Land Back

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Land back graffiti with anarchist symbology and an unrelated artist, 2020 Free Cap Hill.jpg
Land back graffiti with anarchist symbology and an unrelated artist, 2020

Land Back, also referred to with hashtag #LandBack or Rematriation, is a decentralised campaign that emerged in the late 2010s among Indigenous Australians, Indigenous peoples in Canada, Native Americans in the United States, other indigenous peoples and allies who seek to reestablish Indigenous sovereignty, with political and economic control of their ancestral lands. [1] [2] [3] Activists have also used the Land Back framework in Mexico, [4] and scholars have applied it in New Zealand and Fiji. [5] Land Back is part of a broader Indigenous movement for decolonization. [6] [1]

Contents

Description

Land Back banner at a protest in Washington, D.C., 2024 220.Rally.StopProject2025.WDC.27January2024 (53523127126).jpg
Land Back banner at a protest in Washington, D.C., 2024

The Land Back movement seeks to restore Indigenous political authority over unceded ancestral lands. [7] Scholars from the Indigenous-run Yellowhead Institute at Toronto Metropolitan University describe it as a process of reclaiming Indigenous jurisdiction. [3] The NDN Collective describes it as synonymous with decolonization and dismantling white supremacy. [1] Land Back advocates for Indigenous rights, preserves languages and traditions, and works toward food sovereignty, decent housing, and a clean environment. [3]

The Black Hills land claim and protests at Mount Rushmore during Donald Trump's 2020 presidential campaign were a catalyzing moment for the movement in the United States. [1] [8]

Philosophy

The NDN Collective describes the Land Back campaign as a metanarrative that ties together many different Indigenous organizations similar to the Black Lives Matter campaign. [1] They say that the campaign enables decentralised Indigenous leadership and addresses structural racism faced by Indigenous people that is rooted in theft of their land. [1] Land Back emphasizes Indigenous groups’ physical and spiritual connection to their ancestral lands, and the importance of reviving the knowledge and practices that have sustained their people for generations. [9]

Land Back is a movement that advocates for the restoration of communal ownership of traditional and unceded Indigenous lands, while rejecting colonial concepts of real estate and private property. [7] Seeking the return of land is not solely driven by economic interest. [5] The intent is to reestablish important cultural ties between people and place, revitalize ancient cultural practices connected with the land, and restore Indigenous self-determination and sovereignty. [10] When Indigenous communities regain access to ancestral lands, they are empowered to re-engage with traditional foods, medicines, languages and cultural practices, and these activities promote community well-being and cultural continuity. [9] [11]

In some cases Land Back promotes a land tax that seeks to collect revenue on people who are of non-indigenous origins. [12] [13]

Methods

In some cases, land is directly returned to Indigenous people when private landowners, municipalities, or governments give the land back to Indigenous tribes. This may take the form of a simple transaction within the colonial real estate framework. [2] In other cases, the transfer of ownership of the land may not be feasible. Co-management of public lands has emerged as a means for Indigenous voices to be consulted concerning the stewardship and use of ancestral lands. [9]

Indigenous-led projects may also use community land trusts to reserve lands for their group. [14]

Actions

In July 2020, activists from NDN Collective held a protest on a highway leading to Mount Rushmore, where Donald Trump was to give a campaign speech. The site, known to the Sioux in English as "The Six Grandfathers," [15] is on sacred, unceded land, subject to the Black Hills land claim. These protestors drafted the "Land Back Manifesto", which seeks "the reclamation of everything stolen from the original Peoples". [16] Also in 2020, Haudenosaunee people from the Six Nations of the Grand River blockaded 1492 Land Back Lane to shut down a housing development on their unceded territory. [17]

On July 4, 2021, in Rapid City, South Dakota, a city very close to the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, four people were arrested after climbing a structure downtown and hanging an upside-down US flag emblazoned with the words "Land Back". [18]

Notable Land Restorations

The Land Back movement has witnessed numerous successful campaigns, culminating in the return of land to Indigenous stewardship. [19] The following are a number of notable examples, but this list is not comprehensive.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pieratos, Nikki A; Manning, Sarah S; Tilsen, Nick (2021). "Land Back: A meta narrative to help indigenous people show up as movement leaders" . Leadership. 17 (1): 47–61. doi:10.1177/1742715020976204. ISSN   1742-7150.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Kaur, Harmeet. "Indigenous people across the US want their land back -- and the movement is gaining momentum". CNN . Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 "Opinion: 'Land Back' is more than a slogan for a resurgent Indigenous movement" . Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  4. Barnett, Tracy L. (May 12, 2022). "Wixarika Caravan to AMLO: We Want Our #LandBack". The Esperanza Project. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
  5. 1 2 "Land, land banks and land back: Accounting, social reproduction and Indigenous resurgence" . EPA: Economy and Space. doi:10.1177/0308518X211060842. hdl: 10092/103260 .
  6. "The "Landback" Movement Would Return Stolen Land to Indigenous Stewardship". In These Times. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
  7. 1 2 Toastie, B. (August 22, 2022). "Questions about the LandBack movement, answered". High Country News. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  8. Nelson, Kate (February 20, 2024). "The Land Back Movement Isn't Just Focused on Ancestral Grounds — It's Fighting to Preserve and Restore Foodways Too". Eater . Retrieved February 28, 2024.
  9. 1 2 3 Racehorse, Vanessa; Hohag, Anna (2023). "Achieving Climate Justice through Land Back: An Overview of Tribal Dispossession, Land Return Efforts, and Practical Mechanisms for #LandBack". Colorado Environmental Law Journal. 34 (2): 183 via EBSCO Connect.
  10. "Restoring Relationships with Lands and Returning Stewardship to Indigenous Hands | Cultural Survival". www.culturalsurvival.org. January 23, 2024. Retrieved October 4, 2025.
  11. McPhail, Deborah; MacQuarrie, Colleen; Elias, Brenda; Sjoblom, J. Erynne (2018). "Indigenous Ways of Living, Culture, Language, and Connection as a Source for Mental Wellness for Individuals, Families, and Community". University of Manitoba. Retrieved October 3, 2025.
  12. Giefer, Lisa (March 9, 2021). "Voluntary Land Taxes". Native Governance Center. Retrieved November 24, 2024.
  13. TED (January 3, 2023). Whose Land Are You On? What to Know About the Indigenous Land Back Movement | Lindsey Schneider |TED . Retrieved November 24, 2024 via YouTube.
  14. Yesno, Riley (2022). "Land Back". New Internationalist (540): 26–29.
  15. "Native History: Construction of Mount Rushmore Begins". IndianCountryToday.com. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  16. "Landback Manifesto". Landback. NDN Collective . Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  17. Barrera, Jorge (November 25, 2020). "Beyond the barricades". CBC News . Archived from the original on August 1, 2024. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
  18. "4 arrested after hanging "LANDBACK" flag from Omaha Street grain elevator". Kota TV. 2021.
  19. Glendenning, Audrey; Nie, Martin; Mills, Monte (Summer 2023). "(Some) Land Back . . . Sort Of: The Transfer of Federal Public Lands to Indian Tribes since 1970". Natural Resources Journal. 63 (2): 200–282 via EBSCO Connect.
  20. "North Coast Journal - July 1, 2004: COVER STORY - The Return of Indian Island - Restoring the center of the Wiyot world". www.northcoastjournal.com. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  21. McHugh, Paul (September 20, 2005). "THE NORTH COAST: A Kayak Adventure / GOING HOME AGAIN / On a sacred island in Humboldt Bay, descendants of the Wiyots -- an Indian tribe nearly wiped out by massacres in the 1800s -- forge a future from the remnants of that tragic past". SFGATE. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  22. "Cape Breton doctor to be honoured". Cape Breton Post. SaltWire Network. October 2, 2017. Archived from the original on December 4, 2023.
  23. Ayers, Tom (May 2014). "Respected physician says First Nation needs the land 'more than I do'". Mi’kmaq-Maliseet Nations News. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  24. "Vancouver returns city-owned land to Musqueam". CBC . Retrieved April 1, 2022.
  25. "Portion of c̓əsnaʔəm village and burial site returned to Musqueam". Musqueam Official Website. Retrieved April 1, 2022.
  26. "United Methodist Church gives historic mission site and land back to Wyandotte Nation". IndianCountry Today. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  27. "Northern California Esselen tribe regains ancestral land after 250 years". The Guardian . July 28, 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
  28. "sartlip First Nation territory doubles in size after traditional land returned by B.C. government". CBC . July 28, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2022.
  29. "Montana's National Bison Range transferred to tribes". AP News . January 17, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
  30. Kunze, Jenna. "Chippewa Tribe Gets 1,500 Acres of Lake Superior Land Back in NW Wisconsin". Native News Online. Retrieved September 10, 2022.
  31. X (October 10, 2022). "After nearly 200 years, the Tongva community has land in Los Angeles County". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 19, 2024.
  32. Cecco, Leyland (April 15, 2024). "Canada hands 'long-overdue' title over more than 200 islands to Haida Nation". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved July 5, 2024.
  33. Onishi, Norimitsu; Bracken, Amber (July 4, 2024). "On Small Islands Off Canada's Coast, a Big Shift in Power". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved July 5, 2024.
  34. "Keweenaw Bay Indian Community Acquires Over 700 Acres of Land in Baraga County". The Nature Conservancy. June 12, 2024. Retrieved October 4, 2025.
  35. Katz, Ellie (December 27, 2024). "Grand Traverse Band officially gains ownership of former Timber Shores site". Interlochen Public Radio. Retrieved October 4, 2025.
  36. "Siletz tribe purchases part of ancestral homeland in Southern Oregon". opb. Retrieved March 4, 2025.
  37. "Siletz celebrate historic purchase of land near Table Rocks". opb. Retrieved March 4, 2025.
  38. Hancock, Peter (March 24, 2025). "Potawatomi to reclaim tribal land in DeKalb County". Capitol News Illinois.
  39. Catanoso, Justin (June 5, 2025). "In a big win, Yurok Nation reclaims vital creek and watershed to restore major salmon run". Mongabay . Archived from the original on June 11, 2025. Retrieved June 30, 2025.
  40. "Osage Nation Reacquires Sugarloaf Mound, a Sacred Osage Site and Oldest Human-Made Structure in St. Louis". The Osage Nation. September 22, 2025.
  41. Scot, Jeromee (September 23, 2025). "Osage Nation reacquires Sugarloaf Mound, St. Louis' oldest Native American structure". News 9.