Mingan

Mingan Ekuanitshit
First Nations reserve
Mingan Location in Côte-Nord region of Quebec
Coordinates: 50°18′N64°02′W / 50.300°N 64.033°W / 50.300; -64.033
Country	Canada
Province	Quebec
Region	Côte-Nord
Regional county	none
Formed	1963
Government [1]
• Chief	Jean-Charles Piétacho
• Federal riding	Manicouagan
• Prov. riding	Duplessis
Area [1] [2]
• Total	38.38 km2 (14.82 sq mi)
• Land	17.24 km2 (6.66 sq mi)
Population  (2021) [2]
• Total	552
• Density	32.0/km2 (83/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC-5 (EST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC-4 (EDT)
Postal Code	G0G 1V0
Area code(s)	418 and 581

Mingan, also known as Ekuanitshit in Innu-aimun, is an Innu First Nations reserve, at the mouth of the Mingan River, on Mingan Bay, on the Nort shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It belongs to the Innu band of Ekuanitshit, geographically it is within Cote-Nord region, Minganie Regional County Municipality (administratively not part of it), Quebec, Canada. ^[3]

Geography

The reserve is accessible via Quebec Route 138, 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) east of the village of Longue-Pointe-de-Mingan and 36 kilometers (22 mi) west of downtown Havre-Saint-Pierre. It is serviced by a health centre, community radio station, library, cultural centre, community store, municipal water and sewer system, fire station, and an aboriginal police force. ^[3]

The name Mingan, already appearing as mican on a map of 1631, is generally considered to originate from the Innu word maikan, meaning "timber wolf". But there is no certainty over this interpretation. It has also been proposed that it may have come from the Basque word mingain meaning "language", or the Breton term menguen that translates as "white stone". ^[4]

History

Naskapi Aboriginal people at the Hudson Bay's Post at Mingan, 1862

Historically, the region was the homeland of the Innu people, who came there from their inland hunting grounds to spend the summer on the coast. Mingan was a summer gathering site where the Innu would fish for salmon, hunt for whale, have family meetings, and trade with each other. In 1661 the Mingan Seignory was granted and Europeans began to settle in the area, marking the beginnings of the fur trade, which continued until the early 20th century. The North West Company and then the Hudson's Bay Company (from 1807 to 1873) maintained trading posts there under the name Mingan, which were frequently visited by Innu to trade furs, although they continued to stay there during the summers only. ^[5]

Aboriginal group at Mingan, 1920

The Innu's nomadic way of life was disrupted during World War II, as mining and forestry companies moved into the area. After the war, mandatory education, fluctuating fur prices, and government housing programs led the Innu to settle permanently there. ^[5]

On April 30, 1963, the Government of Québec transferred 7 square miles (18 km²) of land in the seignory of Mingan to the Government of Canada to establish a reserve for the Mingan region Innu. The reserve however had no access to the Mingan River, which the Innu depended on for subsistence. After many years of struggle, the river banks were added to the reserve in 1983. In 1996, it was further expanded. ^{[5] [6]}

Watherway

Ports of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, on the Côte-Nord Shore: Blanc-Sablon, Harrington Harbor, Natashquan, Havre-Saint-Pierre, Mingan, Port-Menier (Anticosti Island), Cap-aux-Meules (Îles-de-la-Madeleine). ^{[7] [8]}

Demographics

As of 2022, the band counted 690 members, of which 635 persons are living in the community. ^[9]

Private dwellings occupied by usual residents amount to 160 out of a total of 165. Mother tongues spoken on the reserve are (2021): ^[2]

• English as first language: 0%
• French as first language: 1.8%
• Innu (Montagnais) as first language: 82.7%
• French and other as first language: 16.4%

Historical census populations – Mingan

Year Pop. ±% 1976 308 —     1981 274 −11.0% 1986 351 +28.1% 1991 365 +4.0% 1996 431 +18.1%	Year Pop. ±% 2001 391 −9.3% 2006 407 +4.1% 2011 453 +11.3% 2016 552 +21.9% 2021 552 +0.0%
Source: Statistics Canada [10]

Culture

Lectern and liturgical book

St. George's Church, catholic Innu Mission, was built in the years 1917-1918 by John Maloney, and is entirely decorated with works created by Innu and Montagnais artists from Ekuanitshit. ^{[11] [12]}

• Cultural heritage: Ekuanitshit/St Georges de Mingan church
• 
  Large crucifix above the high altar
• 
  Holy water font or perhaps baptismal font
• 
  Innu patterned curtains, hunting, game, tents
• 
  Stations of the cross, stations VI - VII - VIII - IX
• 
  High altar, tabernacle, lamps and painted cloth

Education

There is only one school on the reserve, École Teueikan, that provides pre-Kindergarten to Secondary grade 4, and had an enrollment of 106 students in 2008–2009.

See also

• Innus of Ekuanitshit

References

1. "Répertoire des municipalités: Geographic code 98808". www.mamh.gouv.qc.ca (in French). Ministère des Affaires municipales et de l'Habitation. Retrieved 2024-06-06.
2. "Mingan (Code 2498808) Census Profile". 2021 census . Government of Canada - Statistics Canada . Retrieved 2024-06-06.
3. "Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada". Government of Canada. 2023-11-29. Retrieved 21 January 2024. modernize Government of Canada structures to enable Indigenous peoples to build capacity and support their vision of self-determination
4. "Mingan". Commission de toponymie Quebec (in French). Government of Quebec. 1986-12-18. Retrieved 22 January 2024. Despite the Innu's frequent use of the site, they did not obtain a reserve until 1963.
5. Harold Bherer; Sylvie Gagnon; Jacinte Roberge (1990), Wampum and letters patent: exploratory study of native entrepreneurship, IRPP, pp. 109–111, ISBN   978-0-88645-116-5
6. Natural Resources Canada - Legal Surveys Division, Historical Review - Mingan land title history Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine
7. Pierre Camu (1959). "Ports in the province of Quebec" (PDF). Quebec geography notebooks (in French). Department of Geography at Laval University. pp. 3 of 10. Retrieved 13 October 2024. Ports of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, on the Côte-Nord Shore: Blanc-Sablon, Harrington Harbor, Natashquan, Havre-Saint-Pierre, Mingan, Port-Menier (Anticosti Island), Cap-aux-Meules (Îles-de-la -Madeleine)
8. "Monthly and annual statistics Statistics on marine transportation occurrences". Gouvernement of Canada. Transportation Safety Board of Canada. 2024. Retrieved 13 October 2024. Marine transportation Data and statistics Monthly and annual statistics, Monthly and Annual
9. "Indigenous communities in Quebec". 15 October 2021.
10. 1996, 2001, 2006, 2016, 2021 census
11. "Church of St. George Mingan". catholic.org. 2023-12-08. Retrieved 22 January 2024. Jurisdiction: Diocese of Baie-Comeau 15, rue Mistamehkanau, Mingan
12. "Church of St. George". Quebec Ministry of Culture and Communications (in French). Heritage directory cultural of Quebe. 2024. Retrieved 6 July 2024. Includes, ambo, altar, baptismal font, candle holder

External links

• Mamit Innuat tribal council - Ekuanitshit (Mingan)
• Lower North Shore Community Web Site