List of countries by irreligion

Last updated

Nonreligious population by country, 2010. Countries by percentage of Unaffiliated-Pew Research 2010.svg
Nonreligious population by country, 2010.

Irreligion, which may include deism, agnosticism, ignosticism, anti-religion, atheism, skepticism, ietsism, spiritual but not religious, freethought, anti-theism, apatheism, non-belief, pandeism, secular humanism, non-religious theism, pantheism, panentheism, and New Age, varies in the countries around the world.

Contents

According to reports from the WIN/Gallup International's (WIN/GIA) four global polls: in 2005, 77% were a religious person and 4% were "convinced atheists"; in 2012, 23% were not a religious person and 13% were "convinced atheists"; [2] in 2015, 22% were not a religious person and 11% were "convinced atheists"; [3] and in 2017, 25% were not a religious person and 9% were "convinced atheists". [4]

In 2010, the religiously unaffiliated number 1.1 billion (about one-in-six people or 16% of the 6.9 billion population at the time), according to Pew Research Center. [5] [6] [7] :24 This "include atheists, agnostics and people who do not identify with any particular religion in surveys"; of that overall category, many may still hold some religious beliefs and some engage in religious practices as well. [6]

In 2006, according to sociologist Phil Zuckerman, broad estimates of those who have an absence of belief in a god range from 500 to 750 million people worldwide. [8] According to sociologists Ariela Keysar and Juhem Navarro-Rivera's 2013 review of numerous global studies on atheism, there are 450 to 500 million positive atheists and agnostics worldwide (7% of the world's population) with China alone accounting for 200 million of that demographic. [9] [ citation needed ] In 2004, relative to its own populations, Zuckerman ranks the top 5 countries with the highest possible ranges of agnostics and atheists: Sweden (46–85%), Vietnam (81%), Denmark (43–80%), Norway (31–72%), and Japan (64–65%). [10] [11]

A 2023 Gallup International survey found that Sweden was the country with the highest percentage of citizens that stated they do not believe in a god. [12]

In 2020, the majority (78%) of the global nonreligious or unaffiliated demographic resided in Asia-Pacific. [13] China alone makes up 67% of the global religoiusly unaffliated demographic. [13] Many of the global religiously unaffiliated demographic still have some religious beliefs and participate in religious practices. [14]

Differences in questions asked in polls

Each poll uses different questions and methods:-

The numbers come from different years, and might not be accurate for countries with governments that require or urge religion or secularism.

Countries and regions

The Pew Research Centre data in the table below reflects "religiously unaffiliated" in 2010 which "include atheists, agnostics and people who do not identify with any particular religion in surveys".

The WIN/Gallup International poll results below are the totals for "not a religious person" (regardless of whether they had some religious affiliation or belief) and "a convinced atheist" combined, but not "Do not know/No response". In 2013, Keysar, et al., have advised caution with past WIN/Gallup International figures since more extensive surveys have consistently reached lower figures than the numbers in the table below.[ citation needed ] For example, the WIN/GIA numbers from China were overestimated which in turn inflated global totals. [9] [ citation needed ]

The Zuckerman data on the table below only reflect the number of people who have an absence of belief in a deity only (atheists, agnostics). These do not include the broader number of people who do not identify with a religion, such as deists, pantheists, and spiritual-but-not-religious people.

Pew WIN/GIA Dentsu Zuckerman Last census or estimation data
Country or region(2012) [7] :45-50(2017) [15] (2015) [3] (2012) [16] (2006) [17] (2004) [8] Percent

[note 1]

NumberYear
Flag of the Taliban.svg Afghanistan (details)< 0.1%9%15%
Flag of Albania.svg Albania (details)1.4%39%8%20.6%417,466

[note 2]

2023 [18]
Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina 12.2%20%20%26%13%48%
Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia 1.3%6%5%5%34%0.5%14,5072022 [19]
Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia (details)24.2%63%58%58%2425%41.9%9,886,9572021 [20]
Flag of Austria.svg Austria 13.5%53%54%53%12%1826%22.3%1,997,7002021 [21]
Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan (details)< 0.1%64%54%51%
Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh (details)< 0.1%19%5%
Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus 28.6%48%17%
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium (details)29%64%48%34%35%4243%
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina 2.5%22%32%29%1.1%38,6692013 [22]
Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil (details)7.9%17%18%14%9.3%16,385,3422022 [23]
Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria (details)4.2%39%39%30%30%3440%5.9%305,1022021 [24]
Flag of Cameroon.svg Cameroon 5.3%17%
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada (details)23.7%57%53%49%26%1930%34.6% 12,577,495 2021 [25]
Flag of Chile.svg Chile 8.6%34%
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China (details)52.2%90%90%77%93%814%
Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia 6.6%14%17%15%
Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg DR Congo 1.8%17%
Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia (details)5.1%13%7%6.6%247,1492021 [26]
Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba 23%7%
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic (details)76.4%72%75%78%64%5461%68.3% [* 1] 5,027,0942021 [27]
Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark (details)11.8%61%52%10%4380%
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic 10.9%7%
Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador 5.5%18%28%29%
Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia (details)59.6%60%76%49%67.0%659,9002021 [28]
Flag of Fiji.svg Fiji 0.8%8%7%6%0.8%7,0732007 [29]
Flag of Finland.svg Finland (details)17.6%55%42%44%12%2860%34.9%1,965,7612024 [30]
Flag of France.svg France (details)28%50%53%63%43%4354%
Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia (details)0.7%7%13%0.5%19,0802014 [31]
Flag of Germany.svg Germany (details)24.7%60%59%48%25%4149%
Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana (details)4.2%1%2%1.1%328,7212021 [32]
Flag of Greece.svg Greece 6.1%22%21%4%16%
Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary (details)18.6%43%3246%26.9% [* 1] 1,549,6102022 [33]
Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland (details)3.5%49%44%41%4%1623%7.8%30,1902025 [34]
Flag of India.svg India (details)< 0.1%5%23%16%7%9.11%2,867,303
Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia (details)< 0.1%30%15%132,881
Flag of Iran.svg Iran (details)0.1%20%1%
Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq (details)0.1%34%9%
Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland (details)6.2%56%51%54%7%15.8%759,3702022 [35]
Flag of Israel.svg Israel (details)3.1%58%65%1537%
Flag of Italy.svg Italy (details)12.4%26%24%23%18%615%
Flag of Japan.svg Japan (details)57%60%62%62%52%6465%
Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan (details)4.2%1112%2.8%339,1092021 [36]
Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya (details)2.5%9%11%1.6%755,7502019 [37]
Flag of Kosovo.svg Kosovo 1.6%3%8%0.5%7,8992024 [38]
Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan 0.4%7%
Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia 43.8%52%50%41%2029%
Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon (details)0.3%28%18%35%
Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania 10%40%23%19%13%7.1%171,8102021 [39]
Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg 26.8%30%
Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia 0.7%23%13%0.8%271,7992020 [40]
Flag of Malta.svg Malta 2.5%1%5.1%23,2432021 [41]
Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico (details)4.7%36%28%10.6%13,314,516

[note 3]

2020 [42]
Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova 1.4%10%0.2%5,9422014 [43]
Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia 35.9%29%9%38.6%735,6862010 [44]
Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco (details)< 0.1%5%
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands (details)42.1%66%56%55%3944%
Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand (details)36.6%2022%51.6%2,576,0492023 [45]
Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria (details)0.4%2%16%5%1%
Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea 71.3%15%
Flag of North Macedonia.svg North Macedonia 11%10%9%0.5%8,7642021 [46]
Flag of Norway.svg Norway (details)10.1%62%3172%24.2%1,343,7262024

[47] [48] [49]

Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan (details)< 0.1%6%11%10%36,881
Flag of Palestine.svg Palestinian territories < 0.1%35%19%33%
Flag of Panama.svg Panama 4.8%13%
Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg Papua New Guinea < 0.1%5%4%
Flag of Peru.svg Peru (details)3%23%13%11%5%5.1%1,180,3612017 [50]
Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines (details)0.1%9%22%11%0.04%43,9312020 [51]
Flag of Poland.svg Poland (details)5.6%10%12%14%5%8.6%2,611,5062021 [52]
Flag of Portugal (official).svg Portugal 4.4%38%37%11%49%14.1%1,237,1302021 [53]
Flag of Puerto Rico.svg Puerto Rico 1.9%11%
Flag of Romania.svg Romania (details)0.1%9%17%7%2%0.9%154,1442021 [54]
Flag of Russia.svg Russia (details)16.2%30%23%32%48%2448%
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia (details)0.7%24%
Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia 3.3%21%21%19%1.4%82,7932022 [55]
Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore (details)16.4%13%20.0%692,5282020 [56]
Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia 14.3%23%1028%25.4%1,296,1422021 [57]
Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia 18%53%30%3538%
Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa (details)14.9%32%11%3.1%1,895,4162022 [58]
Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea (details)46.4%60%55%46%37%3052%
Flag of South Sudan.svg South Sudan 1%16%
Flag of Spain.svg Spain (details)19%57%55%47%16%1524%
Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden (details)27%73%76%58%25%4685%
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland (details)11.9%58%47%1727%
Flag of the Republic of China.svg Taiwan 12.7%24%
Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania 1.4%2%
Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand 0.3%2%2%0.003%2,0822018 [59]
Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia 0.2%33%
Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey (details)1.2%12%15%75%3%
Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda (details)0.5%1%0.2%85,5592024 [60]
Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine 14.7%42%24%23%42%20%
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom (details)21.3%69%66%3144%40.1% 25,273,495 2021

[61] [62] [63]

Flag of the United States.svg United States (details)16.4%39%39%35%20%39%
Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay (details)40.7%12%
Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Uzbekistan 0.8%18%
Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela 10%2%27%
Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam 29.6%63%54%65%46%81%86.3%83,046,1052019 [64]
  1. Of the eligible population, excluding unknown answers such as "not declared", "no answers", "not found out", and "refused to answer"
  2. Included 85,311 atheists and 332,155 believers without denominations
  3. Included 9,488,671 people without religions, a further 722,381 people classified as atheists/agnostics, and another 3,103,464 people identified as believers without denominations.
  1. 1 2 <75% of responses were valid, interpret this with caution

By population

The Pew Research Centre in the table below reflects "religiously unaffiliated" which "include atheists, agnostics and people who do not identify with any particular religion in surveys".

The Zuckerman data on the table below only reflect the number of people who have an absence of belief in a deity only (atheists, agnostics). Does not include the broader number of people who do not identify with a religion such as deists, spiritual but not religious, pantheists, New Age spiritualism, etc.

CountryPew (2012) [6] Zuckerman (2004) [65] [66]
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China 700,680,000103,907,840 – 181,838,720
Flag of India.svg India 102,870,000
Flag of Japan.svg Japan 72,120,00081,493,120 – 82,766,450
Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam 26,040,00066,978,900
Flag of Russia.svg Russia 23,180,00034,507,680 – 69,015,360
Flag of Germany.svg Germany 20,350,00033,794,250 – 40,388,250
Flag of France.svg France 17,580,00025,982,320 – 32,628,960
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom 18,684,010 – 26,519,240
Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea 22,350,00014,579,400 – 25,270,960
Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine 9,546,400
Flag of the United States.svg United States 50,980,0008,790,840 – 26,822,520
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands 6,364,020 – 7,179,920
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada 6,176,520 – 9,752,400
Flag of Spain.svg Spain 6,042,150 – 9,667,440
Flag of the Republic of China.svg Taiwan 5,460,000
Flag of Hong Kong.svg Hong Kong 5,240,000
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic 5,328,940 – 6,250,121
Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia 4,779,120 – 4,978,250
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium 4,346,160 – 4,449,640
Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden 4,133,560 – 7,638,100
Flag of Italy.svg Italy 3,483,420 – 8,708,550
Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea 17,350,0003,404,700
Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary 3,210,240 – 4,614,720
Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria 2,556,120 – 3,007,200
Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark 2,327,590 – 4,330,400
Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey 1,956,990 - 6,320,550
Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus 1,752,870
Flag of Greece.svg Greece 1,703,680
Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan 1,665,840 – 1,817,280
Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina 1,565,800 – 3,131,600
Flag of Austria.svg Austria 1,471,500 – 2,125,500
Flag of Finland.svg Finland 1,460,200 – 3,129,000
Flag of Norway.svg Norway 1,418,250 – 3,294,000
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland 1,266,670 – 2,011,770
Flag of Israel.svg Israel 929,850 – 2,293,630
Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand 798,800 – 878,680
Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba 791,630
Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia 703,850 – 764,180
Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia 657,580
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic 618,380
Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore 566,020
Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia 542,400 – 1,518,720
Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania 469,040
Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia 461,200 – 668,740
Flag of Portugal (official).svg Portugal 420,960 – 947,160
Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia 118,740
Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay 407,880
Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan 355,670
Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia 314,790
Flag of Albania.svg Albania 283,600
Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia 247,590
Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland 47,040 – 67,620
Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil 15,410,000

See also

References

  1. "Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050". Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures project. Pew Research Center. 2 April 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  2. "Global Index of Religion and Atheism" (PDF). WIN/Gallup International. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
  3. 1 2 "Losing our Religion? Two-Thirds of People Still Claim to be Religious" (PDF). WIN/Gallup International. 13 April 2015. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017.
  4. "Religion prevails in the world" (PDF). Gallup International. 14 November 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  5. "The Global Religious Landscape". The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Major Religious Groups as of 2010. Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion & Public Life. 18 December 2012. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  6. 1 2 3 "Religiously Unaffiliated". The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Major Religious Groups as of 2010. Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion & Public Life. 18 December 2012. Archived from the original on 9 July 2024. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  7. 1 2 Hackett, Conrad; Grim, Brian J. (December 2012). "Religiously Unaffiliated" (PDF). The Global Religious Landscape:A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Major Religious Groups as of 2010. Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion & Public Life. p. 82. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  8. 1 2 Zuckerman, Phil (2006). "Atheism: Contemporary Numbers and Patterns". In Martin, Michael (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism . Cambridge University Press. pp.  47–66. ISBN   9780521842709.
  9. 1 2 Keysar, Ariela; Navarro-Rivera, Juhem (1 October 2013). "36. A World of Atheism: Global Demographics". In Bullivant, Stephen; Ruse, Michael (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Atheism. Oxford University Press. pp. 553–586. ISBN   978-0199644650 . Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  10. "The Cambridge Companion to Atheism - PDF Drive".
  11. "81-F77-Aeb-A404-447-C-8-B95-Dd57-Adc11-E98". Archived from the original on 26 February 2022.
  12. Whether or not you belong to a religion, do you believe or not believe in the following? - God (Image).
  13. 1 2 Fahmy, Conrad Hackett, Marcin Stonawski, Yunping Tong, Stephanie Kramer, Anne Shi and Dalia (9 June 2025). "Religiously Unaffiliated Population Change". Pew Research Center. As of 2020, the majority of people with no religious affiliation live in the Asia-Pacific region, mostly in China. (The Chinese government promotes atheism.. About 78% of all religiously unaffiliated people worldwide reside in the Asia-Pacific region, down from 83% in 2010...China is home to 67% of the world's religiously unaffiliated people{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. "4. Religiously Unaffiliated Population Change". Pew Research Center. 9 June 2025. What do the religiously unaffiliated believe? The religiously unaffiliated aren't necessarily devoid of religious beliefs and practices. Research shows that many people who don't belong to a religious group may still hold religious or spiritual beliefs and participate in religious or spiritual activities.
  15. "Religion prevails in the world" (PDF). Gallup International. 14 November 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  16. "GLOBAL INDEX OF RELIGIOSITY AND ATHEISM – 2012" (PDF). WIN-Gallup International. 27 July 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
  17. Dentsu Communication Institute 電通総研・日本リサーチセンター編「世界60カ国価値観データブック (in Japanese)
  18. "Albania Population and Housing Census 2023" (PDF). Retrieved 27 June 2025.
  19. "CHAPTER 5. ETHNIC STRUCTURE, FLUENCY IN LANGUAGES AND RELIGIOUS BELIEF OF PERMANENT POPULATION". Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia. 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2025.
  20. "Census 2021, G14 Religious affiliation by sex, Main Statistical Areas Level 2 and up (SA2+)". dataexplorer.abs.gov.au. Archived from the original on 27 June 2025. Retrieved 27 June 2025.
  21. "Bevölkerung 2021 nach ausgewählter Religion bzw Kirche und Religionsgesellschaft und Bundesland - absolut in 1000 und in Prozent" [2021 Population by selected religion or church and religious society and federal state – absolute in 1,000 and in percent]. Statistics Austria (in German). 2021. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2025.
  22. "CENZUS OF POPULATION, HOUSEHOLDS AND DWELLINGS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA, 2013" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2025.
  23. "Tabela 6417 - Pessoas de 10 anos ou mais de idade, por cor ou raça, segundo o sexo e a religião" [Table 6417 - Popoulation aged 10 or older by race, gender, and religion]. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística . Retrieved 27 June 2025.
  24. "Ethno-cultural characteristics of the population as of september 7, 2021". NSI - National statistical institute. Retrieved 27 June 2025.
  25. "Religion by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories". Statistics Canada. 21 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2025.
  26. "Population by Ethnicity and Religion, 2021 Census". Republika Hrvatska - Državni zavod za statistiku. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2025.
  27. "Náboženská víra" [Religious Belief] (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. Archived from the original on 13 January 2022.
  28. "RL21456: AT LEAST 15-YEAR-OLD PERSONS BY RELIGION, SEX, AGE GROUP, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND PLACE OF RESIDENCE (SETTLEMENT REGION), 31 DECEMBER 2021". 2 November 2022.
  29. "Population and Demographic Indicators". Fiji Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 28 June 2025.
  30. "Population 31.12. by Sex, Year, Age, Information and Religious community". stat.fi.
  31. "Population by Region and Religion". Georgia National Statistics Office. Archived from the original on 22 June 2022.
  32. "GHANA 2021 POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS GENERAL REPORT" (PDF). Ghana Statistical Services. Retrieved 27 June 2025.
  33. "1.1.7 Religion". Census 2022. Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Archived from the original on 5 September 2024.
  34. "Population by religion and philosophies 1998-2025". Iceland statistical database.
  35. "F5134 - Population". data.cso.ie. Central Statistics Office . Retrieved 27 June 2025.
  36. "Naonal composion, religion and language proficiency in the Republic of Kazakhstan" (PDF). Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan for Strategic Planning and reforms National Bureau of Statistics. p404 13. Population by religion and individual ages. Retrieved 27 June 2025.
  37. "2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census - Volume V:Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics" (PDF). Kenya National Bureau of Statistics.
  38. "POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS IN KOSOVO 2024 FIRST FINAL RESULTS" (PDF). Kosovo Agency of Statistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2025.
  39. "Population by religious community and municipality". Lithuania Official Statistics Portal. Retrieved 28 June 2025.
  40. "KEY FINDINGS POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS OF MALAYSIA 2020" (PDF). DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS MALAYSIA.
  41. "Census of Population and Housing 2021" (PDF). National Statistics Office. p. 165.
  42. "Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020" [2020 Population and Housing Census] (in Spanish). INEGI.
  43. "Characteristics - Population 2 (population by communes, religion, citizenship)". NATIONAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS of the Republic of Moldova.
  44. "2010 POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS OF MONGOLIA - EDUCATION AND LITERACY" (PDF). National Statistics Office of Mongolia.
  45. "Religious affiliation, age, and gender for the census usually resident population count, (RC, TALB, Health), 2013, 2018, and 2023 Censuses". Aotearoa Data Explorer. Retrieved 28 June 2025.
  46. "2021 Census". Republic of North Macedonia State Statistical Office.
  47. "Population". SSB. Archived from the original on 9 June 2025. Retrieved 28 June 2025.
  48. "Religious communities and life stance communities". SSB. Archived from the original on 7 June 2025. Retrieved 28 June 2025.
  49. "Church of Norway". SSB. Archived from the original on 7 June 2025. Retrieved 28 June 2025.
  50. "Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico - Informe Nacional" [Peru: Sociodemographic Profile - National Report](PDF) (in Spanish). Lima, Peru: Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática.
  51. "Religious Affiliation in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing)". psa.gov.ph. Retrieved 28 June 2025.
  52. "Size and demographic-social structure in the light of the 2021 Census results". Statistics Poland.
  53. "Resident population with 15 and more years old (No.) by Place of residence at Census date [2021]". Instituto Nacional de Estatística.
  54. "2.4 Populaţia rezidentă după religie (Religii, Macroregiuni, Regiuni de dezvoltare, Județe, Municipii, orașe și comune)" [2.4 Resident population by religion (Religions, Macroregions, Development Regions, Counties, Municipalities, cities and communes)]. Romania Census (in Romanian). National Institute of Statistics.
  55. "Population by religion, by municipalities and cities". Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. 2022.
  56. "Religion". Singstat. 2020.
  57. "SODB2021 - Population - Basic results". www.scitanie.sk. Retrieved 28 June 2025.
  58. "2022 Census in Brief" (PDF). Statistics South Africa.
  59. "TABLE 1 NUMBER OF POPULATION BY RELIGION, AGE GROUP, SEX, AREA AND REGION: 2018". National Statistical Office. Archived from the original on 24 April 2021.
  60. "NATIONAL POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS 2024 FINAL REPORT" (PDF). Uganda Bureau of Statistics.
  61. "Religion, England and Wales, Census 2021". Office for National Statistics.
  62. "Scotland's Census 2022: Write-in ethnic group, country of birth, national identity, main language and religion data for Scotland". scotlandscensus.gov.uk.
  63. "MS-B19 Religion [Updated]". NISRA .
  64. "COMPLETED RESULTS OF THE 2019 VIET NAM POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 June 2025. Retrieved 28 June 2025.
  65. "The Cambridge Companion to Atheism - PDF Drive".
  66. "81-F77-Aeb-A404-447-C-8-B95-Dd57-Adc11-E98". Archived from the original on 24 October 2021.