List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States

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The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest-ranking judicial body in the United States. Its membership, as set by the Judiciary Act of 1869, consists of the chief justice of the United States and eight associate justices, any six of whom constitute a quorum. [1] [2] Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the Constitution grants plenary power to the president of the United States to nominate, and with the advice and consent of the United States Senate, appoint justices to the Supreme Court; justices have life tenure. [3]

Contents

Background

The Supreme Court was created by Article III of the United States Constitution, which stipulates that the "judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one Supreme Court," [4] and was organized by the 1st United States Congress. Through the Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress specified the Court's original and appellate jurisdiction, created thirteen judicial districts, and fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices). [5] [6]

Since 1789, Congress has occasionally altered the size of the Supreme Court, historically in response to the country's own expansion in size. An 1801 act would have decreased the Court's size to five members upon its next vacancy. However, an 1802 act negated the effects of the 1801 act upon the Court before any such vacancy occurred, maintaining the Court's size at six members. Later legislation increased its size to seven members in 1807, to nine in 1837, and to ten in 1863. An 1866 act was to have reduced the Court's size from ten members to seven upon its next three vacancies, and two vacancies did occur during this period. However, before a third vacancy occurred, the Judiciary Act of 1869 intervened, restoring the Court's size to nine members, where it has remained ever since. [7]

While the justices of the Supreme Court are appointed for life, many have retired or resigned. Beginning in the early 20th century, many justices who left the Court voluntarily did so by retiring from the Court without leaving the federal judiciary altogether. A retired justice, according to the United States Code, is no longer a member of the Supreme Court, but remains eligible to serve by designation as a judge of a U.S. Court of Appeals or District Court, and many retired justices have served in these capacities. Historically, the average length of service on the Court has been less than 15 years. However, since 1970 the average length of service has increased to about 26 years. [8]

List of justices

Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, 116 people have served on the Court. The length of service on the Court for the 107 non-incumbent justices ranges from William O. Douglas's 36 years, 209 days to John Rutledge's 1 year, 18 days as associate justice and, separated by a period of years off the Court, his 138 days as chief justice. As of November 25, 2024, the length of service for the nine incumbent justices ranges from Clarence Thomas's 33 years, 33 days to Ketanji Brown Jackson's 2 years, 148 days. Five individuals, who were confirmed for associate justice, were later appointed chief justice separately: John Rutledge, [a] Edward Douglass White, [b] Charles Evans Hughes, [a] Harlan F. Stone [b] and William Rehnquist. [b] While listed twice, each of them has been assigned only one index number. The justices of the Supreme Court are: [9] [10]

Notes

  1. 1 2 Served on the Supreme Court twice: first as associate justice and then, after a period of years off the Court, as chief justice.
  2. 1 2 3 Elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court. Such appointments are subject to a separate confirmation process.
  3. ↑ State or federal district of residence at the time of appointment. For example, in 1971, Rehnquist was appointed from Arizona, but in 1986, when elevated to chief justice, he was appointed from Virginia. [10]
  4. ↑ The start date given for each justice is the day they took the prescribed judicial oath of office, with the end date being the date of the justice's death, resignation, or retirement. [10]
  5. 1 2 3 4 While Justice Wilson was the first to take the oath of office, § 1 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 prescribes precedence of the associate justices by the dates their judicial commissions bear. This rule of precedence exists to this day, codified at Title 28, U.S. Code § 4. The commissions of the first four associate justices bear the following dates: Rutledge, Sept. 26, 1789; Cushing, Sept. 27; Wilson, Sept. 29; and Blair, Sept. 30.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Recess appointment. Note: the date on which the justice took the judicial oath is here used as the date of the beginning of their service, not the date of the recess appointment.
  7. ↑ This was the first Supreme Court nomination to be rejected by the Senate. Rutledge remains the only "recess appointed" justice not to be subsequently confirmed by the Senate.
  8. ↑ Was impeached, but not convicted, and remained in office.
  9. ↑ Acted as chief justice under 36  Stat.   1152, May 19 –July 11, 1921.
  10. ↑ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, February 3–24, 1930.
  11. 1 2 While Willis Van Devanter and Joseph Rucker Lamar were sworn in as associate justice on the same date, their seniority (precedence) on the Supreme Court was determined by the dates borne on their judicial commissions—President Taft issued the judicial commission of Justice Van Devanter on Dec. 16, 1910, bearing that date; the commission of Justice Lamar issued the next day, Dec. 17.
  12. ↑ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, June 30 –July 3, 1941.
  13. ↑ Acted as chief justice under 36 Stat. 1152, April 22 –June 24, 1946, and again, under 62  Stat.   869, September 8 –October 5, 1953.
  14. 1 2 Although Lewis Powell and William H. Rehnquist were both sworn into office as associate justice on the same day, Powell by law took precedence as the more senior associate justice, his judicial commission bearing the date Dec. 9, 1971; Rehnquist's commission bore the date of Dec. 16, 1971.
  15. ↑ Acted as chief justice under 62 Stat. 869, September 3–29, 2005.

Timeline of justices

This graphical timeline depicts the progression of the justices on the U.S. Supreme Court. [9] [10] Information regarding each justice's predecessors, successors, and fellow justices, as well as their tenure on the court, can be gleaned (and comparisons between justices drawn) from it. There are no formal names or numbers for the individual seats of the associate justices, which are listed in the table below simply by number. Additionally, the progression of U.S. presidents is shown at the top of the timeline to give a more detailed historical context.

Ketanji Brown JacksonAmy Coney BarrettBrett KavanaughNeil GorsuchElena KaganSonia SotomayorSamuel AlitoJohn RobertsStephen BreyerRuth Bader GinsburgClarence ThomasDavid SouterAnthony KennedyAntonin ScaliaSandra Day O'ConnorJohn Paul StevensWilliam RehnquistLewis F. Powell Jr.Harry BlackmunWarren E. BurgerThurgood MarshallAbe FortasArthur GoldbergByron WhitePotter StewartCharles Evans WhittakerWilliam J. Brennan Jr.John Marshall Harlan IIEarl WarrenSherman MintonTom C. ClarkFred M. VinsonHarold Hitz BurtonWiley Blount RutledgeRobert H. JacksonJames F. ByrnesFrank MurphyWilliam O. DouglasFelix FrankfurterStanley Forman ReedHugo BlackBenjamin N. CardozoOwen Josephus RobertsHarlan Fiske StoneEdward Terry SanfordPierce Butler (justice)George SutherlandWilliam Howard TaftJohn Hessin ClarkeLouis BrandeisJames Clark McReynoldsMahlon PitneyJoseph Rucker LamarWillis Van DevanterCharles Evans HughesHorace Harmon LurtonWilliam Henry MoodyWilliam R. DayOliver Wendell Holmes Jr.Joseph McKennaRufus Wheeler PeckhamEdward Douglass WhiteHowell Edmunds JacksonGeorge Shiras Jr.Henry Billings BrownDavid Josiah BrewerMelville Weston FullerLucius Quintus Cincinnatus LamarSamuel BlatchfordHorace GrayStanley Matthews (judge)William Burnham WoodsJohn Marshall HarlanMorrison Remick WaiteWard HuntJoseph Philo BradleyWilliam Strong (Pennsylvania judge)Salmon Portland ChaseStephen Johnson FieldDavid Davis (Supreme Court justice)Samuel Freeman MillerNoah Haynes SwayneNathan CliffordJohn Archibald CampbellBenjamin Robbins CurtisRobert Cooper GrierLevi WoodburySamuel NelsonPeter Vivian DanielJohn McKinleyJohn CatronPhilip P. BarbourRoger Brooke TaneyJames Moore WayneHenry Baldwin (judge)John McLeanRobert TrimbleSmith ThompsonJoseph StoryGabriel DuvallThomas ToddHenry Brockholst LivingstonWilliam Johnson (judge)John MarshallAlfred MooreBushrod WashingtonOliver EllsworthSamuel ChaseWilliam Paterson (judge)Thomas Johnson (jurist)James IredellJohn Blair Jr.James Wilson (founding father)William CushingJohn RutledgeJohn JayList of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Stathis, Stephen W. (2014). Landmark Legislation 1774–2012: Major U.S. Acts and Treaties. CQ Press. p. 122. ISBN   978-1452292298.
  2. ↑ Hall, Kermit L. (2005). "Judiciary Act of 1869". In Hall, Kermit L.; Ely, James W.; Grossman, Joel B. (eds.). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. Oxford University Press. p. 548. ISBN   978-0195176612.
  3. ↑ McMillion, Barry J.; Rutkus, Denis Steven (July 6, 2018). "Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2017: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 19, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
  4. ↑ "Article III". Ithaca, New York: Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School. Archived from the original on September 27, 2018. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
  5. ↑ "About The Supreme Court". Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts. Archived from the original on April 12, 2010. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
  6. ↑ "Supreme Court Research Guide". Georgetown Law Library. Archived from the original on March 15, 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
  7. ↑ Smith, Jean Edward (July 26, 2007). "Stacking the Court". The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 9, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
  8. ↑ Rosen, Jeffrey (February 26, 2008). "Dems' Choices For Bench Surprisingly Slim". CBS News . Archived from the original on February 1, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
  9. 1 2 "Supreme Court Nominations (1789-Present)". washington, D.C.: United States Senate. Archived from the original on October 16, 2020. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "Justices 1789 to Present". Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States. Archived from the original on April 15, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2022.
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