Bear Island 1 | |
---|---|
Bear Island Indian Reserve No. 1 | |
Coordinates: 46°59′N80°04′W / 46.983°N 80.067°W | |
Country | Canada |
Province | Ontario |
District | Nipissing |
First Nation | Temagami |
Area | |
• Land | 2.91 km2 (1.12 sq mi) |
Population (2011) [1] | |
• Total | Incompletely enumerated |
Time zone | UTC-5 (EST) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC-4 (EDT) |
Website | www |
The Temagami First Nation is located on Bear Island in the heart of Lake Temagami, the second largest in Lake Temagami after Temagami Island. Its community is known as Bear Island 1. Temagami First Nation (TFN) members are status Indians under the Indian Act that live on and off Bear Island. [2]
The Teme-Augama Anishnabai ("Deep Water by the Shore People") are part of the Anishinaabe people, and Bear Island represents only a small portion of the Anishinaabe's Nindakiiminan ("our land"; locally syncoped as Ndakiimnan or "n'daki menan"), which includes over ten thousand square kilometers of land in the area. Some citizens are status Indian (TFN) within the framework of the Indian Act. The majority are not accorded status under the Indian Act, but are still recognized as full community members by the Teme-Augama Anishnabai. [3] [2]
The Temagami First Nation website states, "The Teme-Augama Anishnabai have utilized the Temagami region of Canada for over 9,000 years." [3]
Scientific evidence of early occupation of the area is sparse. Lake Temagami was free of glacial ice at about 12,150 cal B.P. [4] There is scientific evidence that the Three Pines site, located at Sand Point on the hub of Lake Temagami near Bear Island, could have been occupied after 7,500 B.P. [4] The Three Pines site includes artifacts similar those found elsewhere that dated to the Archaic Period (7,000-3,000 B.P.). [5] There is radiocarbon-dated evidence of human occupation 8488 ± 105 cal B.P. 130 km to the west at Fox Lake and 5791 ± 275 cal B.P. to the north east where the Montreal River empties into Lake Timiskaming. [4]
The Temagami Indigenous people built homes on Bear Island in the 1880s in addition to homes on their own family lands. Early chiefs included White Bear (Wabimakwa), [6] Nebenegwune [7] and François Kabimigwune, who was succeeded by his son Ignace Tonené in 1878, who was succeeded by John Paul who died in 1893, leaving Ignace Tonené in power until 1910 when he gave way to his younger brother Frank White Bear. [8]
In 1943, Bear Island was purchased by the Department of Indian Affairs from the Province of Ontario, for the sum of $3,000.00, in order to be designated as a permanent reserve.
The Temagami First Nation refused to accept Bear Island as a reserve until they were denied housing subsidy funds in 1968 until it was agreed, under duress, that Bear Island would become an official Reserve in accordance with the Indian Act of Canada.
Official reserve status was granted in 1971 and the establishment of the Band Office occurred shortly after in the former Department of Lands and Forests building which had been constructed in approximately 1903.
Maple Mountain in Lady Evelyn-Smoothwater Provincial Park is a sacred site of the Temagami First Nation. The Teme-Augama Anishnabai call the mountain Chee-bay-jing, meaning "the place where the spirits go". It is considered the most sacred and powerful place within their realm.
In 1973, Chief Gary Potts of the Temagami Indian Band registered a land caution against The Crown, in Ontario, to stop development on the traditional territory of 10,000 square kilometres, which had been appropriated as Crown land. The Attorney-General of Ontario pursued legal action against the Band for this caution. While the TAA lost this court case in 1984, the Band proceeded with an appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada where in 1991 it was adjudicated that the Crown had breached its fiduciary obligations to the Temagami Indians and adhered the Band to the 1850 Robinson Huron Treaty. [9] [10]
In 1988, the Ontario Minister of Natural Resources, Vince Kerrio, approved the expansion of the Red Squirrel logging road, directly through disputed territory. This prompted a series of roadblocks by the TAA in 1988-1989. Environmentalists and allies provided strong and continued public support.
In 1991, the Wendeban Stewardship Authority was created by the TAA and the Ontario government to manage four townships near the logging road. A land use plan was completed by the authority, however there was no funding nor workers to implement the plan. [3] In February 1995 the authority started winding down and was replaced with the Temagami Comprehensive Planning Council. [11]
A Draft Settlement Agreement has been developed but a decision to accept the agreement by the community is yet to be determined.
The reserve is situated on a one square mile Island in the pristine Temagami Wilderness and Bear Island is home to over 200 permanent residents out of a total of over 500 registered members. Community Days, held in late summer each year, bring back a large part of the full membership as it is an opportunity to renew friendships and family ties and participate in annual Band Council elections.
The Band Council of Temagami First Nation is currently composed of Chief Arnold Paul, Second Chief John Turner, Councillors: Micheal Paul, Wayne Potts, Alice Moore, Jamie Friday, Jamie Saville and Doug Mckenzie Sr. The council was elected in July 2017 for a 3 year Term. [12] The island was the 2020 Single Island Search (S.I.S.) winner. The S.I.S. is annual environmental project made by Ben Koser.
Sir Oliver Mowat was a Canadian lawyer, politician, and Ontario Liberal Party leader. He served for nearly 24 years as the third premier of Ontario. He was the eighth lieutenant governor of Ontario and one of the Fathers of Confederation. He is best known for defending successfully the constitutional rights of the provinces in the face of the centralizing tendency of the national government as represented by his longtime Conservative adversary, John A. Macdonald. This longevity and power was due to his maneuvering to build a political base around Liberals, Catholics, trade unions, and anti-French-Canadian sentiment.
McGarry is an incorporated township in Timiskaming District in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. It includes the communities of Virginiatown and Kearns. The township borders with Quebec to the east, along Highway 66 between Kirkland Lake and Rouyn-Noranda. The northern border of the township forms part of the border between Timiskaming District and Cochrane District. Highway 66 was rerouted in 2017 because of concerns that aging mine shafts under the road could cause it to collapse.
Bear Island is an island in Lake Temagami of Northeastern Ontario, Canada. With an area of 4.66 km2 (1.80 sq mi), it is the second largest island in Lake Temagami after Temagami Island. Much of Bear Island is in Joan Township, a geographic township that also includes the Joan Peninsula to the northwest.
Lady Evelyn-Smoothwater Provincial Park is a remote wilderness park in northeastern Ontario, Canada, north of Lake Temagami. This operating park, requiring permits for all visitors, encompasses "rugged topography, clear lakes, stunning waterfalls, and rushing rivers".
Garden River First Nation, also known as Ketegaunseebee, is an Ojibwa band located at Garden River 14 near Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada.
The Robinson Treaties are two treaties signed between the Ojibwa chiefs and the Crown in 1850 in the Province of Canada. The first treaty involved Ojibwa chiefs along the north shore of Lake Superior, and is known as the Robinson Superior Treaty. The second treaty, signed two days later, included Ojibwa chiefs from along the eastern and northern shores of Lake Huron, and is known as the Robinson Huron Treaty. The Wiikwemkoong First Nation did not sign either treaty, and their land is considered "unceded".
Temagami, formerly spelled Timagami, is a municipality in northeastern Ontario, Canada, in the Nipissing District with Lake Temagami at its heart.
Temagami Island, formerly spelt as Timagami Island, is an island in Lake Temagami in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. It is the largest island within the lake, with Bear Island coming second. The island has many hiking trails that lead into the old-growth forest that is a mix of large white and red pine trees. Temagami Mine, later known as Copperfields Mine, was a copper mine that opened on Temagami Island in 1954. It was considered to be the largest deposit of nearly pure chalcopyrite ever discovered in Canada. The mine closed in 1972.
The White Bear Forest is an old growth forest, located in Temagami, Ontario, Canada. The forest is named after Chief White Bear, who was the last chief of the Teme-Augama Anishnabai before Europeans appeared in the region. In some parts of the White Bear Forest trees commonly reach 200 to 300 years in age, while the oldest tree accurately aged in White Bear Forest was a red pine that was 400 years old in 1999. The White Bear Forest contains one of Canada's oldest portages, dating back some 3,000 years. Today, more than 17 km (11 mi) of trails access the White Bear Forest. A trail guide is available online at http://ancientforest.org/whitebear.html.
The Teme-Augama Anishnabai is the Indigenous Anishinaabe community of the Temagami First Nation. The ancestors of Teme-Augama Anishnabai have trapped and hunted animals in the Temagami region of Canada for over 5,000 years. Bear Island on Lake Temagami is home to the Indigenous community.
High Rock is a hill in Nipissing District of Northeastern Ontario, Canada, located 24 km (15 mi) southwest of the village of Temagami. The highest point on High Rock Island, it is one of many scenic viewpoints on Lake Temagami.
Gary Potts was a chief of the Temagami First Nation and the Teme-Augama Anishnabai in Temagami, Ontario, Canada. He was chief in August 1973 when the Temagami Land Caution began with land claims being filed with title offices to prevent development on Crown land.
The Temagami Magnetic Anomaly, also called the Temagami Anomaly or the Wanapitei Anomaly, is a magnetic anomaly resulting from a large buried geologic structure in the Canadian Shield near Temagami, Ontario, Canada. It stretches from Lake Wanapitei in the west to Bear Island in Lake Temagami.
Rib Lake is a long and narrow lake in the Town of Latchford and in the Municipality of Temagami in Northeastern Ontario, Canada, located about 9 kilometres (6 mi) southeast of the centre of the community of Latchford and 9 kilometres (6 mi) northeast of the community of Temagami North. The lake is in the Ottawa River drainage basin and is the main access for canoeists en route to Rib Mountain.
Bruce Allan Clark is a Canadian native rights lawyer, writer and activist. He rose to attention as part of the Gustafsen Lake Standoff and its aftermath.
The Temagami Land Caution was a territorial dispute in the Temagami area of Northeastern Ontario, Canada. In 1877, deputy chief Ignace Tonené filed a land claim concerning the Temagami region with the Parry Sound federal Indian Agent. The modern land claim was filed with land title offices in August 1973 by Gary Potts, then Chief of the Teme-Augama Anishnabai Indigenous Nation. The caution was intended as a way of maintaining 10,000 km2 (3,900 sq mi) of land that they claimed as "n'Daki Menan", meaning "Our Land". Existing throughout much of the 1970s and 1980s, it effectively prevented all types of development on Crown land, such as mining. Crown land sales were also prohibited due to the Temagami Land Caution. In 1988, Vince Kerrio approved the expansion of Red Squirrel Road directly through the Temagami Land Caution. This prompted a series of roadblocks by the Teme-Augama Anishnabai and by environmentalists in 1988–1989. In 1991, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that the Teme-Augama Anishnabai gave up rights to the land via the 1850 Robinson Treaty despite the Tema-Augama Anishnabai claiming that they never signed or consented to the treaty. The Temagami Land Caution was lifted in 1995 as a result of a court order by the Supreme Court of Canada.
Ignace Tonené, also known as Nias or by his Ojibwe name Maiagizis, was a Teme-Augama Anishnabai chief, fur trader, and gold prospector in Upper Canada. He was a prominent employee of the Hudson's Bay Company.
Chief Tonene Lake is a lake in the Timiskaming District of Ontario, Canada.
White Bear was a Temagami First Nation chief.
Peter Nebenegwune, commonly known as Nebenegwune, was the head chief, of the Temagami First Nation in Ontario, Canada.