See also
| Indigenous peoples in Canada |
|---|
 |
 Indigenous North Americas  Canadaportal |
| Abbreviation | Religious denomination |
|---|---|
| (AN) | Anglican Church |
| (BP) | Baptist |
| (MD) | Methodist |
| (OO) | Other |
| (PB) | Presbyterian Church |
| (RC) | Roman Catholic Church |
| (UC) | United Church of Canada |
The following is a list of schools that operated as part of the Canadian Indian residential school system. [nb 1] [1] [2] The first opened in 1828, and the last closed in 1997. [3] [4] [5] These schools operated in all Canadian provinces and territories except Prince Edward Island, and New Brunswick. [6]
The Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement (IRSSA) has formally recognized 139 residential schools across Canada, but this number excludes schools that operated without federal support. [6]
The last school to close was Kivalliq Hall in Rankin Inlet, in what's now Nunavut, which closed in 1997; it became a IRSSA-recognized school in 2019 following a court ruling, which is why earlier accounts describe the last school closing in 1996. [6]
Schools in Newfoundland and Labrador were not included in the original settlement by the Harper government and instead reached a compensation deal with the federal government after a lawsuit in 2016. [7] [8] [9]
| Name [1] [2] | Location | Province/Territory | Opened | Closed | Denomination |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assumption (Hay Lake) Indian Residential School [10] | Assumption (Hay Lake) | AB | 1951 | 1970 | RC |
| Blue Quill's (Lac la Biche/Saddle Lake/Sacred Heart) Indian Residential School (Hospice of St. Joseph; Lac la Biche/St. Paul's Boarding School) [11] | Lac la Biche (1862-1898) Saddle Lake (1898-1931) St. Paul (1898-1931) | AB | 1862 | 1970 (became the first Native-administered school in Canada) | RC |
| Holy Angels Indian Residential School (École des Saints-Anges / Our Lady of Victoria Indian Residential School) | Fort Chipewyan | AB | 1902 | 1974 | RC |
| Crowfoot (St. Joseph's) Indian Residential School (Blackfoot Residential School) [12] | Blackfoot Crossing (1900-1909) | AB | 1900 | 1968 | RC |
| St. Joseph's (Dunbow) Industrial School (High River Industrial School) | High River | AB | 1884 | 1922 | RC |
| Edmonton (Poundmaker) Residential School [13] [14] | St. Albert | AB | 1924 (formerly Red Deer Industrial School) | 1968 | MD |
| Ermineskin Indian Residential School | Hobbema | AB | 1915 | 1973 | RC |
| St. Mary’s (Blood) Indian Residential School (Immaculate Conception Boarding School) [15] | Stand-Off (Blood) | AB | 1898 | 1988 | RC |
| Morley (Stoney) Residential School (McDougall Orphanage and Training Institution) | Morley (Stoney) | AB | 1926 | 1949 | MD |
| Old Sun (Blackfoot) Residential School [16] (North Camp Residential School / White Eagle's Boarding School / Short Robe Boarding School) | Gleichen | AB | 1894 | 1971 | AN |
| Sacred Heart (Peigan) Residential School [17] | Brocket (Peigan) | AB | 1892 | 1961 | RC |
| Red Deer Industrial School | Red Deer | AB | 1893 | 1919 (Poundmaker school opened 5 years later) | MD |
| Sarcee (St. Barnabas) Residential School [18] | Sarcee Junction, Calgary | AB | 1892 | 1921 | AN |
| St. Albert (Youville) Residential School [19] | St. Albert | AB | 1873 | 1948 | RC |
| Whitefish Lake (St. Andrew's) Residential School | Whitefish Lake | AB | 1895 | 1950 | AN |
| Grouard (St. Bernard’s) Residential School | Grouard | AB | 1894 | 1957 | RC |
| Joussard (St. Bruno's) Residential School | Joussard | AB | 1913 | 1969 | RC |
| St. Cyprian's (Queen Victoria’s Jubilee Home) Residential School (Victoria Jubilee Home for Indian Children) [20] | Brocket (Peigan) | AB | 1900 (new school built in 1926) | 1962 | AN |
| Sturgeon Lake (Calais) Residential School (St. François/Francis Xavier Boarding school) [21] | Calais | AB | 1907 | 1961 | RC |
| Fort Vermilion (St. Henri) Residential School [22] | Fort Vermilion | AB | 1903 | 1968 | RC |
| Wabasca (St. John’s) Residential School [23] | Wabasca | AB | 1902 (new school built in 1949) | 1966 | AN |
| Desmarais (St. Martin’s) Residential School | Desmarais-Wabasca | AB | 1901 | 1973 | RC |
| St. Paul's (Blood) Residential School (Church of England) | Cardston (Blood) | AB | 1893 | 1975 | AN |
| Lesser Slave Lake (St. Peter's) Residential School | Slave Lake | AB | 1895 | 1932 | AN |
| Alberni Indian Residential School | Port Alberni | BC | 1920 (burned in 1917, rebuilt in 1920; burned in 1937, rebuilt in 1939) | 1973 | UC |
| Ahousaht Indian Residential School | Ahousaht | BC | 1901 | 1950 | PB |
| Anahim Lake Dormitory (Ulkatcho) Residential School | Anahim Lake (Ulkatcho) | BC | 1968 | 1977 | RC |
| Christie (Clayoquot/Kakawis) Residential School [24] | Meares Island (1900-1971) Tofino (1971-1983) | BC | 1900 | 1983 | RC |
| Kamloops (St. Louis) Residential School (Kamloops Industrial School) | Kamloops | BC | 1890 | 1978 | RC |
| Kitimaat Indian Residential School (Elizabeth Long Memorial School for Girls) [25] | Kitimaat | BC | 1908 | 1941 | MD |
| Kootenay (St. Eugene's/St. Mary's Residential School) | Cranbrook | BC | 1867 | 1984 | RC |
| Kuper Island Indian Residential School | Penelakut Island | BC | 1890 | 1975 | RC |
| Lejac (Stuart Lake) Residential School | Fraser Lake | BC | 1917 (new building in 1922) | 1976 | RC |
| Lower Post Indian Residential School | Lower Post | BC | 1951 | 1975 | RC |
| Coqualeetza (Chilliwack Home) Residential School | Chilliwack | BC | 1889 | 1940 (later became the Coqualeetza Hospital and is now the Coqualeetza Cultural Education Centre) | MD |
| Metlakatla Indian Residential School (Metlakatla Indian Girls' School) | Metlakatla | BC | 1891 | 1962 | OO |
| Port Simpson Residential School (Crosby Home for Girls) | Port Simpson | BC | 1892 | 1948 | MD |
| Presbyterian Coqualeetza Indian Residential School | Chilliwack | BC | 1861 | 1940 | PB |
| Roman Catholic Coqualeetza Indian Residential School | Chilliwack | BC | 1890 | 1941 | RC |
| St. Augustine's Indian Residential School | Sechelt | BC | 1912 | 1975 | RC |
| St. Paul’s Indian Residential School | North Vancouver | BC | 1898 | 1959 | RC |
| St. George's (Lytton) Indian Residential School | Lytton | BC | 1901 (new school built in 1928) | 1979 | AN |
| St. Mary's Mission Indian Residential School | Mission (Pekw'Xe:yles) | BC | 1861 | 1984 | RC |
| St. Michael's (Alert Bay) Indian Residential School | Alert Bay | BC | 1929 | 1975 | AN |
| Williams Lake Indian Residential School (Williams Lake Industrial School) | Cariboo | BC | 1890 | 1981 | RC |
| Yale Indian Residential School | Yale | BC | 1900 | 1920 | AN |
| Yuquot Indian Residential School | Yuquot | BC | 1901 | 1913 | RC |
| Assiniboia Indian Residential School (Assiniboia Hostel) | Winnipeg | MB | 1958 (September 2) | 1973 (June 30) | RC |
| Birtle Indian Residential School | Birtle | MB | 1888 (December 3) | 1970 | PB |
| Brandon Indian Residential School (Brandon Industrial School) | Brandon | MB | 1895 (May 23) | 1972 (June 30) | MD |
| Cross Lake Indian Residential School (Norway House Roman Catholic Indian Residential School) | Cross Lake | MB | 1915(March 9) | 1969 (July 30) | RC |
| Elkhorn Indian Residential School (Elkhorn Industrial School / Washakada Indian Residential School) | Elkhorn | MB | 1888 | 1919 (as CP Railway purchased land on which school was built) | AN |
| Elkhorn Indian Residential School (Washakada Indian Residential School) | Elkhorn | MB | 1925 | 1949 | AN |
| Fort Alexander Indian Residential School | Pine Falls | MB | 1905 | 1970 (June) | RC |
| Guy Hill Indian Residential School | The Pas and Clearwater Lake | MB | 1952 (Students were relocated from Sturgeon Landing, Saskatchewan to a temporary school in The Pas until a newly built school in Clearwater Lake in 1958) | 1979 (June 30) | RC |
| Lake St. Martin Indian Residential School | Fisher River | MB | 1874 (new school built in 1948) | 1963 | AN |
| MacKay Indian Residential School | The Pas | MB | 1915 | 1933 | AN |
| MacKay Indian Residential School | Dauphin | MB | 1955 | 1989 | AN |
| Norway House Methodist Indian Residential School | Norway House | MB | 1900 | 1967 (June 30) | MD |
| Pine Creek Indian Residential School (Camperville Indian Residential School) | Camperville | MB | 1890 | 1969 (August 31) | RC |
| Portage la Prairie Methodist Indian Residential School | Portage la Prairie | MB | 1891 | 1975 (June 30) | MD |
| Portage la Prairie Presbyterian Indian Residential | Portage la Prairie | MB | 1895 | 1950 | PB |
| Sandy Bay Indian Residential School | Sandy Bay Reserve | MB | 1905 | 1970 (June 30) | RC |
| St. Boniface Industrial School | St. Boniface | MB | 1891 | 1909 | RC |
| St. Paul's Industrial School (St. Rupert's Land Industrial School) | Selkirk | MB | 1886 | 1906 | AN |
| Waterhen Indian Residential School | Waterhen | MB | 1890 | 1900 | RC |
| Lockwood School* | Cartwright | NL | 1964 | OO | |
| Makkovik Boarding School* | Makkovik | NL | 1960 | OO | |
| Nain Boarding School* | Nain | NL | 1973 | OO | |
| St. Anthony's Orphanage* | St. Anthony | NL | 1979 | OO | |
| Yale School* | North West River | NL | 1980 | OO | |
| Aklavik Anglican Indian Residential School (All Saints Indian Residential School) | Shingle Point | NWT | 1927 (moved to Aklavik in 1934 due to overcrowding | 1959 | AN |
| Aklavik Catholic Indian Residential School (later Inuvik Indian Residential School) | Aklavik | NWT | 1925 (relocated to Inuvik in 1959; Stringer Hall was Anglican Residence and Grollier Hall the RC residence) | 1996 (June 1975 (Stringer Hall); June 30 1996 (Grollier Hall)) | RC |
| Fort McPherson Indian Residential School; (Including residence, Fleming Hall); | Fort McPherson | NWT | 1898 | 1970 | OO (non-denominational) |
| Fort Providence Indian Residential School (Providence Mission Indian Residential School) | Fort Providence | NWT | 1867 | 1953 | RC |
| Fort Resolution Indian Residential School | Fort Resolution | NWT | 1867 | 1957 | RC |
| Fort Simpson Indian Residential School (Fort Simpson Boarding School, including residences Bompas Hall, Lapointe Hall, St. Margaret's Hall) | Fort Simpson | NWT | 1920 | 1970 | RC |
| Fort Smith Indian Residential School (Breynat Hall) | Fort Smith | NWT | 1957 | 1970 | RC |
| Hay River Indian Residential School (St. Peter's Mission Indian Residential School) | Hay River | NWT | 1898 | 1949 | AN |
| Akaitcho Hall (dormitory for Sir John Franklin High School) | Yellowknife | NWT | 1958 | 1994 | Federal/GNWT |
| Shubenacadie Indian Residential School | Shubenacadie | NS | 1922 | 1968 | RC |
| Chesterfield Inlet Indian Residential School (including residence: Turquetil) | Chesterfield Inlet | NU | 1929 | 1970 | RC |
| Frobisher Bay Indian Residential School | Frobisher Bay | NU | 1965 | 1992 The building now houses the Nunatta Residence of the Nunavut Arctic College.(students were transferred to a new hostel, which operated until 1996.) | RC |
| Kivalliq Hall | Rankin Inlet | NU | 1985 | 1997 | OO |
| Albany Mission Indian Residential School (Fort Albany Residential School) | Fort Albany | ON | 1912 | 1963 | RC |
| Alexandra Industrial School for Girls | Toronto | ON | 1897 | 1910 [26] | OO |
| Alnwick Industrial School (in partnership with Mount Elgin Indian Residential School) | Alderville | ON | 1838 | 1966 | MD |
| Bishop Horden Memorial School (Moose Factory Indian Residential School; Moose Fort Indian Residential School) | Moose Factory | ON | 1907 | 1963 | AN |
| Cecilia Jeffrey Indian Residential School | Kenora | ON | 1900 | 1966 | PB |
| Chapleau Indian Residential School (Saint John's Indian Residential School) | Chapleau | ON | 1907 | 1950 | AN |
| Fort Frances Indian Residential School (St. Margaret's Indian Residential School) | Fort Frances | ON | 1902 | 1974 | RC |
| Kenora Indian Residential School | Kenora | ON | 1949 | 1963 | RC |
| McIntosh Indian Residential School | Kenora | ON | 1924 | 1969 | RC |
| Mohawk Institute Residential School (Mohawk Manual Labour School; Mush Hole Indian Residential School) | Brantford | ON | 1828 | 1970 | AN |
| Mount Elgin Indian Residential School (in partnership with Alnwick) | Muncey Town | ON | 1848 | 1948 | MD |
| Shingwauk Indian Residential School | Garden River | ON | 1873 | 1873 (burned down six days after opening) | AN |
| Shingwauk Indian Residential School | Sault Ste. Marie | ON | 1873 (merged with Wawanosh to form a larger school in 1900) | 1971 (currently houses Algoma University) | AN |
| Wawanosh School for Girls | Sault Ste Marie | ON | 1877 | 1900 (merged with Shingwauk) | AN |
| Sioux Lookout Indian Residential School (Pelican Lake Day School) | Sioux Lookout | ON | 1911 | 1973 | AN |
| Spanish Indian Residential Schools; St. Joseph Residential School 1916–1962 (girls school) still standing; St Charles Garnier College 1913–1958 (boys school)now demolished | Spanish | ON | 1883 | 1965 | RC |
| St. Anne’s Indian Residential School | Fort Albany | ON | 1936 | 1964 | RC |
| St. Joseph's Orphanage and Boarding School (for Indigenous and White Children) | Fort William | ON | 1870 | 1968 | RC |
| St. Mary's Indian Residential School | Kenora | ON | 1894 | 1962 | RC |
| Wikwemikong Indian Residential School (Wikwemikong Day School) | Manitowaning | ON | 1840 (day school); 1879 (residential school) | 1963 | RC |
| Armstrong Indian Residential School (Armstrong Residential School; Armstrong Home and School) | Armstrong | ON | 1880 | 1891 | RC |
| Amos Indian Residential School (St. Marc's Indian Residential School) | St. Marc-de-Figuery (Amos) | QC | 1948 | 1965 | RC |
| Federal Hostel at George River | Kangirsualujjuaq | QC | 1960 | 1960 | OO (Non-Denominational) |
| Federal Hostel at Great Whale River | Kuujjuarapik (Poste-de-la-Baleine) | QC | 1960 | 1970 | OO (Non-Denominational) |
| Federal Hostel at Payne Bay | Kangirsuk (Bellin) | QC | 1960 | 1960 | OO (Non-Denominational) |
| Federal Hostel at Port Harrison | Inukjuak | QC | 1960 | 1971 | OO (Non-Denominational) |
| Fort George Hostels | Fort George | QC | 1975 | 1978 | OO (Non-Denominational) |
| St. Philip's Indian Residential School | Fort George | QC | 1933 (burned in 1943, rebuilt in 1944) | 1979 | AN |
| Fort George (St. Joseph's Mission, Residence Couture, Sainte-Thérèse-de-l'Énfant-Jésus) | Fort George | QC | 1936 | 1952 | RC |
| La Tuque Indian Residential School | La Tuque | QC | 1963 | 1978 | AN |
| Pointe Bleue Indian Residential School | Mashteuiatsh | QC | 1956 | 1965 | RC |
| Sept-Iles Indian Residential School (Seven Islands, Notre Dame, Maliotenam) | Sept-Îles | QC | 1952 | 1967 | RC |
| Battleford Industrial School | Battleford | SK | 1883 | 1914 | AN |
| Beauval Indian Residential School | Beauval | SK | 1895 | 1983 (became Meadow Lake Tribal Council's Beauval Indian Education Centre which closed in 1995) | RC |
| Cowesses Indian Residential School (Marieval Indian Residential School) | Marieval | SK | 1899 | 1981 (First Nation Operated 1981-1997) | RC |
| Crowstand Indian Residential School | Kamsack | SK | 1888 | 1916 | PB |
| St. Michael's Indian Residential School (Duck Lake Indian Residential School) [27] | Duck Lake | SK | 1894 | 1982, turned over to the Saskatoon District Tribal Council. Closed in 1996. | RC |
| Emmanuel College | Prince Albert | SK | 1879 | 1923 | AN |
| File Hills Indian Residential School (File Hills Colony School) | Okanese Reserve | SK | 1889 | 1949 | PB |
| Gordon Indian Residential School | Punnichy | SK | 1889 (new school built in 1911, burned down in 1929) | 1996 | AN |
| Guy Hill Indian Residential School | Sturgeon Landing | SK | 1926 | 1952 (burned down September 4, 1952; students were relocated to temporary school in The Pas until a newly built school opened in Clearwater Lake in 1958) | RC |
| Île-à-la-Crosse Indian Residential School | Île-à-la-Crosse | SK | 1878 | 1976 (the boarding school section) | RC |
| Lake La Ronge Mission Indian Residential School | La Ronge | SK | 1914 (new school built in 1920) | 1947 | AN |
| Muscowequan Indian Residential School | Lestock | SK | 1932 | 1981 | RC |
| St. Albans Indian Residential School | Prince Albert | SK | ? | 1951 (amalgamated with All Saints to become Prince Albert Indian Residential School) | AN |
| All Saints Indian Residential School | Prince Albert | SK | 1865 | 1951 (amalgamated with St. Albans to become Prince Albert Indian Residential School) | AN |
| Prince Albert Indian Residential School | Prince Albert | SK | 1951 (merger of All Saints and St. Albans) | 1964 | AN |
| Qu'Appelle Indian Residential School (Qu'Appelle Industrial School); Lebret Indian Residential School; (Added St. Paul's High School in 1951) | Lebret | SK | 1884 (burned down in 1904, 1932) | 1969 (Re-opened under the operations of the reserve in 1973 as White Calf Collegiate, but that closed in August 1998) | RC |
| Regina Indian Residential School | Regina | SK | 1890 | 1910, demolished in 1948 | PB |
| Round Lake Indian Residential School | Whitewood | SK | 1886 | 1950 | MD |
| St. Anthony's Indian Residential School (Onion Lake Catholic Indian Residential School) (Joseph Dion was pupil No. 7) [28] | Onion Lake | SK | 1891 | 1968 | RC |
| St. Barnabas Indian Residential School (Onion Lake Indian Residential School) | Onion Lake | SK | 1893 (burned down in 1943) | 1951 | AN |
| St. Phillips Indian Residential School (Keeseekoose Day School) | Kamsack | SK | 1899 | 1965 | RC |
| Thunderchild Indian Residential School (Delmas Indian Residential School) | Delmas | SK | 1933 | 1948 (burned down by students) | RC |
| Aklavik Anglican Indian Residential School (All Saints Indian Residential School) | Shingle Point | NWT | 1927 | 1934 (moved to Aklavik due to overcrowding) | AN |
| Baptist Indian Residential School (Yukon Indian Residential School) | Whitehorse | YT | 1900 | 1968 | BP |
| Carcross Indian Residential School (Forty Mile Boarding School) | Fortymile | YT | 1891 | 1910 (moved to Carcross) | AN |
| Carcross Indian Residential School (Chooutla Indian Residential School; Caribou Crossing Indian Residential School) | Carcross | YT | 1910 | 1969 | AN |
| St. Paul's Indian Residential School (St. Paul's Hall) | Dawson | YT | 1920 | 1943 | AN |
| Yukon Hall (residences for local day school students) | Whitehorse | YT | 1956 | 1965 | AN |
| Tranquille School for Mentally Handicapped Indians (Stsmemelt Village) | Kamloops | BC | 1972 | 1978 | OO (Non-Denominational) |
| Indigenous peoples in Canada |
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| Indigenous North Americas Canadaportal |
The coat of arms of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador was originally granted by Garter King of Arms, during the reign of King Charles I, on 1 January 1637/8.
The CanadianIndian residential school system was a network of boarding schools for Indigenous peoples. The network was funded by the Canadian government's Department of Indian Affairs and administered by Christian churches. The school system was created to isolate Indigenous children from the influence of their own culture and religion in order to assimilate them into the dominant Canadian culture. Over the course of the system's more than hundred-year existence, around 150,000 children were placed in residential schools nationally. By the 1930s, about 30 percent of Indigenous children were attending residential schools. The number of school-related deaths remains unknown due to incomplete records. Estimates range from 3,200 to over 30,000, mostly from disease.
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The Kamloops Indian Residential School was part of the Canadian Indian residential school system. Located in Kamloops, British Columbia, it was once the largest residential school in Canada, with its enrolment peaking at 500 in the 1950s. The school was established in 1890 and operated until 1969, when it was taken over from the Catholic Church by the federal government to be used as a day school residence. It closed in 1978. The school building still stands today, and is located on the Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc First Nation.
Calvin Murray Sinclair, is a former member of the Canadian Senate and First Nations lawyer who served as chairman of the Indian Residential Schools Truth and Reconciliation Commission from 2009 to 2015. He previously served as a judge in Manitoba from 1988 to 2009, being the first Indigenous judge appointed in the province. Sinclair was appointed to the Senate of Canada on April 2, 2016. In November 2020, he announced his retirement from the Senate effective January 31, 2021.
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada was a truth and reconciliation commission active in Canada from 2008 to 2015, organized by the parties of the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement.
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St. Michael's Indian Residential School was a Canadian residential school in Alert Bay, British Columbia, operated by the Anglican Church of Canada for First Nations children.
The Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement is an agreement between the government of Canada and approximately 86,000 Indigenous peoples in Canada who at some point were enrolled as children in the Canadian Indian residential school system, a system which was in place between 1879 and 1997. The IRSSA recognized the damage inflicted by the residential schools and established a C$1.9-billion compensation package called CEP for all former IRS students. The agreement, announced in 2006, was the largest class action settlement in Canadian history.
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The Pelican Lake Indian Residential School—also known as Pelican Falls Indian Residential School and Sioux Lookout Indian Residential School—was a Canadian Indian Residential School in Sioux Lookout, Ontario, that operated from 1929 through 1969. While it was in operation, the school took Ojibway and Cree students from both Treaty Three and Treaty Nine territories in northern Ontario and eastern Manitoba. A former student of the school reported that students experienced physical, psychological, and sexual abuse while attending.
The National Day for Truth and Reconciliation, originally and still colloquially known as Orange Shirt Day, is a Canadian holiday to recognize the legacy of the Canadian Indian residential school system.
The National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation is the archival repository for all of the material collected by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, purposed to compile the complete history and legacy of Canada's residential school system.
St. Anne’s Indian Residential School was a Canadian Indian Residential School in Fort Albany, Ontario, that operated from 1902 to 1976. It took Cree students from the Fort Albany First Nation and area. Many students reported physical, psychological and sexual abuse, and 156 settled a lawsuit against the federal government in 2004.
Bishop Horden Hall, also known as Bishop Horden Memorial School, Moose Factory Residential School, and Horden Hall, was a residential school that operated from 1906 until 1976 on Moose Factory Island, at the southern end of James Bay, at the bottom of Hudson Bay, in northern Ontario.
The Kuper Island Indian Residential School, also known as Kuper Island Indian Industrial School, was a Canadian Indian residential school located on Kuper Island, near Chemainus, British Columbia, that operated from 1889 to 1975. The school was operated by the Roman Catholic Church, with funding from the Department of Indian Affairs.
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The Canadian Indian residential school gravesites are burial areas for an unknown number of students that died while attending the Canadian Indian residential school system. Comparatively few cemeteries associated with residential schools are explicitly referenced in surviving documents; however, the age and duration of the schools suggests that most had a cemetery associated with them. Most cemeteries were unregistered, and as such the locations of many burial sites of residential school children have been lost. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada has called for "the ongoing identification, documentation, maintenance, commemoration, and protection of residential school cemeteries or other sites at which residential school children were buried."
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