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Canada has numerous Indian reserves, also known as First Nations reserves, for First Nations people, which were mostly established in 1876 by the Indian Act and have been variously expanded and reduced by royal commissions since. They are sometimes incorrectly called by the American term "reservations". [1] [2] [3] [4]
| Name as used by Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada | First Nation(s) | Ethnic/national group | Tribal council | Treaty | Area | Population [177] | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ha | acre | 2016 | 2011 | % difference | ||||||
| Natuashish 2 [178] | Mushuau Innu | Naskapi | — | n/a | 4,267.3 | 10,544.7 | 936 | 931 | 0.5% | |
| Samiajij Miawpukek [179] | Miawpukek | Miꞌkmaq | — | n/a | 2,839.0 | 7,015.3 | 956 | 920 | 3.9% | |
| Sheshatshiu 3 [180] | Sheshatshiu Innu | Innu | — | n/a | 804.0 | 1,986.7 | 1,023 | 1,314 | -22.1% | |
The Inuit self-governing region of Nunatsiavut, the unrecognized Inuit territory of NunatuKavut and Nitassinan, the ancestral homeland of the Innu, are also located in Labrador. The Qalipu Mi'kmaq, [181] a Miꞌkmaq people, have passed the final stages of obtaining Status under the Indian Act, and since 2011 has been a recognized band in Newfoundland.
| Name as used by Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada | First Nation(s) | Ethnic/national group | Tribal council | Treaty | Area | Population [226] | Notes & references | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ha | acre | 2016 | 2011 | % difference | ||||||
| Hay River Dene 1 [227] | K'atlodeeche | Slavey | Dehcho First Nations | 8 | 13,517.4 | 33,402.2 | 309 | 292 | 5.8% | |
| Salt Plains 195 [228] | Salt River #195 | Dene | Akaitcho Territory Government | 8 | 44.7 | 110.5 | 0 | 0 | % | The Salt River First Nation also has Fitzgerald No. 196, a 3,715.0 ha (9,180 acres) reserve in Alberta. [229] |
| Salt River No. 195 [230] | Salt River #195 | Dene | Akaitcho Territory Government | 8 | 40,353.3 | 99,715.2 | The Salt River First Nation also has Fitzgerald No. 196, a 3,715.0 ha (9,180 acres) reserve in Alberta. [231] | |||
There are only three actual Indian reserves in the Northwest Territories, Hay River Dene 1, Salt River 195 and Salt Plains 195. All other places are Indian settlements. The Smith's Landing First Nation is, according to INAC, headquartered in the NWT but are listed as an Alberta First Nations. Not included are Enterprise (predominantly non-Aboriginal (57.1%), 23.8% First Nations, 9.5% Métis, 9.5% Inuit [232] ) and Norman Wells (predominantly non-Aboriginal (58.3%), 25.8% First Nations, 11.3% Métis, 2.0% Inuit and 3.9% other Aboriginal [233] ). Also not included are the Inuvialuit communities of Paulatuk, Sachs Harbour Tuktoyaktuk and Ulukhaktok. Of these only Tuktoyaktuk reported a First Nations presence (1.7%). [234]
| Name as used by Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada | First Nation(s) | Ethnic/national group | Tribal council | Treaty | Area | Population [235] | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ha | acre | 2016 | 2011 | % difference | ||||||
| Lennox Island 1 [236] | Lennox Island | Miꞌkmaq | Epekwitk Assembly of Councils | n/a | 535.1 | 1,322.3 | 323 | 293 | 10% | |
| Lennox Island No.6 [237] | Lennox Island | Miꞌkmaq | Epekwitk Assembly of Councils | n/a | 9.7 | 24.0 | ||||
| Lennox Island Reserve No. 5 [238] | Lennox Island | Miꞌkmaq | Epekwitk Assembly of Councils | n/a | 18.8 | 46.5 | ||||
| Morell 2 [239] | Abegweit | Miꞌkmaq | Epekwitk Assembly of Councils | n/a | 74.1 | 183.1 | 22 | 24 | -8.3% | |
| Rocky Point 3 [240] | Abegweit | Miꞌkmaq | Epekwitk Assembly of Councils | n/a | 4.9 | 12.1 | 51 | 49 | 4.1% | |
| Scotchfort 4 [241] | Abegweit | Miꞌkmaq | Epekwitk Assembly of Councils | n/a | 113.1 | 279.5 | 200 | 148 | 35.1% | |
Other First Nations lands can be found at list of Cree and Naskapi territories in Quebec and Inuit lands at list of northern villages and Inuit reserved lands in Quebec.
In Quebec, the Indian Act applies only to the First Nations of the southern part of the province, so Indian reserves are only found in the south. The Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations assigns 34 tracts of land as Indian reserves and settlements under the Indian Act:
The Cree, or nehinaw, are a North American Indigenous people, numbering more than 350,000 in Canada, where they form one of the country's largest First Nations. They live primarily to the north and west of Lake Superior in the provinces of Alberta, Labrador, Manitoba, the Northwest Territories, Ontario, and Saskatchewan. Another roughly 27,000 live in Quebec.
The Chipewyan are a Dene Indigenous Canadian people of the Athabaskan language family, whose ancestors are identified with the Taltheilei Shale archaeological tradition. They are part of the Northern Athabascan group of peoples, and hail from what is now Western Canada.
Division No. 17 is a census division in Alberta, Canada. It spans the central and northwest portions of northern Alberta and its largest urban community is the Town of Slave Lake. Division No. 17 is the largest census division in Alberta according to area and also has the lowest population density.
Lac Brochet 197A is a Dene Indian reserve of the Northlands Denesuline First Nation, located in the boreal forest of northern Manitoba, Canada. It is situated on the north shore of Lac Brochet, located 240 km (150 mi) northwest of the city of Thompson.
The First Nations of New Brunswick, Canada number more than 16,000, mostly Miꞌkmaq and Maliseet (Wolastoqiyik). Although the Passamaquoddy maintain a land claim at Saint Andrews, New Brunswick and historically occurred in New Brunswick, they have no reserves in the province, and have no official status in Canada.
Grouard, also known as Grouard Mission, is a hamlet in northern Alberta within Big Lakes County. It was previously an incorporated municipality between 1909 and 1944.
Kapawe'no 150B, historically known as Freeman 150B, is an Indian reserve of the Kapawe'no First Nation in Alberta, located within Big Lakes County. It is 8 kilometers northwest of Lesser Slave Lake. In the 2016 Canadian Census, it recorded a population of 154 living in of its 45 total private dwellings.
Marcel Colomb First Nation (MCFN), Band #328, is a First Nations Band of approximately 449 Registered Swampy Cree and Rocky Cree (Asinīskāwiyiniwak) located in the area of Lynn Lake, Manitoba, Canada.
The Clearwater River Dene Nation is a Dene First Nations band government in the boreal forest area of northern Saskatchewan, Canada. It maintains offices in the village of Clearwater River situated on the eastern shore of Lac La Loche. The Clearwater River Dene Nation reserve of Clearwater River shares its southern border with the village of La Loche.
The Buffalo River Dene Nation is a Dene First Nations band government in Saskatchewan, Canada. The band's main community, Dillon, is located on the western shore of Peter Pond Lake at the mouth of the Dillon River, and is accessed by Highway 925 from Highway 155.
The Kapawe'no First Nation is a band government in Alberta, Canada. It is headquartered at Grouard, Alberta, which is near High Prairie.
The Indigenous peoples of Yukon are ethnic groups who, prior to European contact, occupied the former countries now collectively known as Yukon. While most First Nations in the Canadian territory are a part of the wider Dene Nation, there are Tlingit and Métis nations that blend into the wider spectrum of indigeneity across Canada. Traditionally hunter-gatherers, indigenous peoples and their associated nations retain close connections to the land, the rivers and the seasons of their respective countries or homelands. Their histories are recorded and passed down the generations through oral traditions. European contact and invasion brought many changes to the native cultures of Yukon including land loss and non-traditional governance and education. However, indigenous people in Yukon continue to foster their connections with the land in seasonal wage labour such as fishing and trapping. Today, indigenous groups aim to maintain and develop indigenous languages, traditional or culturally-appropriate forms of education, cultures, spiritualities and indigenous rights.
Kapawe'no 150C, formerly known as Halcro 150C, is an Indian reserve of the Kapawe'no First Nation in Alberta, located within Big Lakes County. It is 17 kilometres northeast of High Prairie.
Kapawe'no 150D, formerly known as Pakashan 150D, is an Indian reserve of the Kapawe'no First Nation in Alberta, located within Big Lakes County. It is 13 kilometres northwest of Lesser Slave Lake. In the 2016 Canadian Census, it recorded a population of 5 living in 4 of its 7 total private dwellings.
Kapawe'no 229 is an Indian reserve of the Kapawe'no First Nation in Alberta, located within Big Lakes County. It is 27 kilometres northeast of High Prairie.
Kapawe'no 230 is an Indian reserve of the Kapawe'no First Nation in Alberta, located within Big Lakes County. It is 25 kilometres northeast of High Prairie.
Kapawe'no 231 is an Indian reserve of the Kapawe'no First Nation in Alberta, located within Big Lakes County. It is 86 kilometres north of Swan Hills.
