State-recognized tribes in the United States

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State-recognized tribes in the United States are organizations that identify as Native American tribes or heritage groups that do not meet the criteria for federally recognized Indian tribes but have been recognized by a process established under assorted state government laws for varying purposes or by governor's executive orders. State recognition does not dictate whether or not they are recognized as Native American tribes by continually existing tribal nations.

Contents

Individual states confer state-recognition "for their various internal state government purposes." [1] Members of a state-recognized tribe are still subject to state law and government, and the tribe does not have sovereign control over its affairs.

State recognition confers few benefits under federal law. It is not the same as federal recognition, which is the federal government's acknowledgment of a tribe as a dependent sovereign nation. Some states have provided laws related to state recognition that provide some protection of autonomy for tribes that are not recognized by the federal government. For example, in Connecticut, state law recognizing certain tribes also protects reservations and limited self-government rights for state-recognized tribes.

Non-recognized tribes is a term for "groups that have no federal designation and are not accepted as sovereign entities under U.S. law," which includes state-recognized tribes. "An additional sub-designation under this classification are 'Federally Non-Recognized' tribes, which includes groups that have previously held federal recognition, either under governments prior to the U.S. Federal Government or as Nations that are no longer in existence and/or no longer meet the criteria as a Nation to have sovereignty status." [2]

Such state recognition has at times been opposed by federally recognized tribes. Journalists Adam Elmahrek and Paul Pringle wrote, "Many Native Americans have long opposed allowing states to recognize tribes, arguing that the federal government should make the decision because states often fail to properly screen groups." [3] The Cherokee Nation opposes state-recognized tribes, as well as Cherokee heritage groups and others with no documented descent who claim Cherokee identity. [4]

Other groups that identify as being Native American tribes but lack federal or state recognition are listed in the List of organizations that self-identify as Native American tribes.

Demographics and geography

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  Federally recognized tribes
  State recognized tribes
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Most state-recognized tribes are located in the Eastern United States, including the three of largest state-recognized tribes in the US, the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina, Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama, and the United Houma Nation of Louisiana, each of which has more than ten thousand members.

In late 2007 about 16 states had recognized 62 tribes. [5] According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, only 14 states recognize tribes at the state level by 2017. [6] The Native Nations Institute of the University of Arizona lists 15 states as having state-recognized tribes in 2024. [7]

Federal law

The United States Constitution, as interpreted by the Supreme Court, gives ultimate authority with regard to matters affecting the American Indian tribes to the United States federal government. Under US federal law and regulations, an American Indian tribe is a group of Native Americans with self-government authority. [8] This defines those tribes recognized by the federal government. By 2021, 574 tribes had been recognized by the federal government, often as a result of the process of treaties setting up reservations in the 19th century.

Four federal agencies have the authority to confer benefits to state-recognized tribes: the Department of Health and Human Services, the Department of Labor, the Department of Education, and the Department of Housing and Urban Development. [9]

Under the United States Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 (IACA), [10] members of state-recognized tribes may exhibit as identified "Native American" or "American Indian" artists. In addition to citizens of federally recognized tribes and tribally designated artisans, IACA says that members of "any Indian group that has been formally recognized as an Indian tribe by a State legislature or by a State commission or similar organization legislatively vested with State tribal recognition authority" can exhibition as a "Native American" or "American Indian" artist. [11]

The Administration for Native Americans, a program office within the Department of Health and Human Services, may confer benefits to state-recognized tribes under the Native American Programs Act (NAPA). [12]

The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) does not require the federal government or museums to consult with state-recognized tribes. State-recognized tribes may request the repatriation of cultural items or human remains only in cooperation with federally recognized tribes. [13]

Other federal Indian legislation does not apply to state-recognized tribes. For example, Indian Preference in hiring [14] and the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 do not apply to these organizations. [15]

State-recognition processes

Typically, the state legislature or state agencies involved in cultural or Native American affairs make the formal recognition by criteria they establish, often with Native American representatives, and sometimes based on federal criteria. [16] Statutes that clearly identify criteria for recognition or that explicitly recognize certain tribes remove ambiguity from their status. [5]

Many organizations try to assert that various congratulatory resolutions constitute recognition as a Native American tribe by a state; however, "Resolutions are statements of opinions and, unlike bills, do not have the force of law." [17]

List of state-recognized tribes

The following is a list of tribes recognized by various states but not by the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs. Tribes originally recognized by states that have since gained federal recognition have been deleted from the list below. The list includes state-recognized tribes that have petitioned for federal recognition.

Alabama

By the Davis-Strong Act of 1984, the state established the Alabama Indian Affairs Commission to acknowledge and represent Native American citizens in the state. At that time, it recognized seven tribes that did not have federal recognition. The commission members, representatives of the tribes, have created rules for tribal recognition, which were last updated in 2003, under which three more tribes have been recognized. [18]

Alaska

Alaska has no state-recognized tribes. [7]

Arkansas

Arkansas has no office to manage Indian affairs [22] and no state-recognized tribes. [6] [7]

Arizona

Arizona has no state-recognized tribes. [7]

Colorado

Colorado has no state-recognized tribes. [7]

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Florida has an office to manage Indian affairs: Florida Governor's Council on Indian Affairs, Inc. [22] Florida has no state-recognized tribes. [6] [7]

Georgia

Georgia established a liaison, the Georgia Council on American Indian Concerns, in 2001, under the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, State Parks and Historic Sites Division. [29] [30] In 2007, the state legislature formally recognized the following as American Indian tribes of Georgia: [31]

Hawaii

Hawaii has no state-recognized tribes. [7]

Idaho

Idaho has no state-recognized tribes. [7]

Illinois

Illinois has no office to manage Indian affairs [22] and no state-recognized tribes. [6] [7]

Indiana

Indiana has no office to manage Indian affairs [22] and no state-recognized tribes. [6] [7]

Iowa

Iowa has no state-recognized tribes. [7]

Kansas

Kansas has an office to manage Indian affairs: the Joint Committee on State-Tribal Relations. [22] Kansas has no state-recognized tribes. [6] [7]

Kentucky

Kentucky has no state-recognized tribes. [7]

Louisiana

The Louisiana Office of Indian Affairs oversees state–tribal relations. [33] They maintain a list of federally and state-recognized tribes headquartered in Louisiana. [34]

  1. Addai Caddo Tribe , [6] also Adai Caddo Indians of Louisiana, Robeline, LA. [34] Recognized by the State of Louisiana in 1993. [35] Letter of Intent to Petition 09/13/1993. [20] Also Adais Caddo Indians, Inc.
  2. Bayou Lafourche Band of Biloxi-Chitimache Confederation of Muskogees, [34] also Biloxi-Chitimacha Confederation of Muskogee, [6] Denham Springs, LA. Separated from United Houma Nation, Inc. Letter of Intent to Petition 10/24/1995. [20] Recognized by the State of Louisiana in 2005. [35]
  3. Choctaw-Apache Community of Ebarb , [6] [19] also the Choctaw-Apache Tribe of Ebarb, Zwolle, LA. [34] Recognized by the State of Louisiana in 1978. [35] Letter of Intent to Petition 07/02/1978. [20]
  4. Clifton-Choctaw, [6] also the Clifton Choctaw Tribe of Louisiana, Clinton, LA. [34] Recognized by the State of Louisiana in 1978. [35] Letter of Intent to Petition 03/22/1978. [20] Also known as Clifton Choctaw Reservation Inc.
  5. Four Winds Tribe, Louisiana Cherokee Confederacy, [6] also the Four Winds Cherokees, Oakdale, LA. [34] Recognized by the State of Louisiana in 1997. [6] [35]
  6. Grand Caillou/Dulac Band, [6] also the Grand Caillou/Dulac Band of Biloxi Chitimacha Choctaw, Chauvin, LA. [34]
  7. Isle de Jean Charles Band, [6] also the Jean Charles Choctaw Nation, Montegut, LA [34]
  8. Louisiana Choctaw Tribe, [6] as the Louisiana Band of Choctaw, Ferriday, LA [34]
  9. Natchitoches Tribe of Louisiana, Campti, LA [34] Recognized by the State of Louisiana in 2017 Regular Session, HR227.
  10. Pointe-au-Chien Tribe , [6] also Pointe-au-Chien Indian Tribe, Montegut, LA. [34] Separated from United Houma Nation, Inc. Letter of Intent to Petition 7/22/1996. [6] [20] Recognized by the State of Louisiana in 2004. [35]
  11. United Houma Nation . [6] Recognized by the State of Louisiana in 1972. [35] Letter of Intent to Petition 07/10/1979; Proposed Finding 12/22/1994, 59 FR 6618. [20] Denied federal recognition. [36]

Maine

Maine has no state-recognized tribes. [7]

Maryland

On January 9, 2012, for the first time the state-recognized two American Indian tribes under a process developed by the General Assembly; these were both Piscataway groups, [37] historically part of the large Algonquian languages family along the Atlantic Coast. The Governor announced it to the Assembly by executive order. [37] [38]

  1. Accohannock Indian Tribe . Governor Larry Hogan formally recognized this group on December 19, 2017, [39] through Executive Order 01.01.2017.31. [40]
  2. Piscataway-Conoy Tribe . [6] It includes the following two sub-groups:
    1. Piscataway Conoy Confederacy and Sub-Tribes [37]
    2. Cedarville Band of Piscataway Indians [37]
3. Piscataway Indian Nation and Tayac Territory . [6]

Massachusetts

The Massachusetts Commission on Indian Affairs was created by a legislative act of the General Court of Massachusetts in 1974, to advise the Commonwealth on how best to establish positive relationships with its Indigenous Tribes. [41] [42]

In 1976, Governor Michael Dukakis issued Executive Order 126, which clarified the responsibilities of the Massachusetts Commission on Indian Affairs and identified three historic and continuous tribes in the Commonwealth: the Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head, the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe and the Hassanamisco Nipmuc. [43] The Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head and the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe [44] have federal recognition as of 1987 and 2007, respectively. [45] [46]

On November 19, 2024, Governor Maura Healey issued Executive Order No. 637, which recognized the Herring Pond Wampanoag Tribe alongside the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe, the Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head, and the Hassanamisco Nipmuc Tribe. The order also recognized Tribal Council of the Herring Pond as its governing body, all in accordance with Dukakis' Executive Order No. 126, for all relevant purposes. [47] [48] [49]

The Massachusetts Commission on Indian Affairs lacks the authority to recognize any group, as recognition is beyond the scope of the duties of the commission outlined in Executive Order 126 [43] and in the administration of the Massachusetts government. [50] The Massachusetts Commission on Indian Affairs announced in August 2023 that it would be establishing a process for state recognition to ensure protections for Native artisans under the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990. [51]

Michigan

Michigan has no state-recognized tribes. [54] [55]

Minnesota

Minnesota has no state-recognized tribes. [7]

Mississippi

The state of Mississippi has offered congratulatory resolutions to unrecognized organizations identifying as Native American descendants, such as the MS HR50 in which the legislators "commend and congratulate" Vancleave Live Oak Choctaw Tribe for recognition; [56] however, no laws outline formal state-recognition for this or any other group by the State of Mississippi.

Mississippi has no office to manage Indian affairs [22] and no state-recognized tribes. [6] [7]

Missouri

Missouri has no office to manage Indian affairs [22] and no state-recognized tribes. [7] [6]

Montana

Montana has the Montana Office of Indian Affairs [22] but has no state-recognized tribes. [6] [7]

Nebraska

Nebraska has no state-recognized tribes. [7]

Nevada

Nevada has no state-recognized tribes. [7]

New Hampshire

New Hampshire has the New Hampshire State Commission on Native American Affairs [22] but no state-recognized tribes. [6] [7]

New Jersey

New Mexico

New Mexico has no state-recognized tribes. [7]

New York

North Carolina

  1. Coharie Intra-tribal Council, Inc. [59] Letter of Intent to Petition 3/13/1981. [20]
  2. Haliwa-Saponi Indian Tribe . [6] [19] [59] Letter of Intent to Petition 1/27/1979. [20] Notified of "obvious deficiencies" in federal recognition application [60]
  3. Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina . [19] Letter of Intent to Petition 01/07/1980; determined ineligible to petition (SOL opinion of 10/23/1989). [20] In 2009, Senate Indian Affairs Committee endorsed a bill that would grant federal recognition. [61]
  4. Meherrin Nation . [6] [59] State-recognized 1987. [20]
  5. Occaneechi Band of the Saponi Nation . [59] Letter of Intent to Petition 01/06/1995. [20]
  6. Sappony (formerly known as Indians of Person County, North Carolina). [59] [60]
  7. Waccamaw-Siouan Tribe . [19] [59] Letter of Intent to Petition 06/27/1983; determined ineligible to petition (SOL opinion of 10/23/1989). [20] Letter of Intent to Petition 10/16/1992; determined eligible to petition (SOL letter of 6/29/1995). [20] Also known as Waccamaw Siouan Development Association .

North Dakota

North Dakota has no state-recognized tribes. [7]

Ohio

Ohio has no office to manage Indian affairs [22] and no state-recognized tribes. [6]

Oklahoma

Oklahoma has no state-recognized tribes. [7]

Oregon

Oregon has no state-recognized tribes. [7]

Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania has no office to manage Indian affairs [22] and no state-recognized tribes. [6] [7]

Rhode Island

Rhode Island has no office to manage Indian affairs [22] and no state-recognized tribes. [6] [7]

South Carolina

South Carolina recognizes three entities: "state-recognized tribes", "state-recognized groups", and "special interest organizations." [65] [66] As of 2023, South Carolina recognizes nine tribes that are not recognized by the federal government. [66]

The South Carolina Commission for Minority Affairs' Native American Affairs Division also has recognized "state-recognized groups" and "special interest organizations" but these are not the same as the state-recognized tribes. In 2018, South Carolina Governor Henry McMaster signed legislation that stops the state from recognizing any additional Native American "groups." [71] As of 2023, South Carolina recognizes four "state-recognized groups" and one "special interest organization." [66] They are: Chaloklowa Chickasaw Indian People; [72] Eastern Cherokee, Southern Iroquois, and United Tribes of South Carolina; Natchez Tribe of South Carolina; [73] and the Pee Dee Indian Nation of Beaver Creek. [73] The special interest organization is the Pine Hill Indian Community Development Initiative. [66] [74]

South Dakota

South Dakota has no state-recognized tribes. [7]

Tennessee

Tennessee has no office to manage Indian affairs [22] and no state-recognized tribes. [6] [7]

Texas

Texas has no office to manage Indian affairs [22] and no state-recognized tribes. [7] [75] Texas had "no legal mechanism to recognize tribes." [76]

The Texas state legislature often issues congratulatory resolutions that "commend" organizations, such one honoring the Mount Tabor Indian Community in 2017, "for its contributions to [the] state" [77] and the Lipan Apache in 2019; [78] however, this is not the same as formal recognition of a tribe by a state.

Texas Senate Bill 231 to formally state-recognize the Lipan Apache Tribe of Texas, introduced in November 2022, died in committee. [79] Texas Senate Bill 1479, introduced in March 2023, and Texas House Bill 2005, introduced in February 2023, both to state-recognize the Tap Pilam Coahuiltecan Nation also died in committee. [80] [81]

Utah

Utah has no state-recognized tribes. [7]

Vermont

As of May 3, 2006, Vermont law 1 V.S.A §§ 851–853 recognizes Abenakis as Native American Indians, not the tribes or bands. However, on April 22, 2011, Vermont Governor Peter Shumlin signed legislative bills officially recognizing two Abenaki Bands. The four Abenaki state-recognized tribes are also known as the "Abenaki Alliance".

On May 7, 2012, Governor Shumlim signed legislative bills officially recognizing two more Abenaki Bands:

Virginia

Virginia has an office to manage Indian affairs: the Virginia Council on Indians. It is composed of 13 members - eight from Virginia tribes officially recognized by the Commonwealth, two members at-large from Indian population in Virginia, one from House of Delegates, one from Senate, and one from Commonwealth at-large. [22]

Virginia has the following state-recognized tribes:

Washington

Washington has not formally recognized any tribes by statute. [7] However, the state or preceding territorial government has been a party to treaties involving a number of tribes that are not federally recognized.

West Virginia

West Virginia has no office to manage Indian affairs [22] and no state-recognized tribes. [6] [7]

Wyoming

Wyoming has no state-recognized tribes. [7]

See also

United States
Canada
Related

Notes

  1. ↑ "American Indians and Alaska Natives - What are State Recognized Tribes?". Administration for Native Americans. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Archived from the original on June 15, 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  2. ↑ Hurst, Nicole. "Bureau of Indian Affairs: Terminology and Language". Bureau of Indian Affairs: Collection Information. Utah State University Libraries. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
  3. ↑ Elmahrek, Adam; Pringle, Paul (31 December 2019). "Two tribes aren't recognized federally. Yet members won $500 million in minority contracts". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
  4. ↑ "What is a real Indian Nation? What is a fake tribe?". Cherokee Nation. Archived from the original on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  5. 1 2 Alexa Koenig and Jonathan Stein, "Federalism and the State Recognition of Native American Tribes: A Survey of State-Recognized Tribes and State Recognition Processes across the United States", Santa Clara Law Review, Vol. 48, November 2007
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 "State Recognized Tribes". National Conference of State Legislatures. Archived from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 "Governance Under State Recognition". Native Nations Institute. University of Arizona. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  8. ↑ 25 CFR 290.2, "Definitions"
  9. ↑ "State Recognition of American Indian Tribes". University of Arizona . Retrieved 2024-08-12.
  10. ↑ "The Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990". Indian Arts and Crafts Board. U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
  11. ↑ "Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990". Indian Arts and Crafts Board. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
  12. ↑ "American Indians and Alaska Natives - What are State Recognized Tribes?". Administration for Native Americans . Retrieved 2024-08-12.
  13. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions". National Park Service . Retrieved 2024-08-11.
  14. ↑ "Indian Preference". Bureau of Indian Affairs . Retrieved 2024-11-12.
  15. ↑ "ICWA Doesn't Apply to My Child Welfare Case. What Other Help Can I Get?" (PDF). National Indian Child Welfare Association. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
  16. ↑ Sheffield (1998), p. 63
  17. ↑ "Bills and Resolutions". Governmental Relations. University of Houston System. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  18. 1 2 Alabama Indian Affairs Commission. "Tribes Recognized by the State of Alabama". Archived from the original on 2014-12-29. Retrieved 2015-03-28.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 "Tribal Directory: Southeast". National Congress of American Indians. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 LIST OF PETITIONERS BY STATE (as of July 31, 2012) (Accessible as of January 15, 2013 here)
  21. 1 2 Sheffield (1998) p64
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 "State Committees and Commissions on Indian Affairs". National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  23. 1 2 Connecticut Law on Indian Tribes (2007-R-0475). Christopher Reinhart, Senior Attorney, on behalf of State of Connecticut General Assembly (Accessible as of July 15, 2014 here).
  24. ↑ Christopher Reinhart (2002-02-07). "Effect of State Recognition of an Indian Tribe". State of Connecticut. Retrieved 2010-08-06. Connecticut statutes recognize five tribes: (1) Golden Hill Paugussett, (2) Mashantucket Pequot, (3) Mohegan, (4) Eastern Pequot, and (5) Schaghticoke tribe.
  25. ↑ "CGS § 47-59a Connecticut Indians; citizenship, civil rights, land rights". State of Connecticut. Retrieved 2015-07-02.
  26. ↑ Bureau of Indian Affairs (2004-06-21). "Final Determination Against Federal Acknowledgement of the Golden Hill Paugussett Tribe". Federal Register. United States. pp. 34388–34393. Retrieved 2010-08-06.
  27. 1 2 3 "Tribal Directory". National Congress of American Indians . Retrieved 6 April 2016.
  28. ↑ Sheffield (1998): 66
  29. ↑ "Georgia Council on American Indian Concerns". Georgia.gov. Retrieved 2023-08-23.
  30. ↑ "Welcome to Georgia Indian Council | Georgia Indian Council". georgiaindiancouncil.com. Retrieved 2023-08-23.
  31. ↑ O.C.G.A. § 44-12-300 (2007) Title 44, Chapter 12, Article 7, Part 3 of the Official Code of Georgia Annotated Archived 2004-09-19 at the Wayback Machine , Georgia Legislature. Quote: The State of Georgia "officially recognizes as legitimate American Indian tribes of Georgia the following tribes, bands, groups, or communities" for state purposes
  32. ↑ Sheffield (1998) p67
  33. ↑ "Indian Affairs". Louisiana Office of the Governor. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Federal and State-Tribal Contact Information" (PDF). Louisiana Governor's Office of Indian Affairs. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Louisiana Governor's Office of Indian Affairs" Retrieved on 4/8/2008 Archived 2008-10-13 at the Wayback Machine .
  36. ↑ Sheffield (1998): 67
  37. 1 2 3 4 Witte, Brian. "Md. Formally Recognizes 2 American Indian Groups.", NBC Washington, 9 Jan 2011, Retrieved 10 Jan 2011
  38. ↑ Executive Orders 01.01.2012.01 and 01.01.2012.02 "Recognition of tribes in the state", Governor's Office
  39. ↑ "Accohannock Indian Tribe v. Tyler". CaseText. 14 December 2021.
  40. ↑ "Native Americans". Maryland Manual On-Line. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
  41. ↑ name=section8A> "Section 8A: Commission on Indian affairs; membership; functions". Administration of the Government. The 193rd General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
  42. ↑ Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 6A, § 8A.
  43. 1 2 "No. 126: Massachusetts Native Americans | Mass.gov". www.mass.gov. Retrieved 2023-09-14.
  44. ↑ "Northeast". Tribal Directory. National Congress of American Indians . Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  45. ↑ Swimmer, R. (1987). Final determination for federal acknowledgment of the Wampanoag Tribal Council of Gay Head, Inc., FR Doc. 87-2877. US Government Printing Office: Washington, D.C.
  46. ↑ Carson, J., U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs. (2004). Summary under the criteria of evidence for final determination of federal recognition of the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribal Council, Inc. Archived 2012-09-21 at the Wayback Machine . (71 FR 17488). U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, D.C.
  47. 1 2 "Governor Healey Signs Executive Order Granting State Recognition to Herring Pond Wampanoag Tribe". Commonwealth of Massachusetts. November 19, 2024. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  48. ↑ Cole, Katie (2024-11-20). "Healey grants Herring Pond Wampanoag Tribe state recognition". www.wbur.org. Retrieved 2024-11-20.
  49. ↑ "By Her Excellency Maura T. Healey Governor Executive Order No. 637". Commonwealth of Massachusetts. November 19, 2024. Retrieved November 20, 2024.
  50. ↑ "Section 8A: Commission on Indian affairs; membership; functions". Administration of the Government. The 193rd General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
  51. ↑ "Minutes of the Virtual Meeting of the Massachusetts Commission on Indian Affairs, August 9, 2023". mass.gov.
  52. 1 2 "Final Determination Against Federal Acknowledgment of the Nipmuc Nation". Federal Register. Indian Affairs Bureau. 25 June 2004. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  53. ↑ https://www.mass.gov/info-details/indian-affairs?_gl=1*12qoc2m*_ga*NjcxNzM5MDIyLjE2OTA5NTA0MzU.*_ga_MCLPEGW7WM*MTcyOTc0MDAyMi4zLjEuMTcyOTc0MDA0Mi4wLjAuMA..
  54. ↑ "Tribal Governments in Michigan". State of Michigan. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
  55. ↑ "Federal Funding for Non-Federally Recognized Tribes" (PDF). Government Accountability Office. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
  56. ↑ "MS HR50, 2016". LegiScan. 15 March 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  57. 1 2 3 Indian Country Today March 27, 2019
  58. ↑ "Tribal Directory: Northeast". National Congress of American Indians . Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  59. 1 2 3 4 5 6 North Carolina Department of Administration (February 2007). "North Carolina American Indian Tribes and Organizations" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-17. Retrieved 2005-07-28.
  60. 1 2 Sheffield (1998) p68-70
  61. ↑ "Virginia tribes take another step on road to federal recognition" Archived 2009-10-26 at archive.today in Richmond Times-Dispatch, 28 October 2009.
  62. ↑ Filby, Max; King, Danae (9 October 2023). "What does it mean to be a Native American tribe? In Ohio, the answer is complicated". The Columbus Dispatch. Archived from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2024. She now considers herself to be a tribal elder with the East of the River Shawnee, a non-federally recognized group that broke off from the United Remnant Band of Shawnee years ago.
  63. ↑ "American Indians in Ohio", Ohio Memory: An Online Scrapbook of Ohio History. The Ohio Historical Society, retrieved October 10, 2006[ dead link ]
  64. 1 2 Lazarus, David. "Tribal question a matter of dollars", Los Angeles Times, 2 November 2007, accessed 11 January 2014
  65. ↑ "South Carolina's Recognized Native American entities". South Carolina Commission for Minority Affairs. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
  66. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "South Carolina's Recognized Native American Indian Entities". South Carolina Commission for Minority Affairs. 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  67. 1 2 3 4 5 6 South Carolina Commission for Minority Affairs. "SC tribes and groups" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-01-02.
  68. 1 2 South Carolina Indian Affairs Commission. "Members". Archived from the original on 2013-01-11.
  69. 1 2 3 South Carolina Indigenous Gallery. "Visitors Center". Archived from the original on 2007-09-02.
  70. ↑ "List of Petitioners by State (as of 11/12/2013)" (PDF).
  71. ↑ Johnson, Chloe (20 May 2018). "South Carolina's Native American tribes aim to protect their legacy with new legislation". Post and Courier. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  72. ↑ "S.C. recognizes Chickasaw tribe". Spartanburg Herald Journal. goupstate.com. 11 June 2005. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  73. 1 2 Gleaton, Sonja (7 March 2007). "The Great Spirit... NEVER FORGETS State recognizes Natchez Tribe of South Carolina, Pee Dee Indian Nation of Beaver Creek". The Times and Democrat. Vol. 126, no. 71. Newspapers.com. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  74. ↑ Zaleski, Gene (27 January 2020). "Pine Hill Indian Tribe gets state sanction for community development organization". The Times and Democrat. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  75. ↑ "State Recognized Tribes". National Conference of State Legislatures. Archived from the original on 25 October 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  76. ↑ Brewer, Graham Lee; Ahtone, Tristan (27 October 2021). "In Texas, a group claiming to be Cherokee faces questions about authenticity". NBC News. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  77. ↑ "Texas Senate Concurrent Resolution 25". LegiScan. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  78. ↑ "House Concurrent Resolution No. 171" (PDF). State of Texas Secretary of State. 25 May 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
  79. ↑ "Texas Senate Bill 231". LegiScan. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  80. ↑ "Texas Senate Bill 1479". LegiScan. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  81. ↑ "Texas House Bill 2005". LegiScan. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
  82. 1 2 Vermonters Concerned on Native American Affairs. "Tribal Sites VT" . Retrieved 2011-12-28.
  83. ↑ "Petitioner #068: St. Francis/Sokoki Band of Abenakis of Vermont, VT". Indian Affairs. U.S. Department of the Interior. October 2007. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
  84. ↑ Receipt of Petitions for Federal Acknowledgment of Existence as an Indian Tribe (68 FR 13724)
  85. 1 2 Virginia Council on Indians. "Virginia Tribes". Archived from the original on 2003-08-10.
  86. ↑ "Chinook Indian Tribe". Tribal Directory. National Congress of American Indians. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
  87. ↑ Portland State University. "Tansey Point Treaties". Public History PDX. Retrieved 2022-09-21.

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The term Five Civilized Tribes was applied by the United States government in the early federal period of the history of the United States to the five major Native American nations in the Southeast: the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee (Creek), and Seminoles. White Americans classified them as "civilized" because they had adopted attributes of the Anglo-American culture.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wampanoag</span> Native American tribes in Massachusetts

The Wampanoag, also rendered Wôpanâak, are a Native American people of the Northeastern Woodlands currently based in southeastern Massachusetts and formerly parts of eastern Rhode Island. Their historical territory includes the islands of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket.

The Lumbee are a Native American community primarily centered in Robeson, Hoke, Cumberland, and Scotland counties in North Carolina. The Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina is a state-recognized tribe in North Carolina numbering approximately 55,000 enrolled members.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Houma people</span> Native American tribe located in Louisiana, United States

The Houma are a historic Native American people of Louisiana on the east side of the Red River of the South. The United Houma Nation, who identify as descendants of the Houma people, have been recognized by the state as a tribe since 1972, but are not recognized by the federal government.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Occaneechi Band of the Saponi Nation</span> State-recognized tribe in North Carolina, United States

The Occaneechi Band of the Saponi Nation is a state-recognized tribe in North Carolina.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Native American recognition in the United States</span>

Native American recognition in the United States, for tribes, usually means being recognized by the United States federal government as a community of Indigenous people that has been in continual existence since prior to European contact, and which has a sovereign, government-to-government relationship with the Federal government of the United States. In the United States, the Native American tribe is a fundamental unit of sovereign tribal government. This recognition comes with various rights and responsibilities. The United States recognizes the right of these tribes to self-government and supports their tribal sovereignty and self-determination. These tribes possess the right to establish the legal requirements for membership. They may form their own government, enforce laws, tax, license and regulate activities, zone, and exclude people from tribal territories. Limitations on tribal powers of self-government include the same limitations applicable to states; for example, neither tribes nor states have the power to make war, engage in foreign relations, or coin money.

The MOWA Band of Choctaw Indians is a state-recognized tribe, located in southwest Alabama, with a population largely based in southern Washington County and some membership in northern Mobile County.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jena Band of Choctaw Indians</span> Ethnic group

The Jena Band of Choctaw Indians are one of three federally recognized Choctaw tribes in the United States. They are based in La Salle, Catahoula, and Grant parishes in the U.S. state of Louisiana. The Jena Band received federal recognition in 1995 and has a reservation in Grant Parish. Their headquarters are in Jena, Louisiana. Tribal membership totals 327.

The Yowani were a historical group of Choctaw people who lived in Texas. Yowani was also the name of a preremoval Choctaw village.

The Northern Cherokee Nation of the Old Louisiana Territory is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization of individuals who self-identify as Cherokee but are not state or federally recognized as a Native American tribe or government. The headquarters for the NCNOLT is in Columbia, Missouri.

The Seaconke Wampanoag Tribe is one of several cultural heritage organizations of individuals who identify as descendants of the Wampanoag people in Rhode Island and Massachusetts. Multiple nonprofit organizations were formed to represent the Seaconke Wampanoag.

The Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe is one of two federally recognized tribes of Wampanoag people in Massachusetts. Recognized in 2007, they are headquartered in Mashpee on Cape Cod. The other Wampanoag tribe is the Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah) on Martha's Vineyard.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama</span> State-recognized heritage group in Alabama, US

The Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama is a state-recognized tribe in Alabama and Cherokee heritage group. It is based in northern Alabama and gained state-recognition under the Davis-Strong Act in 1984.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cherokee Tribe of Northeast Alabama</span> State-recognized tribe in Alabama, United States

The Cherokee Tribe of Northeast Alabama (CTNEAL), formerly the Cherokees of Jackson County, is a state-recognized tribe in Alabama. They have about 3,000 members. The tribe has a representative on the Alabama Indian Affairs Commission and the Inter-Tribal Council of Alabama. They are not federally recognized as a Native American tribe.

The Choctaw-Apache Tribe of Ebarb is a state-recognized tribe and nonprofit organization in Louisiana. The members of the tribe are descendants of Choctaw and Lipan Apache people and are required to prove lineal descent as part of their state-approved membership process. The tribe is based in the towns of Zwolle, Louisiana and Ebarb, Louisiana, both of which are in Sabine Parish, Louisiana, where the group have lived since the early 18th century.

The Atapaka Ishak Nation, officially named the Atakapa Ishak Tribe of Southeast Texas and Southwest Louisiana, is a cultural heritage organization of individuals who identify as descendants of the Atakapa people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Talimali Band of Apalachee Indians</span> Cultural organization in Louisiana

The Talimali Band of Apalachee Indians is one of several cultural heritage organizations of individuals who identify as descendants of the Apalachee people. The historical Apalachee were a Muskogean language–speaking tribe who lived at the Florida-Georgia border north of the Gulf of Mexico until the beginning of the 18th century.

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