulfide, chloroform, or turpentine oil; soluble in ether, solvent hexane, or in most fixed and volatile oils, the degree of solubility in these solvents varying with the composition of the petrolatum.
  12. ↑ "Polypropylene Chemical Compatibility Chart". CP Lab Safety. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
  13. ↑ "Industrial Petroleum Jelly and Its Uses". Paraffin Co. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  14. ↑ van Heugten, A.J.P.; Landman, J.; Petukhov, A.V.; Vromans, H. (April 2018). "Study of petrolatum structure: Explaining its variable rheological behavior". International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 540 (1–2): 178–184. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.02.016. hdl: 1874/363314 . PMID   29452154.
  15. ↑ Barry, B. W.; Grace, A. J. (September 1971). "Structural Rheological and Textual Properties of Soft Paraffins". Journal of Texture Studies. 2 (3): 259–279. doi:10.1111/j.1745-4603.1971.tb01004.x. ISSN   0022-4901. PMID   28372028.
  16. ↑ "What Is Medicated Vaseline?". Reference.com. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  17. ↑ MacEachern, William; Jillson, Otis (1964). "A Practical Sunscreen – 'Red Vet Pet'". Archives of Dermatology. 89 (1): 147–50. doi:10.1001/archderm.1964.01590250153027. PMID   14070829.
  18. ↑ "Proper wound care: How to minimize a scar". American Academy of Dermatology. 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  19. ↑ Khan, Jemshed A. (2008). "CO2 Laser Resurfacing Immediate Postoperative Care Prior to Complete Epithelialization". In Hartstein, Morris E.; Holds, John B.; Massry, Guy G. (eds.). Pearls and Pitfalls in Cosmetic Oculoplastic Surgery . p.  417. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-69007-0_136. ISBN   978-0-387-25389-3.
  20. ↑ Jeong, Jeung-Tae; Kye, Young-Chul (2001). "Resurfacing of Pitted Facial Acne Scars with a Long-Pulsed Er:YAG Laser". Dermatologic Surgery. 27 (2): 107–10. doi:10.1046/j.1524-4725.2001.00201.x. PMID   11207680. S2CID   6149974.
  21. ↑ Loughran S, Spinou E, Clement WA, et al. A prospective, single-blind, randomized controlled trial of petroleum jelly/Vaseline for recurrent paediatric epistaxis. Clin Otolaryngol 2004; 29:266–269.
  22. ↑ Wang, Y. P.; Wang, M. C.; Chen, Y. C.; Leu, Y. S.; Lin, H. C.; Lee, K. S. (2011). "The effects of Vaseline gauze strip, Merocel, and Nasopore on the formation of synechiae and excessive granulation tissue in the middle meatus and the incidence of major postoperative bleeding after endoscopic sinus surgery". Journal of the Chinese Medical Association. 74 (1): 16–21. doi: 10.1016/j.jcma.2010.09.001 . PMID   21292198. S2CID   25407737.
  23. ↑ Repanos, C; McDonald, S. E.; Sadr, A. H. (2009). "A survey of postoperative nasal packing among UK ENT surgeons". European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 266 (10): 1575–7. doi:10.1007/s00405-009-0978-8. PMID   19373485. S2CID   12923860.
  24. ↑ "Vaseline". Lowcountry Digital Library. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
  25. ↑ Chesebrough Manufacturing Co (1884). Petroleum: Its Origin, Uses, and Future Development : a Highly Interesting Sketch. Chesebrough Manufacturing Company. p. 18.
  26. ↑ "Vaseline for Dandruff". thewanderlustproject.com. 13 February 2021. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  27. 1 2 "Profitable Small Scale Industries & Business Opportunities". NIIR Project Consultancy Services (NPCS). Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  28. ↑ Ted Sedman (2007), D.I.Y. Moustache Wax, Handlebar Club , retrieved 26 August 2017
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Petroleum Jelly". Ataman Chemicals. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  30. ↑ "Condoms Fact Sheet". thebody.com. 4 June 2011. Archived from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2011. The oils in … Vaseline … will make latex fall apart.
  31. ↑ P. 61 Porsche Owner's Manual 911 Turbo 911 Carrera WKD91102187
  32. ↑ "A new use for Vaseline". Hardware. 31 January 1890. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
  33. ↑ P.16 928S Maintenance and General Repairs - Service Training Center WKS006021
  34. ↑ Fryxell, Glen. "From Ingot to Target: A Cast Bullet Guide for Handgunners". pp. Chapter 5, Cast bullet lubrication.
  35. ↑ "Petroleum Jelly for Electrical Industries". Petronaft Co. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
  36. ↑ "How to Safely Clean Car Battery Corrosion". WebMD.
  37. ↑ "Car Battery Corrosion: How to Clean a Corroded Car Battery". AutoZone DIY. September 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
  38. ↑ "Paw and Pad Care | Okaw Veterinary Clinic". www.okawvetclinic.com.
  39. ↑ "Cats & Hairballs". www.spca.org. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  40. ↑ LLC, Aquanta. "Hairballs in Cats". www.cathealth.com.
  41. ↑ Pyzdrowski, Matt. "Andre Onana uses Vaseline on his gloves - our goalkeeping expert finds out why". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  42. ↑ Chuberre, B.; Araviiskaia, E.; Bieber, T.; Barbaud, A. (7 November 2019). "Mineral oils and waxes in cosmetics: an overview mainly based on the current European regulations and the safety profile of these compounds". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 33 (S7): 5–14. doi: 10.1111/jdv.15946 . ISSN   0926-9959. PMID   31588613.
  43. ↑ EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (2012). "Scientific Opinion on Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons in Food". EFSA Journal. 10 (6): 2704. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2704 .
  44. 1 2 3 "Critical substances in creams, lip care products and Vaseline (translated from German)". Stiftung Warentest. 26 May 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  45. ↑ Lachenmeier DW, Mildau G, Rullmann A, Marx G, Walch SG, Hartwig A, Kuballa T (2017). "Evaluation of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) in pure mineral hydrocarbon-based cosmetics and cosmetic raw materials using 1H NMR spectroscopy". F1000Res. 6: 682. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.11534.2 . PMC   5497826 . PMID   28721203.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.