Population growth

Absolute increase in global human population per year

Population growth is the increase in the number of people in a population or dispersed group. Actual global human population growth amounts to around 83 million annually, or 1.1% per year. ^[2] The global population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 7.9 billion in 2020. ^[3] The UN projected population to keep growing, and estimates have put the total population at 8.6 billion by mid-2030, 9.8 billion by mid-2050 and 11.2 billion by 2100. ^[4] However, some academics outside the UN have increasingly developed human population models that account for additional downward pressures on population growth; in such a scenario population would peak before 2100. ^[5] Others have challenged many recent population projections as having underestimated population growth. ^[6]

The world human population has been growing since the end of the Black Death, around the year 1350. ^[7] A mix of technological advancement that improved agricultural productivity ^[8] and sanitation and medical advancement that reduced mortality increased population growth. In some geographies, this has slowed through the process called the demographic transition, where many nations with high standards of living have seen a significant slowing of population growth. This is in direct contrast with less developed contexts, where population growth is still happening. ^[9] Globally, the rate of population growth has declined from a peak of 2.2% per year in 1963. ^[10] The global human population is projected to peak during the mid-21st century and decline by 2100. ^[11]

Population growth alongside increased consumption is a driver of environmental concerns, such as biodiversity loss and climate change, ^{[12] [13]} due to overexploitation of natural resources for human development. ^[14] International policy focused on mitigating the impact of human population growth is concentrated in the Sustainable Development Goals which seeks to improve the standard of living globally while reducing the impact of society on the environment while advancing human well-being.^{[ citation needed ]}

Population ^[15]

Years passed	Year	Pop. (billions)
–	1800	1
127	1927	2
33	1960	3
14	1974	4
13	1987	5
12	1999	6
12	2011	7
11	2022	8
14	2037*	9
18	2055*	10
33	2088*	11
*World Population Prospects 2017 (United Nations Population Division)

History

World human population estimates from 1800 to 2100, with estimated range of future population after 2020 based on "high" and "low" scenarios. Data from the United Nations projections in 2019.

World population has been rising continuously since the end of the Black Death, around the year 1350. ^[7] Population began growing rapidly in the Western world during the industrial revolution. The most significant increase in the world's population has been since the 1950s, mainly due to medical advancements ^[16] and increases in agricultural productivity. ^{[17] [18]}

Haber process

Main article: Haber process § Economic and environmental aspects

Due to its dramatic impact on the human ability to grow food, the Haber process, named after one of its inventors, the German chemist Fritz Haber, served as the "detonator of the population explosion", enabling the global population to increase from 1.6 billion in 1900 to 7.7 billion by November 2019. ^[19]

Thomas McKeown hypotheses

Some of the reasons for the "Modern Rise of Population" ^[20] were particularly investigated by the British health scientist Thomas McKeown (1912–1988). In his publications, McKeown challenged four theories about the population growth:

1. McKeown stated that the growth in Western population, particularly surging in the 19th century, was not so much caused by an increase in fertility, but largely by a decline of mortality particularly of childhood mortality followed by infant mortality, ^{[21] [22]}
2. The decline of mortality could largely be attributed to rising standards of living, whereby McKeown put most emphasis on improved nutritional status,
3. McKeown questioned the effectiveness of public health measures, including sanitary reforms, vaccination and quarantine, ^[23]
4. The “McKeown thesis" states that curative medicine measures played little role in mortality decline, not only prior to the mid-20th century ^[21] but also until well into the 20th century. ^[24]

Although the McKeown thesis has been heavily disputed, recent studies have confirmed the value of his ideas. ^[25] His work is pivotal for present day thinking about population growth, birth control, public health and medical care. McKeown had a major influence on many population researchers, such as health economists and Nobel prize winners Robert W. Fogel (1993) and Angus Deaton (2015). The latter considered McKeown as "the founder of social medicine". ^[26]

Growth rate models

The "population growth rate" is the rate at which the number of individuals in a population increases in a given time period, expressed as a fraction of the initial population. Specifically, population growth rate refers to the change in population over a unit time period, often expressed as a percentage of the number of individuals in the population at the beginning of that period. This can be written as the formula, valid for a sufficiently small time interval:

${\displaystyle Population\ growth\ rate={\frac {P(t_{2})-P(t_{1})}{P(t_{1})(t_{2}-t_{1})}}}$

A positive growth rate indicates that the population is increasing, while a negative growth rate indicates that the population is decreasing. A growth ratio of zero indicates that there were the same number of individuals at the beginning and end of the period—a growth rate may be zero even when there are significant changes in the birth rates, death rates, immigration rates, and age distribution between the two times. ^[27]

A related measure is the net reproduction rate. In the absence of migration, a net reproduction rate of more than 1 indicates that the population of females is increasing, while a net reproduction rate less than one (sub-replacement fertility) indicates that the population of females is decreasing.

Most populations do not grow exponentially, rather they follow a logistic model. Once the population has reached its carrying capacity, it will stabilize and the exponential curve will level off towards the carrying capacity, which is usually when a population has depleted most its natural resources. ^[28] In the world human population, growth may be said to have been following a linear trend throughout the last few decades. ^[10]

The logistic growth of a population

Logistic equation

The growth of a population can often be modelled by the logistic equation ^[29]

${\displaystyle {\frac {dP}{dt}}=rP\left(1-{\frac {P}{K}}\right),}$

where

• ${\displaystyle P(t)}$ = the population after time t;
• ${\displaystyle t}$ = time a population grows;
• ${\displaystyle r}$ = the relative growth rate coefficient;
• ${\displaystyle K}$ = the carrying capacity of the population; defined by ecologists as the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain. ^[28]

As it is a separable differential equation, the population may be solved explicitly, producing a logistic function:

${\displaystyle P(t)={\frac {K}{1+Ae^{-rt}}}}$,

where ${\displaystyle A={\frac {K-P_{0}}{P_{0}}}}$ and ${\displaystyle P_{0}}$ is the initial population at time 0.

Population growth rate

Further information: Total fertility rate, Estimates of historical world population, and Population dynamics

See also: Human overpopulation and Overshoot (population)

A world map showing global variations in fertility rate per woman according to the CIA World Factbook's 2016 data

7–8 children   6–7 children

5–6 children   4–5 children

3–4 children   2–3 children

1–2 children   0–1 children

Estimates of population evolution in different continents between 1950 and 2050 according to the United Nations. The vertical axis is logarithmic and is in millions of people. (2011)

World population growth rates between 1950 and 2050

The world population growth rate peaked in 1963 at 2.2% per year and subsequently declined. ^[10] In 2017, the estimated annual growth rate was 1.1%. ^[30] The CIA World Factbook gives the world annual birthrate, mortality rate, and growth rate as 1.86%, 0.78%, and 1.08% respectively. ^[31] The last 100 years have seen a massive fourfold increase in the population, due to medical advances, lower mortality rates, and an increase in agricultural productivity made possible by the Green Revolution. ^[32]

The annual increase in the number of living humans peaked at 88.0 million in 1989, then slowly declined to 73.9 million in 2003, after which it rose again to 75.2 million in 2006. In 2017, the human population increased by 83 million. ^[30] Generally, developed nations have seen a decline in their growth rates in recent decades, though annual growth rates remain above 2% in some countries of the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa, and also in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. ^[33]

In some countries the population is declining, especially in Eastern Europe, mainly due to low fertility rates, high death rates and emigration. In Southern Africa, growth is slowing due to the high number of AIDS-related deaths. Some Western Europe countries might also experience population decline. ^[34] Japan's population began decreasing in 2005. ^[35]

The United Nations Population Division projects world population to reach 11.2 billion by the end of the 21st century. The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation projects that the global population will peak in 2064 at 9.73 billion and decline to 8.89 billion in 2100. ^[11] A 2014 study in Science concludes that the global population will reach 11 billion by 2100, with a 70% chance of continued growth into the 22nd century. ^{[36] [37]} The German Foundation for World Population reported in December 2019 that the global human population grows by 2.6 people every second, and could reach 8 billion by 2023. ^{[38] [39]}

Growth by country

Main article: List of countries by population growth rate

According to United Nations population statistics, the world population grew by 30%, or 1.6 billion humans, between 1990 and 2010. ^[40] In number of people the increase was highest in India (350 million) and China (196 million). Population growth rate was among highest in the United Arab Emirates (315%) and Qatar (271%). ^[40]

Growth rates of the world's most populous countries

Rank	Country	Population			Annual Growth (%)
		1990	2010	2020 (est.) [41]	1990–2010	2010–2020
	World	5,306,425,000	6,895,889,000	7,503,828,180	1.3%	0.8%
1	China	1,139,060,000	1,341,335,000	1,384,688,986	0.8%	0.3%
2	India	873,785,000	1,224,614,000	1,333,000,000	1.7%	0.9%
3	United States	253,339,000	310,384,000	329,256,465	1.0%	0.6%
4	Indonesia	184,346,000	239,871,000	262,787,403	1.3%	0.9%
5	Brazil	149,650,000	194,946,000	208,846,892	1.3%	0.7%
6	Pakistan	111,845,000	173,593,000	207,862,518	2.2%	1.8%
7	Nigeria	97,552,000	158,423,000	203,452,505	2.5%	2.5%
8	Bangladesh	105,256,000	148,692,000	159,453,001	1.7%	0.7%
9	Russia	148,244,000	142,958,000	142,122,776	-0.2%	−0.1%
10	Japan	122,251,000	128,057,000	126,168,156	0.2%	−0.1%

Many of the world's countries, including many in Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, South Asia and South East Asia, have seen a sharp rise in population since the end of the Cold War. The fear is that high population numbers are putting further strain on natural resources, food supplies, fuel supplies, employment, housing, etc. in some of the less fortunate countries. For example, the population of Chad has ultimately grown from 6,279,921 in 1993 to 10,329,208 in 2009, ^[42] further straining its resources. Vietnam, Mexico, Nigeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, and the DRC are witnessing a similar growth in population.

The following table gives some example countries or territories:

Country/territory	Population in					Life expectancy in years (2008)	Total population growth from 1960s to 2007–2011
	1967	1990	1994	2002	2008
Eritrea*	N/A*	N/A*	3,437,000 [43]	4,298,269	5,673,520 [44]	61 [45]	2,236,520
Ethiopia*	23,457,000* [46]	50,974,000* [47]	54,939,000 [43]	67,673,031(2003)	79,221,000 [48]	55 [45]	55,764,000
Sudan	14,355,000† [46]	25,204,000† [47]	27,361,000† [43]	38,114,160 (2003)†	42,272,000† [44]	50† [45]	27,917,000
Chad	3,410,000 [46]	5,679,000 [47]	6,183,000 [43]	9,253,493(2003)	10,329,208 (2009) [42]	47 [45]	6,919,205
Niger	3,546,000 [46]	7,732,000 [47]	8,846,000 [43]	10,790,352 (2001)	15,306,252 (2009) [49]	44 [45]	11,760,252
Nigeria	61,450,000 [46]	88,500,000 [47]	108,467,000 [43]	129,934,911	158,259,000 [44]	47 [45]	96,809,000
Mali	4,745,000 [46]	8,156,000 [47]	10,462,000 [43]	11,340,480	14,517,176(2010) [50]	50 [45]	9,772,176
Mauritania	1,050,000 [46]	2,025,000 [47]	2,211,000 [43]	2,667,859 (2003)	3,291,000 (2009) [42]	54 [45]	2,241,000
Senegal	3,607,000 [46]	7,327,000 [47]	8,102,000 [43]	9,967,215	13,711,597 (2009) [51]	57 [45]	10,104,597
Gambia	343,000 [46]	861,000 [47]	1,081,000 [43]	1,367,124 (2000)	1,705,000 [44]	55 [45]	1,362,000
Algeria	11,833,126 [46]	25,012,000 [47]	27,325,000 [43]	32,818,500 (2003)	34,895,000 [48] [52]	74 [45]	23,061,874
The DRC/Zaire	16,353,000 [46]	35,562,000 [47]	42,552,000 [43]	55,225,478 (2003)	70,916,439 [48] [53]	54 [45]	54,563,439
Egypt	30,083,419 [46]	53,153,000 [47]	58,326,000 [43]	70,712,345 (2003)	79,089,650 [48] [54]	72 [45]	49,006,231
Réunion (overseas region of France)	418,000 [46]	N/A [47]	N/A [43]	720,934 (2003)	827,000 (2009) [44]	N/A [45]	409,000
Falkland Islands (British Overseas Territory)	2,500 [46]	N/A [47]	N/A [43]	2,967 (2003)	3,140(2010) [55]	N/A [45]	640
Chile	8,935,500 [46]	13,173,000 [47]	13,994,000 [43]	15,116,435	17,224,200 (2011)	77 [45]	8,288,700
Colombia	19,191,000 [46]	32,987,000 [47]	34,520,000 [43]	41,088,227	45,925,397 (2010) [56]	73 [45]	26,734,397
Brazil	85,655,000 [46]	150,368,000 [47]	153,725,000 [43]	174,468,575 (2000)	190,732,694 (2010) [57]	72 [45]	105,077,694
Mexico	45,671,000 [46]	86,154,000 [47]	93,008,000 [43]	103,400,165 (2000)	112,322,757 (2010) [58]	76 [45]	66,651,757
Fiji	476,727 (1966) [46]	765,000 [47]	771,000 [43]	844,330 (2001)	849,000 [52] (2010)	70 [45]	372,273
Nauru	6,050 [46]	10,000 [47]	N/A [43]	12,329	9,322 (2011) [59]	N/A [45]	3,272
Jamaica	1,876,000 [46]	2,420,000 [47]	2,429,000 [43]	2,695,867 (2003)	2,847,232 [60] (2010)	74 [45]	971,232
Australia	11,540,764 [46]	17,086,000 [47]	17,843,000 [43]	19,546,792 (2003)	26,807,025 [61] (2010)	82 [45]	10,066,508
Albania	1,965,500 (1964) [46]	3,250,000 [47]	3,414,000 [43]	3,510,484	2,986,952 (July 2010 est.) [42] [62]	78 [45]	1,021,452
Poland	31,944,000 [46]	38,180,000 [47]	38,554,000 [43]	38,626,349 (2001)	38,192,000 (2010) [63]	75 [45]	6,248,000
Hungary	10,212,000 [46]	10,553,000 [47]	10,261,000 [43]	10,106,017	9,979,000 (2010) [64]	73 [45]	-142,000
Bulgaria	8,226,564 (1965) [46]	8,980,000 [47]	8,443,000 [43]	7,707,495(2000)	7,351,234 (2011) [65]	73 [45]	-875,330
United Kingdom	55,068,000 (1966) [46]	57,411,000 [47]	58,091,000 [43]	58,789,194	62,008,048 (2010) [66]	79 [45]	7,020,048
Ireland	2,884,002 (1966) [46]	3,503,000 [47]	3,571,000 [43]	3,840,838 (2000)	4,470,700 [67] (2010)	78 [45]	1,586,698
People's Republic of China	720,000,000 [46]	1,139,060,000 [47]	1,208,841,000 [43]	1,286,975,468 (2004)	1,339,724,852 (2010) [68]	73 [45]	619,724,852
Japan‡	98,274,961 (1965) [46]	123,537,000 [47]	124,961,000 [43]	127,333,002	127,420,000 (2010) [69]	82 [45]	28,123,865
India#	511,115,000 [46]	843,931,000 [47]	918,570,000 [43]	1,028,610,328 (2001)	1,210,193,422 (2011) [70]	69 [45]	699,078,422
Singapore	1,956,000 (1967) [46]	3,003,000 (1990) [47]	2,930,000 (1994) [43]	4,452,732 (2002)	5,076,700 (2010) [71]	82 (2008) [45]	3,120,700
Monaco	24,000 (1967) [46]	29,000 (1990) [47]	N/A (1994) [43]	31,842 (2000)	35,586 [72] (2010)	(2008) [45]	11,586
Greece	8,716,000 (1967) [46]	10,123,000 (1990) [47]	10,426,000 (1994) [43]	10,964,020 (2001) [73]	11,305,118 (2011) [74]	N/A (2008) [45]	2,589,118
Faroe Islands (Danish dependency)	38,000 (1967) [46]	N/A (1990) [47]	N/A (1994) [43]	46,345 (2000)	48,917 (2010) [75]	N/A (2008) [45]	18,917
Liechtenstein	20,000 (1967) [46]	29,000 (1990) [47]	N/A (1994) [43]	33,307 (2000)	35,789 (2009) [76]	(2008) [45]	15,789
South Korea	29,207,856 (1966) [46]	42,793,000 (1990) [47]	44,453,000 (1994) [43]	48,324,000 (2003)	48,875,000 (2010) [77]	(2008) [45]	19,667,144
North Korea	12,700,000 (1967) [46]	21,773,000 (1990) [47]	23,483,000 (1994) [43]	22,224,195 (2002)	24,051,218 (2010) [78]	(2008) [45]	11,351,218
Brunei	107,200 (1967) [46]	266,000 (1990) [47]	280,000 (1994) [43]	332,844 (2001)	401,890 (2011) [79]	76 (2008) [45]	306,609
Malaysia	10,671,000 (1967) [46]	17,861,000 (1990) [47]	19,489,000 (1994) [43]	21,793,293 (2002)	27,565,821 (2010) [80]	(2008) [45]	16,894,821
Thailand	32,680,000 (1967) [46]	57,196,000 (1990) [47]	59,396,000 (1994) [43]	60,606,947 (2000) [81]	63,878,267 (2011) [82]	(2008) [45]	31,198,267
Lebanon	2,520,000 (1967) [46]	2,701,000 (1990) [47]	2,915,000 (1994) [43]	3,727,703 [83] (2003)	4,224,000 [44] (2009)	- (2008) [45]
Syria	5,600,000 (1967) [46]	12,116,000 (1990) [47]	13,844,000 (1994) [43]	17,585,540 (2003)	22,457,763 (2011) [84]	-(2008) [45]
Bahrain	182,00 (1967) [46]	503,000 (1990) [47]	549,000 (1994) [43]	667,238 (2003)	1,234,596 [85] (2010)	75 (2008) [45]
Sri Lanka	11,741,000 (1967) [46]	16,993,000 (1990) [47]	17,685,000 (1994) [43]	19,607,519 (2002)	20,238,000 [52] (2009)	- (2008) [45]
Switzerland	6,050,000 (1967) [46]	6.712,000 (1990) [47]	6,994,000 (1994) [43]	7,261,200 (2002)	7,866,500 [86] (2010)	- (2008) [45]
Luxembourg	335,000 (1967) [46]	381,000 (1990) [47]	401,000 (1994) [43]	439,539 (2001)	511,840 (2011) [87]	- (2008) [45]
Romania	19,105,056 (1966) [46]	23,200,000 (1990) [47]	22,736,000 (1994) [43]	21,680,974 (2002)	21,466,174 [88] (2011)	- (2008) [45]
Niue (associated state of New Zealand)	1,900 (1966) [46]	N/A (1990) [47]	N/A (1994) [43]	2,134 (2002)	1,398 (2009) [89]	N/A (2008) [45]	-502
Tokelau (New Zealand territory)	5,194 (1966) [46]	N/A (1990) [47]	N/A (1994) [43]	1,445 (2001)	1,416 (2009)	N/A (2008) [45]	-3,778
Jamaica	1,876,000 (1967) [46]	2,420,000 (1990) [47]	2,429,000 (1994) [43]	2,695,867 (2003)	2,847,232 [60] (2010)	74 (2008) [45]	971,232
Argentina	32,031,000 (1967) [46]	32,322,000 (1990) [47]	34,180,000 (1994) [43]	37,812,817 (2002)	40,091,359 (2010)	74 (2008) [45]	8,060,359
France	49,890,660 (1967) [46]	56,440,000 (1990) [47]	57,747,000 (1994) [43]	59,551,000 (2001)	63,136,180 (2011) [90]	81 (2008) [45]
Italy	52,334,000 (1967) [46]	57,662,000 (1990) [47]	57,193,000 (1994) [43]	56,995,744 (2002)	60,605,053 [91] (2011)	80 (2008) [45]
Mauritius	774,000 (1967) [46]	1,075,000 (1990) [47]	1,104,000 (1994) [43]	1,179,137 (2000)	1,288,000 (2009) [52]	75 (2008) [45]	514,000
Guatemala	4,717,000 (1967) [46]	9,197,000 (1990) [47]	10,322,000 (1994) [43]	12,974,361 (2000)	13,276,517 (2009)	70 (2008) [45]	8,559,517
Cuba	8,033,000 (1967) [46]	10,609,000 (1990) [47]	10,960,000 (1994) [43]	11,177,743 (2002)	11,239,363 (2009) [92]	77 (2008) [45]
Barbados	246,000 (1967) [46]	255,000 (1990) [47]	261,000 (1994) [43]	250,012 (2001)	284,589 (2010) [42]	73 (2008) [45]	18,589
Samoa	131,377 (1967) [46]	164,000 (1990) [47]	164,000 (1994) [43]	178,173 (2003)	179,000 (2009) [44]	N/A (2008) [45]
Sweden	7,765,981 (1967) [46]	8,559,000 (1990) [47]	8,794,000 (1994) [43]	8,920,705 (2002)	9,354,462 (2009)	81 (2008) [45]
Finland	4,664,000 (1967) [46]	4,986,000 (1990) [47]	5,095,000 (1994) [43]	5,175,783 (2002)	5,374,781 (2010)	N/A (2008) [45]
Portugal	9,440,000 (1967) [46]	10,525,000 (1990) [47]	9,830,000 (1994) [43]	10,355,824 (2001)	10,647,763 [93] (2011)	N/A (2008) [45]
Austria	7,323,981 (1967) [46]	7,712,000 (1990) [47]	8,031,000 (1994) [43]	8,032,926 (2001)	8,404,252 (2011)	N/A (2008) [45]
Libya	1,738,000 (1967) [46]	4,545,000 (1990) [47]	5,225,000(1994) [43]	5,499,074 (2002)	6,420,000 (2009) [44]	77 (2008) [45]
Peru	12,385,000 (1967) [46]	21,550,000 (1990) [47]	23,080,000(1994) [43]	27,949,639 (2002)	29,496,000 (2010)	70 (2008) [45]
Guinea Bissau	528,000 (1967) [46]	965,000 (1990) [47]	1,050,000 (1994) [43]	1,345,479 (2002)	1,647,000 [44] (2009)	48 (2008) [45]
Angola	5,203,066 (1967) [46]	10,020,000 (1990) [47]	10,674,000 (1994) [43]	10,766,500 (2003)	18,498,000 [52] [94] (2009)	38 (2008) [45]
Equatorial Guinea	277,000 (1967) [46]	348,000 (1990) [47]	389,000 (1994) [43]	474,214 (2000)	676,000 (2009) [52]	61 (2008) [45]
Benin	2,505,000 (1967) [46]	4,736,000 (1990) [47]	5,246,000 (1994) [43]	8,500,500 (2002)	8,791,832 (2009)	59 (2008) [45]
Laos	2,770,000 (1967) [46]	4,139,000 (1990) [47]	4,742,000 (1994) [43]	5,635,967 (2002)	6,800,000 [95] (2011)	56 (2008) [45]
Nepal	10,500,000 (1967) [46]	18,961,000 (1990) [47]	21,360,000 (1994) [43]	25,284,463 (2002)	29,331,000 [52] (2009)	- (2008) [45]
Iran	25,781,090 (1966) [46]	54,608,000 (1990) [47]	59,778,000 (1994) [43]	66,622,704 (2002)	75,330,000 (2010) [96]	71 (2008) [45]	49,548,910
Canada	20,014,880 (1966) [46]	26,603,000 (1990) [47]	29,248,000(1994) [43]	31,081,900 (2001)	32,623,490 (2011) [97]	81 (2008) [45]
United States	199,118,000 (1967) [46]	249,995,000 (1990) [47]	260,650,00(1994) [43]	281,421,906 (2000)	308,745,538 (2010) [98]	78 (2008) [45]
Uganda	7,931,000 (1967) [46]	18,795,000 (1990) [47]	20,621,000 (1994) [43]	24,227,297 (2002)	32,369,558 (2009)	52 (2008) [45]

Notes

* Eritrea left Ethiopia in 1991.

† Split into the nations of Sudan and South Sudan during 2011.

‡ Japan and the Ryukyu Islands merged in 1972.

# India and Sikkim merged in 1975.

Population growth 1990–2012 (%) [99]
Africa	73.3%
Middle East	68.2%
Asia (excl. China)	42.8%
China	19.0%
OECD Americas	27.9%
Non-OECD Americas	36.6%
OECD Europe	11.5%
OECD Asia Oceania	11.1%
Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia	-0.8%

Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. The capital, Dhaka, bustles around Nilkhet Mor.

Future population

This section is an excerpt from Projections of population growth.[ edit ]

1. World population growth 1700–2100, 2022 projection

Population projections are attempts to show how the human population statistics might change in the future. ^[100] These projections are an important input to forecasts of the population's impact on this planet and humanity's future well-being. ^[101] Models of population growth take trends in human development and apply projections into the future. ^[102] These models use trend-based-assumptions about how populations will respond to economic, social and technological forces to understand how they will affect fertility and mortality, and thus population growth. ^[102]

The 2022 projections from the United Nations Population Division (chart #1) show that annual world population growth peaked at 2.3% per year in 1963, has since dropped to 0.9% in 2023, equivalent to about 74 million people each year, and projected that it could drop even further to minus 0.1% by 2100. ^[103] Based on this, the UN projected that the world population, 8 billion as of 2023 ^[update] , would peak around the year 2086 at about 10.4 billion, and then start a slow decline, assuming a continuing decrease in the global average fertility rate from 2.5 births per woman during the 2015–2020 period to 1.8 by the year 2100, (the medium-variant projection). ^{[104] [105]}

However, estimates outside of the United Nations have put forward alternative models based on additional downward pressure on fertility (such as successful implementation of education and family planning goals in the UN's Sustainable Development Goals) which could result in peak population during the 2060–2070 period rather than later. ^{[102] [106]}

According to the UN, of the predicted growth in world population between 2020 and 2050, all of that change will come from less developed countries, and more than half will come from sub-Saharan Africa. ^[107] Half of the growth will come from just eight countries, five of which are in Africa. ^{[104] [105]} The UN predicts that the population of sub-Saharan Africa will double by 2050. ^[107] The Pew Research Center observes that 50% of births in the year 2100 will be in Africa. ^[108] Other organizations project lower levels of population growth in Africa, based particularly on improvement in women's education and successful implementation of family planning. ^[109]

2. World population prospects, 2022 projection

During the remainder of this century some countries will see population growth, some will see population decline. For example the UN projects that Nigeria will gain about 340 million people, about the present population of the US, to become the 3^rd most populous country, and China will lose almost half of its population. ^{[104] [105]}

Even though the global fertility rate continues to fall, chart #2 shows that because of population momentum the global population will continue to grow, although at a steadily slower rate, until the mid 2080s (the median line).

The main driver of long-term future population growth on this planet is projected to be the continuing evolution of fertility and mortality. ^[102]

Estimated size of human population from 10,000 BCE to 2000 CE

The majority of world population growth today is occurring in less developed countries.

See also

• List of countries by population growth rate
• Demographic history
• Demographic transition
• Density dependence
• Ecological overshoot
• Epidemiological transition
• Human population planning
• Irruptive growth
• Overshoot (population)
• Population decline
• Population density
• World population
• Estimates of historical world population
• Zero population growth

References

1. "Absolute increase in global population per year". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
2. "World Population Prospects 2017 – Data Booklet (ST/ESA/SER.A/401)" (PDF). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2017. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
3. "World Population 2017" . Retrieved 1 April 2020.
4. "World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision: Key Findings and Advance Tables" (PDF). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
5. Roser, Max (9 May 2013). "Future Population Growth". Our World in Data .
6. O'Sullivan, Jane Nancy (2023). "Demographic Delusions: World Population Growth Is Exceeding Most Projections and Jeopardising Scenarios for Sustainable Futures". World. 4 (3): 545–568. doi: 10.3390/world4030034 .
7. "Black death 'discriminated' between victims". Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 29 January 2008. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
8. Hopfenberg, Russell. "An expansion of the demographic transition model: the dynamic link between agricultural productivity and population." Biodiversity 15.4 (2014): 246–254.
9. Population Reference Bureau. "2013 World Population Factsheet" (PDF). Population Reference Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
10. Roser, Max; Ritchie, Hannah; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban (9 May 2013). "World Population Growth". Our World in Data .
11. Vollset, Stein Emil; Goren, Emily; Yuan, Chun-Wei; Cao, Jackie; Smith, Amanda E.; Hsiao, Thomas; Bisignano, Catherine; Azhar, Gulrez S.; Castro, Emma; Chalek, Julian; Dolgert, Andrew J.; Frank, Tahvi; Fukutaki, Kai; Hay, Simon I.; Lozano, Rafael; Mokdad, Ali H.; Nandakumar, Vishnu; Pierce, Maxwell; Pletcher, Martin; Robalik, Toshana; Steuben, Krista M.; Wunrow, Han Yong; Zlavog, Bianca S.; Murray, Christopher J L. (14 July 2020). "Fertility, mortality, migration, and population scenarios for 195 countries and territories from 2017 to 2100: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study". Lancet (pdf). 396 (10258): 1285–1306. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30677-2 . PMC   7561721 . PMID   32679112.
12. Stokstad, Erik (5 May 2019). "Landmark analysis documents the alarming global decline of nature". Science . AAAS . Retrieved 20 October 2022. Driving these threats are the growing human population, which has doubled since 1970 to 7.6 billion, and consumption. (Per capita of use of materials is up 15% over the past 5 decades.)
13. Crist, Eileen; Ripple, William J.; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Rees, William E.; Wolf, Christopher (2022). "Scientists' warning on population" (PDF). Science of the Total Environment . 845: 157166. Bibcode:2022ScTEn.845o7166C. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157166. PMID   35803428. S2CID   250387801.
14. United Nations Environment Programme (2021). Making Peace with Nature: A scientific blueprint to tackle the climate, biodiversity and pollution emergencies. Nairobi. https://www.unep.org/resources/making-peace-nature
15. "United Nations - World Population Prospects 2017". Archived from the original on 22 March 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
16. Greenwood, B. (19 June 2014). "The contribution of vaccination to global health: past, present and future". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 369 (1645). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: 20130433. doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0433. PMC   4024226 . PMID   24821919.
17. Armelagos, George J., Alan H. Goodman, and Kenneth H. Jacobs. "The origins of agriculture: Population growth during a period of declining health." Population and Environment 13.1 (1991): 9-22.
18. Taiz, Lincoln. "Agriculture, plant physiology, and human population growth: past, present, and future." Theoretical and Experimental Plant Physiology 25 (2013): 167-181.
19. Smil, Vaclav (1999). "Detonator of the population explosion" (PDF). Nature. 400 (6743): 415. Bibcode:1999Natur.400..415S. doi:10.1038/22672. S2CID   4301828.
20. McKeown, Thomas (1976). The Modern Rise of Population. London, UK: Edward Arnold. ISBN   9780713159868.
21. McKeown T, Brown RG (1955). "Medical evidence related to English population changes in the eighteenth century". Population Studies. 9 (2): 119–141. doi:10.1080/00324728.1955.10404688. JSTOR   2172162.
22. McKeown T, Brown RG, Record RG (1972). "An interpretation of the modern rise of population in Europe". Population Studies. 26 (3): 345–382. doi:10.1080/00324728.1972.10405908. JSTOR   2173815. PMID   11630563.
23. McKeown T, Record RG (1962). "Reasons for the Decline of Mortality in England and Wales during the Nineteenth Century". Population Studies. 16 (2): 94–122. doi:10.2307/2173119. JSTOR   2173119.
24. McKeown T, Record RG, Turner RD (1975). "An Interpretation of the Decline of Mortality in England and Wales during the Twentieth Century". Population Studies. 29 (3): 391–422. doi:10.1080/00324728.1975.10412707. JSTOR   2173935. PMID   11630508.
25. Korotayev, A. V.; Malkov, A. S. (2016). "Compact Mathematical Model of the World System Economic and Demographic Growth, 1 CE–1973 CE". International Journal of Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences. 10: 200–209.
26. Deaton, Angus (2013). The Great Escape. Health, wealth, and the origins of inequality. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. pp. 91–93. ISBN   978-0-691-15354-4. McKeown's views, updated to modern circumstances, are still important today in debates between those who think that health is primarily determined by medical discoveries and medical treatment and those who look to the background social conditions of life.
27. Association of Public Health Epidemiologists in Ontario Archived 22 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
28. Reece, Jane; Urry, Lisa; Cain, Michael; Wasserman, Steven; Minorsky, Peter; Jackson, Robert (2014). Campbell Biology. Pearson.
29. Stewart, James; Clegg, Daniel (2012). Brief Applied Calculus. Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning.
30. "World Population Prospects 2017". Archived from the original on 11 July 2017.
31. "The World Factbook". 20 November 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
32. "BBC NEWS - South Asia - The end of India's green revolution?". 29 May 2006.
33. "International Programs". Archived from the original on 1 July 2009.
34. "UN population projections". Archived from the original on 14 September 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
35. "Japan sees biggest population fall". the Guardian. Associated Press. 2 January 2009.
36. Carrington, Damien (18 September 2014). "World population to hit 11bn in 2100 – with 70% chance of continuous rise". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
37. Gerland, P.; Raftery, A. E.; Ev Ikova, H.; Li, N.; Gu, D.; Spoorenberg, T.; Alkema, L.; Fosdick, B. K.; Chunn, J.; Lalic, N.; Bay, G.; Buettner, T.; Heilig, G. K.; Wilmoth, J. (14 September 2014). "World population stabilization unlikely this century". Science. 346 (6206): 234–7. Bibcode:2014Sci...346..234G. doi:10.1126/science.1257469. ISSN   1095-9203. PMC   4230924 . PMID   25301627.
38. Hook, Chris (20 December 2019). "Earth's population set to soar to 7.75 billion people by New year's Eve". Seven News . Retrieved 2 January 2020.
39. Silk, John (21 December 2019). "World's population to hit 7.75 billion in 2019". Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 14 March 2021.
40. "World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations". Archived from the original on 7 May 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
41. "East Asia/Southeast Asia :: China — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
42. Barbados: People. World Factbook of CIA
43. The British Collins Longman Student Atlas, the 1996 and in 1998 publications, ISBN   978-0-00-448879-0 for the 1998 edition, ISBN   0-00-448365-0 for the 1996 edition
44. "World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision: Selected Tables: Annex Tables" (PDF). United Nations. 2009. Table A.1. Total Population by Sex in 2009 and Sex Ratio by Country in 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2009. NB: The preliminary results of the National population census in Guinea-Bissau put the figure at 1,449,230, according to email information by the Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisa, Bissau.
45. 'Modern School Atlas (96th edition)', ISBN   978-1-84907-013-3.
46. The British Oxford economic atlas of the World 4th edition, ISBN   0-19-894107-2
47. The British Collins Atlas of the World, the 1993 edition, ISBN   0-00-448038-4
48. Ethiopia Central Statistics Office -- Population Projection for mid-2008 Archived 5 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine
49. Central Intelligence Agency (2009). "Niger". The World Factbook . Retrieved 10 January 2010.
50. "Mali preliminary 2009 census". Institut National de la Statistique. Archived from the original on 18 April 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
51. Central Intelligence Agency (2009). "Senegal". The World Factbook . Retrieved 10 January 2010.
52. "World Population Prospects, Table A.1" (PDF). United Nations. 2010. Retrieved 12 March 2009.^{[ dead link ]}
53. The World Factbook- Congo, Democratic Republic of the. Central Intelligence Agency.
54. "Central Agency for Population Mobilisation and Statistics — Population Clock (July 2008)". Msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 8 September 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
55. "Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)". The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
56. "Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística". Dane.gov.co. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
57. IBGE. Censo 2010: população do Brasil é de 190.732.694 pessoas.
58. "INEGI 2010 Census Statistics". inegi.org.mx. Retrieved 25 November 2010.
59. Central Intelligence Agency (2011). "Nauru". The World Factbook . Retrieved 12 February 2011.
60. "The World Factbook". 19 October 2021.
61. "Population clock". Australian Bureau of Statistics website. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 12 April 2011. The population estimate shown is automatically calculated daily at 00:00 UTC and is based on data obtained from the population clock on the date shown in the citation.
62. "IFs Forecast - Version 7.00-Google Public Data Explorer".
63. "Wzrasta liczba ludności Polski - Wiadomości - WP.PL". Wiadomosci.wp.pl. 23 July 2010. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
64. Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
65. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 September 2011. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
66. "Total population at 1 January". Eurostat. 11 March 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
67. "CSO – Population and Migration Estimates April 2010" (PDF). September 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2010. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
68. Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census Archived 8 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine
69. "Statistics Bureau Home Page/Population Estimates Monthly Report".
70. "Provisional Population Totals - Census 2011". Indian Census Bureau 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
71. "Population (Mid Year Estimates) & Land Area". Statistics Singapore. 31 August 2010. Archived from the original on 14 September 2010.
72. Monaco, The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
73. "Πίνακας 1. Πληθυσμός κατά φύλο και ηλικία" (PDF). National Statistical Service of Greece: Population census of 18 March 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009.
74. "Total population". Eurostat. 1 January 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2010.
75. "Hagstova F?roya". Archived from the original on 10 December 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2015. (Faroese)
76. Bevölkerungsstatistik 30. Juni 2009 Archived 14 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine , Landesverwaltung Liechtenstein.
77. "총인구, 인구성장률 : 지표상세화면". Index.go.kr. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
78. 한반도 인구 7천400만명 시대 임박. Joins (in Korean). 1 October 2009. Archived from the original on 17 April 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
79. "Brunei". CIA World Factbook . 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
80. "Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010". Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. p. iii. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
81. "Population and Housing Census 2000, National Statistical Office". Web.nso.go.th. 1 April 2000. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
82. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
83. "Central Intelligence Agency. March 2011 est". Cia.gov. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
84. "Central Intelligence Agency. March 2011 est". Cia.gov. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
85. "REMARKABLE GROWTH EXPATS OUTNUMBER BAHRAINIS IN 2010 CENSUS". Bahraini Census 2010. 28 November 2010. Archived from the original on 19 February 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2011.
86. "Population size and population composition". Swiss Federal Statistical Office. Swiss Federal Statistical Office, Neuchâtel. 2010. Archived from the original on 28 June 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
87. "Population: 511 840 habitants au 1er janvier 2011", Le Portail des statistiques: Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, 3 May 2011. (in French) Retrieved 4 May 2011.
88. "Romania - Population". epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
89. "Niue". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 20 July 2009.
90. "Population totale par sexe et âge au 1er janvier 2011, France métropolitaine". INSEE (in French). Government of France . Retrieved 20 January 2011.
91. "Monthly demographic balance: January–November 2010" (PDF) (in Italian). Istat. 28 March 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2011.
92. Anuario Estadístico de Cuba 2009. Edición 2010 Archived 16 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine , Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas, República de Cuba. Accessed on 6 November, 2010. Note: An exchange rate of 1 CUC to 1.08 USD was used to convert GDP.
93. Pordata, "Base de Dados Portugal Contemporâneo". Accessed on 7 March 2011.
94. "Population Forecast to 2060 by International Futures hosted by Google Public Data Explorer" . Retrieved 13 July 2011.
95. "Background notes - Laos". US Dept. of State. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
96. "Official Iranian Population clock". Amar.org.ir. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
97. "Estimated population of Canada, 1605 to present". Statistics Canada. 6 July 2009. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
98. "Resident Population Data – 2010". U.S. Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
99. CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Archived 2 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine Population 1971–2014 IEA (PDF Page 74, marked page 72)
100. "Population Projections". United States Census Bureau.
101. Kaneda, Toshiko (June 2014). "Understanding Population Projections: Assumptions Behind the Numbers" (PDF). Population Reference Bureau.
102. Roser, Max (2013-05-09). "Future Population Growth". Our World in Data.
103. Roser, Max; Ritchie, Hannah (March 18, 2023). "Two centuries of rapid global population growth will come to an end". Our World in Data.
104. "World Population Prospects 2022, Standard Projections, Compact File, Estimates tab, Total Population as of 1 January (thousands) column". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2022.
105. "World Population Prospects 2022, Standard Projections, Compact File, Variant tab, Total Population as of 1 January (thousands) column". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2022.
106. Vollset, Stein Emil; Goren, Emily; Yuan, Chun-Wei; Cao, Jackie; Smith, Amanda E.; Hsiao, Thomas; Bisignano, Catherine; Azhar, Gulrez S.; Castro, Emma; Chalek, Julian; Dolgert, Andrew J. (2020-10-17). "Fertility, mortality, migration, and population scenarios for 195 countries and territories from 2017 to 2100: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study". The Lancet. 396 (10258): 1285–1306. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30677-2 . ISSN   0140-6736. PMC   7561721 . PMID   32679112.
107. "Population". United Nations. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
108. Cilluffo, Anthony; Ruiz, Neil (June 17, 2019). "World's Population is Projected to Nearly Stop Growing by the end of the Century". Pew Research Center.
109. Kaneda, Toshiko; Falk, Marissa; Patierno, Kaitlyn (March 27, 2021). "Understanding and Comparing Population Projections in Sub-Saharan Africa". Population Reference Bureau.
110. "World Population Prospects 2022 , Graphs / Profiles". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2022.

External links

External videos
Food Production and Population Growth - Daniel Quinn

• "World Population Prospects". Website of the United Nations Population Division. Archived from the original on 11 July 2017.
• "Food Production and Population Growth". Daniel Quinn, Alan D. Thornhill, PhD. Ecofuture. Population and Sustainability Media, Non-fiction.
• "Probabilistic Population Projections, 2nd Revision". Website of the United Nations Population Division. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013.
• "Population Growth and the Food Supply". Population Institute of Canada.
• "World population growth and trends 1950-2050". US Census. Archived from the original on 7 July 2010.
• "Feeding the Ten Billion-Plants and Population Growth". PGR Newsletter FAO-Bioversity L.T. Evans. 2000. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-64685-5. Published in Issue No. 125, page 39 to 40 - (5802) characters