Penghulu (Jawi: ڤڠهولو; also Pěnghulu [1] ) is the headman or chief of a region in traditional societies in the Malay Archipelago. The term is currently used in Brunei and Malaysia as the community leader of the smaller country subdivision or settlement.
The word penghulu comes from agentive prefix peng-, and the word hulu, meaning "head", and could be translated as "headman". It is cognate with the Tagalog pangulo – the official title of the President of the Philippines.
Traditionally, the Minangkabau who at the end of the 17th century settled at Negeri Sembilan, in present-day Malaysia, chose from among themselves a penghulu. Several of these penghulus, notably that of Sungai Ujong, Jelebu, Johol and Rembau, became powerful enough to dominate other penghulus. By the early part of the 18th century, the leaders of these four districts started calling themselves Undang .
Between 1821 and 1838 (the Padri War), many Penghulus had allied themselves with Dutch interests in fighting off Wahabite-inspired, Islamic extremism in the area. [2] The situations in Brunei were similar with what was happened in current Indonesia and Malaysia. Office of the Penghulu for ruling executive government in mukim level was created by British administrators to help British colonial government collecting tax from Brunei citizens. Until the reign of Omar Ali Saifuddien III, those given peerage titles, usually, will be reign in particular mukims decided by King of Brunei. [3]
In Brunei, penghulu is an administrative post and is the community leader of a mukim or subdistrict, the second-level administrative division below district which consists of several towns or locally known as kampong (village) (Malay : daerah). Until 2015, Appointment of penghulu decided by District Office after receiving recommendations from members of Mukim Consultative Council. [4] After 2015, appointment of penghulus are conducted through local elections by each of the mukims citizen upon reaching 18 years old and more. [3]
In the Philippines, the cognate 'Pangulo' is the Filipino word for 'President'.
A mukim is a type of administrative division used in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. The word mukim is a loanword in English. However, it was also originally a loanword in Malay from the Arabic word: مقيم. The closest English translation for mukim is township.
Mukim Kuala Belait is a mukim in Belait District, Brunei. The population was 31,308 in 2016. The mukim encompasses Kuala Belait, the administrative town of the district.
Mukim Mentiri is a mukim in Brunei-Muara District, Brunei. The population was 30,192 in 2016.
Mukim Berakas 'A' is a mukim in Brunei-Muara District, Brunei Darussalam. The population was 27,223 in 2016.
Mukim Berakas 'B' is a mukim in Brunei-Muara District, Brunei.
Mukim Kilanas is a mukim in Brunei-Muara District, Brunei. The population was 22,492 in 2016.
Mukim Kota Batu is a mukim in Brunei-Muara District, Brunei. The population was 12,935 in 2016. The mukim is home to some of the country's museums and historical sites, in particular in Kota Batu.
Mukim Lumapas is a mukim in Brunei-Muara District, Brunei. It has an area of 62.10 square kilometres (23.98 sq mi); the population was 7,756 in 2016.
Mukim Pengkalan Batu is a mukim in Brunei-Muara District, Brunei. The population was 14,492 in 2016.
Mukim Burong Pingai Ayer is a mukim in Brunei-Muara District, Brunei. It is located within Kampong Ayer, the traditional stilt settlements on the Brunei River in the capital Bandar Seri Begawan. The population was 1,770 in 2016.
Mukim Peramu is a mukim in Brunei-Muara District, Brunei. It is located within Kampong Ayer, the historical stilt settlements on the Brunei River in the capital Bandar Seri Begawan. The population was 1,111 in 2016.
Mukim Lamunin is a mukim in Tutong District, Brunei. The population was 4,298 in 2016.
Mukim Tanjong Maya is a mukim in Tutong District, Brunei. The population was 4,062 in 2016.
Mukim Amo is a mukim in Temburong District, Brunei. It has an area of 542 square kilometres (209 sq mi); the population was 1,657 in 2021.
Mukim Labu is a mukim in Temburong District, Brunei. It has an area of 292 square kilometres (113 sq mi); the population was 508 in 2021.
Kampong Keriam is a village in Tutong District, Brunei, about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from the district town Pekan Tutong. The population was 2,195 in 2016. It is one of the villages within Mukim Keriam, a mukim in the district.
Kampong Luagan Dudok is a village in the north-east of Tutong District, Brunei. The population was 879 in 2016. It is one of the villages within Mukim Keriam, mukim in the district.
Kampong Bukit Panggal is a village in Tutong District, Brunei, about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the district town Pekan Tutong. The population was 801 in 2016. It is one of the villages within Mukim Keriam, a mukim in the district.
Kampong Pengkalan Mau is a village situated in the eastern part of Tutong District, Brunei, within the mukim of Kiudang. The incumbent village head is Mohd Taib bin Jaludin, who is also the village head for Kampong Bakiau. The postcode for Kampong Pengkalan Mau is TE1343.
Kampong Batu Apoi is a village in Temburong District, Brunei, about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) East from the district town Bangar. The population was 84 in 2021. It is one of the villages within Mukim Batu Apoi. The postcode is PC1151.