Consolidated city-county

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In United States local government, a consolidated city-county (see below for alternative terms) is formed when one or more cities and their surrounding county (parish in Louisiana, borough in Alaska) merge into one unified jurisdiction. As such it is a type of unitary authority that has the governmental powers of both a municipal corporation and a county. [1]

Contents

A consolidated city-county is different from an independent city, although the latter may result from consolidation of a city and a county and may also have the same powers as a consolidated city-county. An independent city is a city not deemed by its state to be located within the boundary of any county and considered a primary administrative division of its state. [2] A consolidated city-county differs from an independent city in that the city and county both nominally exist, although they have a consolidated government, whereas in an independent city, the county does not even nominally exist. [1] Furthermore, a consolidated city-county may still contain independent municipalities maintaining some governmental powers that did not merge with the rest of the county. [3]

Not considering Hawaii, which has no independent municipalities, the Midwest and Upper South have the highest concentration of large consolidated city-county governments in the United States, includingIndianapolis, Indiana; Nashville, Tennessee; Louisville, Kentucky; Kansas City, Kansas; and Lexington, Kentucky. The largest consolidated city-county in the United States by population is Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, while the largest by land area is Sitka, Alaska.

Terminology

The term consolidated city-county refers to a consolidated jurisdiction in a state that is otherwise divided into counties. In Louisiana, which is divided into parishes, the equivalent jurisdiction is known as either a city-parish or a consolidated government, depending on the locality. [4] In Alaska, it is known as a unified municipality, unified home rule borough, or city and borough. [5] [6] The United States Census Bureau generically refers to any such jurisdiction as a consolidated city, regardless of the jurisdiction into with the city has consolidated. [7] Although California is divided into counties, a consolidated city-county is officially termed a city and county. [8]

Overview

Consolidated city-counties are typically formed to address particular government challenges. Among the benefits of having a unified jurisdiction include potential cost savings, more efficiency, increased legal powers and revenue sources, and a more streamlined planning system. [1]

Most consolidated city-counties have a single chief executive who acts as both the city mayor and as the head of the county government, and a multi-district elected body that serves as both the city council and as the county legislative body. [1]

In many states, consolidated city-counties must be approved by voters. [1] According to information compiled by former Albuquerque mayor David Rusk, 105 referendums were held in the United States between 1902 and 2010 to consider proposals to consolidate cities and counties. Only 27 of these proposals were approved by voters. [9]

Wyandotte County, Kansas, uses the term "unified government" to refer to its consolidation with Kansas City, Kansas, and most of the towns within the county boundaries remain separate jurisdictions within the county. Individual sections of a metropolitan or regional municipality may retain some autonomous jurisdiction apart from the citywide government.

Often, in place of another level of government, local governments form councils of governments – essentially governmental organizations which are not empowered with any law-making or law enforcement powers. This is the case in the Atlanta metropolitan area, where the Atlanta Regional Commission (ARC) studies and makes recommendations on the impact of all major construction and development projects on the region, but generally cannot stop them. The Georgia Regional Transportation Authority (GRTA) is a true government agency of the state of Georgia, and does control some state transportation funding to the cities and counties, but otherwise has very little authority beyond this small power of the purse.

In California, a city and county's chartered city powers supersede its chartered county powers. However, because the city and county has territorial jurisdiction exclusive of other counties, it also has county officers, and the state counts it as a county for certain purposes. [10]

Despite being consolidated with New Orleans, Orleans Parish retains a nominal, sui generis status under Louisiana state law that guarantees the city's home rule. It has been effectively abolished as a distinct governmental unit. However, various parish offices remain with a degree of independence from the city government, while in other matters, the city represents the parish. [11] Originally, Orleans Parish was led by a police jury, but it had only limited authority within the City of New Orleans. In 1822, when the police jury began to be elected popularly, the New Orleans City Council was granted a veto over fiscal matters. In 1840, a second police jury was established with authority over the right bank of the Mississippi River (that is, Algiers). By 1846, the original police jury had become inactive and was abolished, consolidating the left bank with New Orleans. [12] [13] In 1870, the remainder of Orleans Parish was consolidated when the city became coextensive with the parish. The city and parish have also annexed parts of neighboring Jefferson Parish. [14] [15]

The case of New York City is unique, in that the city consists of five boroughs, each of which is co-extensive with a county. Each has its own district attorney; however, county-level government is essentially non-existent as all executive and legislative power is exercised by the city government throughout the five boroughs. The city, as currently constituted, was created in 1898 when the city of New York (then comprising what would become the boroughs of Manhattan and The Bronx) annexed Kings County, Queens County, and Richmond County as the boroughs of Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island, respectively.

International equivalents

Similar unitary authority arrangements also exist in other countries.

United Kingdom

England has six "metropolitan counties" created in 1974: Greater Manchester, Merseyside, South Yorkshire, Tyne and Wear, West Midlands, and West Yorkshire. From 1986, these metropolitan counties do not have county councils but rather joint boards for certain functions. Modern unitary authorities are similar, and are known as county boroughs in Wales. In Scotland, Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh and Glasgow are functionally "independent cities", though the term is not used. London is unique however, being a ceremonial county (officially known as Greater London) containing the 32 London boroughs. Enclaved within Greater London, the ancient City of London forms a distinct county, which today forms only a tiny part of what most consider to be London as a capital city, which takes up 607 square miles.

Europe

In Germany, Berlin and Hamburg are both cities and states (the state of Bremen consists of the cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven). Nearly every larger city in Germany is an independent city, like Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Munich or Dresden; Austria, where the capital of Vienna is both a city and state; France, where the capital city of Paris has been coterminous with the département of Paris since 1968.

Russia

In Russia, there are urban districts - territories consisting of a city and nearby settlements united by one mayor's office. As a rule, urban districts are the capitals of the constituent entities of the Russia and other major cities in the region. In 2020, there were 635 urban districts.

Canada

The Canadian province of Ontario contains several single-tier municipalities. They can be similar to American consolidated city-counties in that they are often formed by amalgamating an upper-tier municipality. However, they are functionally independent cities as, unlike a consolidated city-county, the county or region ceases to exist after being amalgamated and does not continue on a nominal basis, leaving only the unified single-tier city. [16] One example is the City of Toronto, created in 1998 from the amalgamation of the central government and the six constituent municipalities of the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto (a type of regional municipality), itself originally created in 1954. [17] [18] [19]

The Northern Rockies Regional Municipality in British Columbia is also a single-tier municipallity, functioning as both a regional district and a district municipality. It was formed in 2009 by amalgamating the former Northern Rockies Regional District. [20]

Tokyo

In 1943, the City of Tokyo was amalgamated with the former Tokyo Prefecture to form the Tokyo Metropolis. The present form of Tokyo functions similarly to a prefecture, having a central government along with several autonomous subdivisions. The original Tokyo City was split into 23 "special wards" which effectively function as cities. In addition, there are also 23 cities, 5 towns and 8 villages within Tokyo. Under this structure, Tokyo does not have a single mayor, but rather a governor and numerous local mayors. Further, some responsibilities that would normally be held by the cities are instead held by the metropolitan government. Currently, Tokyo is the only place designated as a metropolis. [21]

South Korea

Seoul is a special city , while six other cities (Busan, Daegu, Daejeon, Gwangju, Incheon, and Ulsan) are metropolitan cities.

Australia

Municipalities in Australia, or "Local Government Areas" (LGAs) as they are officially known, are all single-tier entities with no government in-between them and the state or territory. However, the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) does not have any LGAs. Instead, the territorial government performs all municipal functions of the city of Canberra, and thus functions as an integrated city-territory. [22]

Balances

In nine consolidated city-county governments in the United States, the formerly independent incorporated places maintain some governmental powers. In these cities, which the United States Census Bureau calls "consolidated cities", statistics are recorded both for the entire consolidated government and for the component municipalities. A part of the consolidated government is called the "balance", which the Census Bureau defines as "the consolidated city minus the semi-independent incorporated places located within the consolidated city". [3]

In Georgia, consolidations often required multiple attempts, changes in procedures, and different local laws in the state legislature. They often did not include some smaller jurisdictions. They also retained characteristics of both types of government, e.g, a sheriff as required by the Georgia Constitution. [23]

These consolidated cities are: [3]

List of consolidated city-counties

Consolidated as a single entity

The following consolidated city-counties are considered single entities encompassing both a city and a county, such as "City and County of San Francisco".

Merged

The following consolidated city-counties merged a previously existing city and county and are still considered two separate entities, both a city and a county, even though the government functions have been consolidated.

With no independent municipalities

With other independent municipalities

  • Alaska
    • Petersburg Borough (When the borough was created in 2013, the city of Petersburg was dissolved. However, the city of Kupreanof remains a separate entity within the borough.)
  • Louisiana
    • Baton Rouge and East Baton Rouge Parish (three communities within East Baton Rouge Parish – Baker, Central and Zachary – retain separate governments. In addition, the City of Baton Rouge retains separate city limits, and its official census population only includes this area)
    • Lafayette and Lafayette Parish (In December 2018 voters amended the city-parish charter to split what was a single consolidated city-parish council into two councils — one to represent only the city of Lafayette and the other to represent the parish. The impetus for the change was the desire of city voters to take more control of city-related matters and general unease with the consequences of consolidation).
  • Tennessee
    • Nashville and Davidson County (six communities within Davidson County retain separate governments, although all participate in the metropolitan government in a two-tier system)

Note: Five cities in the Hampton Roads region of Virginia were formed by the consolidation of a city with a county: Chesapeake, Hampton, Newport News, Suffolk, and Virginia Beach (from Norfolk, Elizabeth City, Warwick, Nansemond, and Princess Anne counties, respectively). However, in each case an independent city was created and as such they are not consolidated city-counties. Instead, the Code of Virginia uses the term "consolidated city." [1] [44] Similarly, Carson City was consolidated with Ormsby County, Nevada in 1969, but the county was simultaneously dissolved. The city is now a municipality independent of any county. [1]

Other

Potentially consolidated

Considered consolidation

Formerly consolidated

See also

Related Research Articles

A county is a geographic region of a country used for administrative or other purposes in some nations. The term is derived from the Old French comté denoting a jurisdiction under the sovereignty of a count (earl) or, in his stead, a viscount (vicomte). Literal equivalents in other languages, derived from the equivalent of "count", are now seldom used officially, including comté, contea, contado, comtat, condado, Grafschaft, graafschap, and zhupa in Slavic languages; terms equivalent to 'commune' or 'community' are now often instead used.

An independent city or independent town is a city or town that does not form part of another general-purpose local government entity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">County (United States)</span> Subdivision used by most states in the United States

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Administrative divisions of New York (state)</span>

The administrative divisions of New York are the various units of government that provide local services in the American state of New York. The state is divided into boroughs, counties, cities, towns, and villages. They are municipal corporations, chartered (created) by the New York State Legislature, as under the New York State Constitution the only body that can create governmental units is the state. All of them have their own governments, sometimes with no paid employees, that provide local services. Centers of population that are not incorporated and have no government or local services are designated hamlets. Whether a municipality is defined as a borough, city, town, or village is determined not by population or land area, but rather on the form of government selected by the residents and approved by the New York State Legislature. Each type of local government is granted specific home rule powers by the New York State Constitution. There are still occasional changes as a village becomes a city, or a village dissolves, each of which requires legislative action. New York also has various corporate entities that provide local services and have their own administrative structures (governments), such as school and fire districts. These are not found in all counties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Local government in the United States</span> Governmental jurisdictions below the level of the state

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Borough (United States)</span> Administrative division at the local government level in the United States

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boroughs of New York City</span> Administrative divisions of New York City

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Village (United States)</span> Administrative division at the local government level in the United States

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In the United States, an independent city is a city that is not in the territory of any county or counties and is considered a primary administrative division of its state. Independent cities are classified by the United States Census Bureau as "county equivalents" and may also have similar governmental powers to a consolidated city-county or a unitary authority. However, in the case of a consolidated city-county, a city and a county were merged into a unified jurisdiction in which the county at least nominally exists to this day, whereas an independent city was legally separated from any county or merged with a county that simultaneously ceased to exist even in name.

References

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  2. ↑ States, Counties, and Statistically Equivalent Entities, from the United States Census Bureau
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  5. ↑ Alaska's Local Government, from Alaska Municipal League
  6. ↑ Governance in Anchorage
  7. ↑ "Glossary". Washington, D.C.: United States Census Bureau Geography Program. April 11, 2022. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  8. ↑ Cal. Const. art. XI § 6
  9. ↑ Kate Linebaugh, Threats to Town Halls Stir Voter Backlash, The Wall Street Journal , June 8, 2011
  10. ↑ Eigerman, Jared (1999). "California Counties: Second-Rate Localities or Ready-Made Regional Governments?". Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly . 26 (3): 667–668. ISSN   0094-5617.
  11. ↑ Richardson 1961, pp. 12–13, 55.
  12. 1 2 Richardson 1961, pp. 7–10.
  13. ↑ "Records of the Orleans Parish Police Juries". New Orleans City Archives & Special Collections. New Orleans Public Library. February 17, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  14. ↑ Richardson 1961, pp. 10–11.
  15. ↑ An act to extend the limits of the Parish of Orleans, and to change the boundaries of the Parishes of Orleans and Jefferson, and to consolidate the cities of New Orleans and Jefferson, and to provide for the government of the city of New Orleans and the administration of the affairs thereof… (7). Louisiana State Legislature. March 16, 1870. pp. 30–49. Retrieved December 6, 2024– via HathiTrust.
  16. ↑ Municipal Act, 2001 , S.O. 2001, c. 25 ( Municipal Act, 2001 at Ontario e-Laws)
  17. ↑ City of Toronto Act, 1997 , S.O. 1997, c. 2 ( City of Toronto Act, 1997 at Ontario e-Laws)
  18. ↑ City of Toronto Act, 2006 , S.O. 2006, c. 11, Sch. A ( City of Toronto Act, 2006 at Ontario e-Laws)
  19. ↑ Lesch, Matthew (2018). "Legacies of the Megacity: Toronto's Amalgamation 20 Years Later". Institute on Municipal Finance and Governance. University of Toronto . Retrieved December 21, 2024.
  20. ↑ "Order of the Lieutenant Governor in Council (Order in Council No. 033)" (PDF). Province of British Columbia. January 29, 2009. p. 3. Retrieved September 20, 2014. The class of the municipality is a district municipality.
  21. ↑ "Local Government in Japan" (PDF). Council of Local Authorities for International Relations. pp. 41–43. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 25, 2007. Retrieved October 16, 2007.
  22. ↑ "Facts and figures: Australia". Local Government Information Unit. Retrieved December 21, 2024.
  23. ↑ Arnold Fleischmann and Jennifer Custer, "Columbus/Muscogee County, Georgia," in Suzanne M. Leland and Kurt Thurmaier, CASE STUDIES IN CITY-CONSOLIDATION (Armonk, NY, M.E. Sharpe, 2004), 46–59; Arnold Fleischmann, "Regionalism and City-County-County Consolidation in Small Metro Areas," STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT REVIEW 32:3 (Fall 2000): 213–226.
  24. ↑ "Anchorage, Alaska: The Official Municipality of Anchorage, Alaska website" . Retrieved March 22, 2017.
  25. 1 2 "Colorado Municipal Incorporations". State of Colorado, Department of Personnel & Administration, Colorado State Archives. December 1, 2004. Retrieved November 24, 2006.
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  27. ↑ "[T]he city and county of Denver ... did not come into being until the day of the issuing of the Governor's proclamation, on December 1, 1902". City Council of the City and County of Denver v. Board of Commissioners of Adams County, 77P.858, 861 (1904).
  28. ↑ "Government" . Retrieved March 22, 2017.
  29. ↑ Individual State Descriptions: 2012 , United States Census of Governments
  30. ↑ "HB 1171 - Macon-Bibb County; create and incorporate new political body corporate". Archived from the original on October 30, 2012.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 "City-County Consolidation Proposals, 1921–Present" (PDF). National Association of Counties. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
  32. ↑ "The Effects on City-County Consolidation" (PDF). ai.org. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 Consolidation pass for Macon and Bibb county in the 2012 vote.Consolidation of City and County Governments: Attempts in Five Cities Archived January 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine January 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
  34. ↑ "Payne City merger dead for 2013". The Macon Telegraph. February 27, 2013. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
  35. ↑ "Welcome to TPCG" . Retrieved March 22, 2017.
  36. 1 2 Kent Moreland. "Map of Trousdale County". Hartsville-Trousdale County Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  37. ↑ Website of the Community of Anaconda
  38. ↑ Website of Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government Archived March 28, 1997, at the Wayback Machine
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  40. ↑ "City of Indianapolis / Marion County". indygov.org. Archived from the original on January 26, 2003. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
  41. ↑ Camden County Board of Commissioners (February 10, 2006). "Ordinance of Camden County Regarding Exercise of Powers, Duties, Functions, Rights, Privileges and Immunities of a City Pursuant to North Carolina General Statute 153a – 471". Camden County Government. Archived from the original on July 31, 2007.
  42. ↑ "Government". Greeley County, Kansas. February 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
  43. ↑ "LouisvilleKy.gov". Archived from the original on March 26, 2017. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
  44. ↑ "§ 15.2-3521. Proposed consolidated city; notice of motion; service and publication". Code of Virginia. Virginia Law - Legislative Information System. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
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  46. ↑ City and County of Aurora? [ permanent dead link ] by J.C. O'Connell. The Aurora Daily Sun & Sentinel, January 30, 2006.
  47. ↑ Johnson-Wyandotte merger? by Jesse Truesdale. The [Bonner Springs] Chieftain, February 2, 2006.
  48. ↑ A Region Divided Archived 2007-02-10 at the Wayback Machine . Special series of The [Cleveland] Plain Dealer, published throughout 2005.
  49. ↑ St. Louis Five-Year Consolidated Plan Strategy 2006-2010
  50. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Some Major City-County Consolidation Referenda in the 20th Century". Chris Briem's Web Page. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
  51. ↑ "House Bill 402". 1999 Regular Session. Maryland General Assembly. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021.
  52. ↑ Opinion: Baltimore City-County Merger Idea Offers False Hope, Maryland Matters, June 13, 2019
  53. ↑ "It's Time to Change". One Buffalo. Archived from the original on 16 April 2007.
  54. ↑ "Des Moines, Polk County reject merger". Waterloo-Cedar Falls Courier. 3 November 2004. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
  55. 1 2 Cherry, Diane (28 August 2006). "Government Consolidation Gains Attention". NCSU Innovation Online. Archived from the original on 19 September 2006. Retrieved 1 December 2006.
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  65. ↑ "Stephens Floats City Merger Idea". Arkansas Business. 5 December 2002.
  66. ↑ Miller, Kate (15 March 2002). "Business Backs Consolidated Government". Memphis Business Journal.
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  69. ↑ Allan v. Kennard, 81Neb.289 , 298(April 10, 1908)("...it is, to quote the brief, 'a fact, common to the knowledge of all men that for years there has been a constant growing demand in Omaha and Douglas county [ sic ] for a merger and consolidation of city and county offices in the sense that similar duties pertaining to the city and county affairs should be performed by one and the same officers;' that such consolidation has been liad with reference to the office of city and county treasurer, and that the result has been satisfactory, and there is a demand for further consolidation.").
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  78. 1 2 Rawlins, Elizabeth (15 February 2018). "The Investigation Begins: State lawmakers looking at consolidating Savannah, Chatham County". wtoc.com. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  79. ↑ Rawlins, Elizabeth (22 February 2018). "WTOC Investigates: Could consolidation save Savannah, Chatham County taxpayers millions?". wtoc.com. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  80. ↑ McDermott, Kevin (12 June 2017). "Krewson, Stenger back latest push for city-county coordination". stltoday.com. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  81. ↑ "St. Louis Scraps Potential City-County Merger". Governing. April 10, 2019. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
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  83. ↑ Troy, Tom (4 March 2004). "Skepticism greets 'Unigov' summit". The Toledo Blade.
  84. ↑ Eckert, Richard V. (2 May 2005). Shawnee County Government and Consolidation Report (PDF). Shawnee County, Kansas.

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