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A kampong (kampung in Malay and Indonesian) is the term for a village in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore and a "dock" in Cambodia. The term applies to traditional villages, especially of the indigenous people, and has also been used to refer to urban slum areas and enclosed developments and neighbourhoods within towns and cities in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Cambodia, Sri Lanka and Christmas Island. The traditional kampong village designs and architecture have been targeted for reform by urbanists and modernists and have also been adapted by contemporary architects for various projects.
The English word "compound", when referring to a development in a town, is thought to be derived from the Malay word of kampung. [1]
In Brunei, the term kampong (also kampung) primarily refers to the third- and lowest-level subdivisions after districts (Malay : daerah) and mukim (equivalent to subdistrict). Some kampong divisions are sufficiently villages by anthropological definition or in its traditional sense, while others may only serve for census and other administrative purposes. There are also some which have been incorporated as part of the capital Bandar Seri Begawan and a few towns.
A kampong is generally led by a ketua kampung or village head. Infrastructure-wise, it typically has a primary school and a balai raya or dewan kemasyarakatan, the equivalent of a community centre. Because many kampongs have predominantly Muslim residents, each may also have a mosque for the Jumu'ah or Friday prayers, as well as a school providing the Islamic religious primary education compulsory for Muslim pupils in the country. [2]
Both kampong and kampung are used with equal tendency in written media as well as in official place names. For example, Keriam, a village in Tutong District, is known as 'Kampung Keriam' by the Survey Department but 'Kampong Keriam' by the Postal Services Department—both being government departments. [3] [4]
In Cambodia, "kampong – កំពង់" for everyday use is defined as a place of river or lake shore where people can dock their private small boats. It also defines a dock facility for commercial or passenger ferries and boats, such as Neak Loeung's ferry-dock (កំពង់ចម្លងអ្នកលឿង) and Akreiy Ksatr's ferry-dock (កំពង់ចម្លងអរិយក្សត្រ).
The term kampong has been widely used in Cambodia, assumingly for thousands of years, to name places such as provinces, districts, communes and villages—for instance, Kampong Som (ក្រុងកំពង់សោម; currently Sihanoukville), Kampong Cham (ខេត្តកំពង់ចាម), Kampong Thom (ខេត្តកំពង់ធំ), Kampong Chhnang (ខេត្តកំពង់ឆ្នាំង), and Kampong Speu (ខេត្តកំពង់ស្ពឺ) provinces; Kampong Trach (ស្រុកកំពង់ត្រាច), Kampong Trolach (ស្រុកកំពង់ត្រឡាច), and Kampong Siem (ស្រុកកំពង់សៀម) districts; Kampong Khleang (ឃុំកំពង់ឃ្លាំង) and Kampong Kdei (ឃុំកំពង់ក្តី) communes; and Kampong Prasat (ភូមិកំពង់ប្រាសាទ), Kampong Krabei (ភូមិកំពង់ក្របី), and Kampong Our (ភូមិកំពង់អ៊ួរ) villages. (Page 37, Chun Nat, Dictionnaire Cambodgien, Institut Bouddhique, Phnom Penh, 1967).
Based on the references above, the meaning of kampong in Khmer can also arguably be defined as an area or place located nearby a river or lake that people named their place after they have arrived or formed their community afterwards.
In Indonesia, kampung generally refers to "hamlet", which is the opposite of the so-called "city" known in Indonesian as kota. However, most Indonesian cities and towns initially consisted of a collection of kampung settlements. Kampung also usually refers to a settlement or compound of a certain ethnic community, which later became the name of places—such as the Kampung Melayu district in East Jakarta; Kampung Bugis (Buginese village); Kampung Cina (also known as Pecinan), which refers to a Tionghoa village or could be equivalent to Chinatown as well; Kampung Ambon (Ambonese village); Kampung Jawa (Javanese village); and Kampung Arab (Arabs village).
In the island of Sumatra and its surrounding islands, the indigenous peoples have distinctive architecture and building type features including longhouses and rice storage buildings in their kampungs. Malays, Karo, Batak, Toba, Minangkabau and others have communal housing and tiered structures.
The term kampung in Indonesia could refer to a business-based village as well—for example, Kampung Coklat (lit. "the Chocolate village") in Blitar, East Java, which mainly produced and sold chocolate products (bars, candies, powders, coffee, cocoa butter, etc.) from the local cacao farmers; Kampung Seni (lit. "the Arts (and Performances) village") in various places across Indonesia that mainly focused to produce and sell the local arts from the local artists; and Kampung Batik (lit. "the Batik village") which mainly produced and sell the batik as well as available for the batik-making courses and training. In 2009, several Kampung Batik in collaboration with the other official entities (mainly Batik Museum) in Pekalongan, Central Java, recognized by the UNESCO regarding the "Education and training in Indonesian Batik intangible cultural heritage for elementary, junior, senior, vocational school and polytechnic students" as Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity in Register of Good Safeguarding Practices List. [5] The kampungs in Indonesia have also attracted global tourist attraction as well, such as the Kampung Panglipuran in Bali that was awarded as one of the world's cleanest villages in 2016. [6]
A kampung in Indonesia is led either by a Ketua Rukun Tetangga (abbreviated as Ketua RT), Kepala Desa (abbreviated as Kades), Kepala Dusun, or Tetua Kampung. All terms are equivalent as "the leader of kampung" with slightly differentiation. While for the kampungs, it is led by whether the Ketua Rukun Warga (abbreviated as Ketua RW), Camat, and Kepala Kelurahan (could be simply known as lurah). All terms are equivalent as "the leader of kampungs" with slight differences.[ citation needed ]
In Malaysia, a kampung is determined as a locality with 10,000 or fewer people. Since historical times, every Malay village came under the leadership of a penghulu (village chief), who has the power to hear civil matters in his village (see Courts of Malaysia for more details).
A Malay village typically contains a mosque or surau , paddy fields or orchards and wooden Malay houses on stilts. It is common to see a cemetery near the mosque. There is barely any proper roads, but just regular dirt roads for village people to travel between kampongs.
The British initiated the Kampong Baru ("New Village") program as a way to settle Malays into urban life. Malaysia's long serving prime minister Mahathir Mohamad lauded urban lifestyles in his book The Malay Dilemma[ citation needed ] and associated kampong village life with backward traditionalism. He also had the kampung sentiggan (squatter settlements) cleared and new buildings constructed to house them. [7]
The native Malay kampung are found in Singapore, but there are few kampung villages remaining, mostly on islands surrounding Singapore, such as Pulau Ubin. In the past, there were many kampung villages in Singapore but development and urbanization have replaced them. Development plans for Kampong Glam have been controversial. Singapore is also home to Kampong Buangkok, featured in the film The Last Kampong .
Cambodia is divided into 25 provinces. The capital Phnom Penh is not a province but an "autonomous municipality", equivalent to a province governmentally and administered at the same level as the other 24 provinces.
A village head, village headman or village chief is the community leader of a village or a small town.
The administrative divisions of Brunei mainly consist of daerah (districts), mukim (subdistricts) and kampung or kampong (villages). They are organised hierarchically, with daerah being the first level and kampong the third level.
Mukim Seria is a mukim in Belait District, Brunei. It has an area of 169 square kilometres (65 sq mi); the population was 21,214 in 2016. The mukim encompasses Seria, one of the only two towns in the district. It is home to the oil and gas industry of the country.
Kampong Mumong or simply known as Mumong, is a residential suburb of Kuala Belait, the principal town of Belait District, Brunei. It comprises the original Mumong settlement, as well as the Mumong public housing estate of the Landless Indigenous Citizens' Housing Scheme. However, it officially consists of two village subdivisions, namely Mumong 'A' and Mumong 'B', which are under the mukim of Kuala Belait.
Mukim Labi is a mukim in the interior of Belait District, Brunei. It has an area of 361.8 square kilometres (139.7 sq mi); the population was 1,216 in 2016.
Mukim Bukit Sawat is a mukim in Belait District, Brunei. It had a population of 794 in 2016.
Mukim Kilanas is a mukim in Brunei-Muara District, Brunei. The population was 22,492 in 2016.
Mukim Burong Pingai Ayer is a mukim in Brunei-Muara District, Brunei. It is located within Kampong Ayer, the traditional stilt settlements on the Brunei River in the capital Bandar Seri Begawan. The population was 1,770 in 2016.
Mukim Peramu is a mukim in Brunei-Muara District, Brunei. It is located within Kampong Ayer, the historical stilt settlements on the Brunei River in the capital Bandar Seri Begawan. The population was 1,111 in 2016.
Mukim Labu is a mukim in Temburong District, Brunei. It has an area of 292 square kilometres (113 sq mi); the population was 508 in 2021.
Administrative divisions of the Kingdom of Cambodia have several levels. Cambodia is divided into 24 provinces and the special administrative unit and capital of Phnom Penh. Though a different administrative unit, Phnom Penh is at provincial level, so de facto Cambodia has 25 provinces and municipalities.
Kampong Sengkurong is a village in the west of Brunei-Muara District, Brunei. The total population was 5,003 in 2016.
Kampong Serasa is a village in Brunei-Muara District, Brunei, near the port town Muara. The population was 3,200 in 2016. It is home to Serasa Ferry Terminal, the country's primary international ferry terminal.
Kampong Telisai, also simply known as Telisai, is a coastal village in Tutong District, Brunei, about 17 kilometres (11 mi) from the district town Pekan Tutong. The village also encompasses the public housing area STKRJ Kampong Telisai. The population was 2,293 in 2016. It is one of the villages within Mukim Telisai. The postcode is TC1145.
A village is the third and lowest administrative division of Brunei. It is headed by a village head. Several villages are grouped together to form a mukim. A village is generally the traditional rural settlement, in particular in the sense of a kampong or Malay traditional village, but it may also be an urbanised settlement within or near the capital city or a town, or part of the public housing estates. The population varies from hundreds to a few thousands.
Kampong Danau, simply known as Danau, is a coastal village in Tutong District, Brunei, about 21 kilometres (13 mi) from the district town Pekan Tutong. It has a total area of 6.5023 square kilometres (2.5106 sq mi); the total population was 1,072 in 2016. It is one of the villages within Mukim Telisai.
Kampong Kupang or simply known as Kupang, is a village in Tutong District, Brunei, about 21 kilometres (13 mi) from the district town Pekan Tutong. The population was 1,795 in 2016. It is one of the villages within Mukim Keriam, a mukim subdivision in the district.
Kampong Ukong or simply known as Ukong, is a village in the central part of Tutong District, Brunei, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the district town Pekan Tutong. The population of the village proper was 381 in 2016. It is one of the villages within Mukim Ukong, a mukim in the district.
Kampong Bokok or simply Bokok, is a village in Temburong District, Brunei, about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the district town Bangar. The population was 160 in 2021. It is one of the villages within Mukim Bokok. The postcode is PE1951.