Roberts Court

Last updated

Supreme Court of the United States
Roberts Court
 Current
Official roberts CJ.jpg
September 29, 2005 –
19 years, 150 days
Seat Supreme Court Building
Washington, D.C.
No. of positions 9
Roberts Court decisions
Seal of the United States Supreme Court.svg

The Roberts Court is the time since 2005 during which the Supreme Court of the United States has been led by John Roberts as Chief Justice. Roberts succeeded William Rehnquist as Chief Justice after Rehnquist's death.

Contents

It has been considered to be the most conservative court since the Vinson Court (1946–1953), with numerous landmark rulings falling along partisan lines and very close confirmation votes for most of its members. [1]

This is due to the retirement of the relatively moderate Justice Sandra Day O'Connor and the confirmation of the more conservative Justice Samuel Alito. [2] The ideological balance of the court shifted further to the right in the following years through the replacement of swing-vote Anthony Kennedy with Brett Kavanaugh in 2018 and the replacement of liberal Ruth Bader Ginsburg with Amy Coney Barrett in 2020.

Membership

Roberts was originally nominated by President George W. Bush as an associate justice to succeed Sandra Day O'Connor, who had announced her retirement, effective with the confirmation of her successor. However, before the Senate could act upon the nomination, Chief Justice William Rehnquist died. President Bush quickly withdrew the initial nomination and resubmitted it as a nomination for Chief Justice; this second Roberts nomination was confirmed by the Senate on September 29, 2005, by a 78–22 vote. Roberts took the constitutional oath of office, administered by senior Associate Justice John Paul Stevens (who was the acting chief justice during the vacancy) at the White House after his confirmation the same day. On October 3, Roberts took the judicial oath provided for by the Judiciary Act of 1789, prior to the first oral arguments of the 2005 term. The Roberts Court commenced with Roberts as Chief Justice and the remaining eight associate justices from the Rehnquist Court: Stevens, O'Connor, Antonin Scalia, Anthony Kennedy, David Souter, Clarence Thomas, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, and Stephen Breyer. President Bush's second nominee to replace O'Connor, Harriet Miers, withdrew before a vote; Bush's third nominee to replace O'Connor was Samuel Alito, who was confirmed in January 2006.

In 2009, President Barack Obama nominated Sonia Sotomayor to replace Souter; she was confirmed. In 2010, Obama nominated Elena Kagan to replace Stevens; she, too, was confirmed. In February 2016, Justice Scalia died; in the following month, Obama nominated Merrick Garland, but Garland's nomination was never considered by the Senate, and it expired when the 114th Congress ended and the 115th Congress began on January 3, 2017. On January 31, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Neil Gorsuch to replace Scalia. Democrats in the Senate filibustered the Gorsuch nomination, which led to the Republicans exercising the "nuclear option". After that, Gorsuch was confirmed in April 2017. In 2018, Trump nominated Brett Kavanaugh to replace Kennedy; [3] he was confirmed. In September 2020, Justice Ginsburg died; Trump nominated Amy Coney Barrett to succeed Ginsburg and she was confirmed on October 26, 2020, days before the 2020 election. [4]

In 2022, Breyer announced his retirement effective at the end of the Supreme Court term, assuming his successor was confirmed, in a letter to President Joe Biden. [5] Biden nominated Ketanji Brown Jackson to succeed Breyer, [6] and she was confirmed by the Senate. [7] Breyer remained on the Court until it went into its summer recess on June 30, at which point Jackson was sworn in, [8] becoming the first black woman and the first former federal public defender to serve on the Supreme Court. [9] [10]

Timeline

Roberts Court

Note: The blue vertical line denotes "now" (February 2025).

Bar key:
  Ford appointee  Reagan appointee  G. H. W. Bush appointee  Clinton appointee  G. W. Bush appointee  Obama appointee  Trump appointee  Biden appointee

Other branches

Presidents during this court have been George W. Bush, Barack Obama, Donald Trump (two non-consecutive terms), and Joe Biden. Congresses included the 109th through the current 119th United States Congresses.

Rulings of the Court

The Roberts Court (since June 30, 2022): Front row (left to right): Sonia Sotomayor, Clarence Thomas, Chief Justice John Roberts, Samuel Alito, and Elena Kagan. Back row (left to right): Amy Coney Barrett, Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Ketanji Brown Jackson. Supreme Court of the United States - Roberts Court 2022.jpg
The Roberts Court (since June 30, 2022): Front row (left to right): Sonia Sotomayor, Clarence Thomas, Chief Justice John Roberts, Samuel Alito, and Elena Kagan. Back row (left to right): Amy Coney Barrett, Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Ketanji Brown Jackson.

The Roberts Court has issued major rulings on incorporation of the Bill of Rights, gun control, affirmative action, campaign finance regulation, election law, abortion, capital punishment, LGBT rights, unlawful search and seizure, and criminal sentencing. Major decisions of the Roberts Court include: [11] [12]

Judicial philosophy

The Roberts Court shifted ideologically further to the right after Donald Trump's first presidency, but was considered conservative from the beginning. Among former justices, Scalia and Kennedy had been more conservative, while Souter, Stevens, Ginsburg, and Breyer had been more liberal. These two blocs of voters had lined up together in several major cases, though Justice Kennedy occasionally sided with the liberal bloc. [12] Roberts' strongest inclination on the Court before Trump had been to attempt to re-establish the centrist aesthetics of the Court as being party neutral, in contrast to his predecessor Rehnquist who had devoted significant effort to promote a 'states-rights' orientation for the Court. The judicial philosophy of Roberts on the Supreme Court before Trump was assessed by leading court commentators including Jeffrey Rosen [15] and Marcia Coyle. [16]

The Roberts Court has been described by many as "dominated by an ambitious conservative wing" since Trump's first presidency. [17] [18] Roberts, Thomas, Alito, Gorsuch, Kavanaugh, and Barrett generally have taken more conservative positions, while Sotomayor, Kagan, and Jackson have generally taken more liberal positions. Roberts has also served as a swing vote, often advocating for narrow rulings and compromise among the two blocs of justices. [19] Though the Court sometimes does divide along partisan lines, attorney and SCOTUSblog founder Tom Goldstein has noted that more cases are decided 9–0 and that the individual justices hold a wide array of views. [20]

Although Roberts is identified as having a conservative judicial philosophy, his vote in National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012) upholding the constitutionality of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) has caused reflection in the press concerning the comparative standing of his conservative judicial philosophy compared to other sitting justices of conservative orientation; he is seen as having a more moderate conservative orientation, particularly when his vote to uphold the ACA is compared to Rehnquist's vote in Bush v. Gore . [21] Some commentators have also noted that Roberts uses his vote in high-profile cases to achieve a facially-neutral result that sets up for larger conservative rulings in the future. [22] The Five Four Podcast went so far as to deem this maneuver the "Roberts Two-Step." [23]

Regarding Roberts' contemporaneous peers on the bench, his judicial philosophy is seen as more moderate and conciliatory than that of Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas. [15] [21] Roberts has not indicated any particularly enhanced reading of originalism or framer's intentions as has been plainly evident in Scalia's speeches and writings. [16] Roberts' voting pattern is most closely aligned with Brett Kavanaugh's. [24] [25] [26]

After Ginsburg was replaced by Barrett, several commentators wrote that Roberts was no longer the leading justice. As the five other conservative justices could outvote the rest, he supposedly could no longer preside over a moderately conservative course while respecting precedent. [27] [28] Some said this view was confirmed by the court's 2022 ruling in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization , which overturned the landmark rulings Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey of 1973 and 1992, respectively. [29] [30] The conservative bloc is sometimes further split into a wing more hesitant to overrule precedent (Roberts, Kavanaugh, and Barrett), and a wing more willing to overrule precedent (Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito, and Neil Gorsuch). [31] [32] [33] Roberts wrote the majority opinion in West Virginia v. EPA which officially established the major questions doctrine and restricted the ability of the EPA to regulate power plant emissions using generation shifting under the Clean Air Act. That opinion drew ire from critics who argued that Roberts and the conservative bloc manufactured a doctrine to thwart climate reforms. [34]

Criticism

Since 2022, criticism of the Court by Democrats has risen, who have increasingly viewed the Court as being illegitimate and partisan. [35] [36] [37] The Court's legitimacy has also been questioned by its liberal bloc of justices, [38] [39] [40] as well as the general public. [41] In 2022, Aaron Regunberg in The New Republic criticized the Roberts Court for playing Calvinball, a game with no rules except for those made up as they go, with respect to its constitutional law decisions. [42]

Journalist Joan Biskupic argues that Donald Trump has had the greatest impact on the Court, with the Court transformed by him just as much as the rest of American politics. [1] Trump's late sister, Maryanne Trump Barry (1937-2023), was a federal judge herself on the Third Circuit and in 2006 had testified before the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee in support of the nomination of her then-colleague Samuel Alito to the Supreme Court. [43]

Democratic backsliding

In a July 2022 research paper entitled "The Supreme Court's Role in the Degradation of U.S. Democracy," the Campaign Legal Center, founded by Republican Trevor Potter, asserted that the Roberts Court "has turned on our democracy" and was on an "anti-democratic crusade" that had "accelerated and become increasingly extreme with the arrival" of Trump's three appointees. [44] [45] Ian Millhiser argues that the Roberts Court is akin to the Fuller Court or the Hughes Court in its reactionary decisions. [46]

Public opinion

The Roberts Court is considered to be the most unpopular Court since Gallup started tracking public approval of the Supreme Court in 1973. [47] Public perception of the Court was at a net negative before the overturning of Roe v. Wade in 2022, and dropped further following the ruling. [48] [49] An NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist poll indicated that allegations of Clarence Thomas having broken the Court's code of conduct repeatedly eroded trust in the Court further, with public confidence dropping from 59% in 2018 to 37% in 2023. [50] A 2024 survey by Marquette Law School found the court to have a 40% approval rating. [51]

List of Roberts Court opinions

Notes

    References

    1. 1 2 Biskupic, Joan (April 4, 2023). "Nine Black Robes: Inside the Supreme Court's Drive to the Right and Its Historic Consequences" . Retrieved February 22, 2025. Today's bench—with its conservative majority—is desperately ideological. The Court has been headed rightward and ensnared by its own intrigues for years, but the Trump appointments hastened the modern transformation.
    2. Liptak, Adam (July 24, 2010). "Court Under Roberts Is Most Conservative in Decades". The New York Times . Retrieved August 5, 2010.
    3. "Trump gets chance to reshape top court". BBC News. June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 27, 2018.
    4. Vazquez, Maegan; Liptak, Kevin (September 26, 2020). "Trump nominates Amy Coney Barrett as Supreme Court justice". CNN. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
    5. Shear, Michael D. (January 27, 2022). "Biden plans to name Breyer's successor by the end of February". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved June 24, 2022.
    6. Macaya, Melissa; Wagner, Meg; Sangal, Aditi; Vogt, Adrienne; Kurtz, Jason (February 25, 2022). "Feb. 25 coverage of Biden's SCOTUS nomination Ketanji Brown". CNN. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
    7. Wagner, John; Alfaro, Mariana (April 7, 2022). "Post Politics Now: Biden gets history-making nominee Jackson on the Supreme Court". Washington Post. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
    8. Chowdhury, Maureen; Vogtm, Adrienne; Sangal, Aditi; Hammond, Elise; Macaya, Melissa (June 30, 2022). "Live updates: Ketanji Brown Jackson to be sworn in as Supreme Court Justice as court issues final opinions". CNN. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
    9. Maureen Chowdhury; Ji Min Lee; Meg Wagner; Melissa Macaya (April 7, 2022). "Jackson won't be sworn in until Justice Stephen Breyer retires". CNN. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
    10. Booker, Brakkton (April 7, 2022). "What Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson means for the country". POLITICO. Retrieved June 24, 2022.
    11. Chiusano, Scott (September 29, 2015). "Landmark decisions during John Roberts' decade as Chief Justice". New York Daily News. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
    12. 1 2 Wolf, Richard (September 29, 2015). "Chief Justice John Roberts' Supreme Court at 10, defying labels". USA Today. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
    13. Liptak, Adam (May 18, 2015). "Supreme Court Ruling Altered Civil Suits, to Detriment of Individuals". The New York Times. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
    14. "One Really Good Thing in the Supreme Court's Travel-Ban Ruling: Korematsu Is Gone". The New Yorker . June 26, 2018.
    15. 1 2 Rosen, Jeffrey (July 13, 2012). "Big Chief". The New Republic.
    16. 1 2 Coyle, Marcia (2013). The Roberts Court: The Struggle for the Constitution.
    17. "The Chief Stands Alone: Roberts, Roe and a Divided Supreme Court". news.bloomberglaw.com. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
    18. Godfrey, Elaine (June 28, 2023). "The Court Is Conservative—But Not MAGA". The Atlantic. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
    19. Fairfield, Hannah (June 26, 2014). "A More Nuanced Breakdown of the Supreme Court". The New York Times. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
    20. Goldstein, Tom (June 30, 2010). "Everything you read about the Supreme Court is wrong (except here, maybe)". SCOTUSblog . Retrieved July 7, 2010.
    21. 1 2 Scalia, Antonin; Garner, Bryan A. (2008). Making Your Case: The Art of Persuading Judges. St. Paul: Thomson West. ISBN   978-0-314-18471-9.
    22. Hasen, Richard L. (April 2, 2014). "Die Another Day". Slate. ISSN   1091-2339 . Retrieved March 1, 2023.
    23. "Shelby County v. Holder". Five Four Pod (Podcast). Retrieved March 1, 2023.
    24. Bravin, Jess (July 7, 2023). "John Roberts and Brett Kavanaugh Are Now the Supreme Court's Swing Votes". Wall Street Journal. ISSN   0099-9660 . Retrieved July 29, 2023.
    25. Schonfeld, Zach (July 8, 2023). "How John Roberts exhibited his power in the Supreme Court's biggest decisions". The Hill. Retrieved July 29, 2023.
    26. Feldman, Adam (June 30, 2023). "Another One Bites the Dust: End of 2022/2023 Supreme Court Term Statistics" . Retrieved July 29, 2023.
    27. Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (October 11, 2021). "John Roberts is no longer the leader of his own court. Who, then, controls it?". The Guardian . Archived from the original on June 28, 2022.
    28. Huq, Aziz (September 15, 2021). "The Roberts Court is Dying. Here's What Comes Next". Politico . Archived from the original on July 24, 2022.
    29. Liptak, Adam (June 24, 2022). "June 24, 2022: The Day Chief Justice Roberts Lost His Court". New York Times . Archived from the original on July 14, 2022.
    30. Biskupic, Joan (June 26, 2022). "Chief Justice John Roberts lost the Supreme Court and the defining case of his generation". CNN . Archived from the original on July 19, 2022.
    31. Johnson, John (June 18, 2021). "Supreme Court's Interesting New Math: 3-3-3". Newser.
    32. "America's Supreme Court is less one-sided than liberals feared". The Economist. June 24, 2021.
    33. Blackman, Josh (June 18, 2021). "We don't have a 6–3 Conservative Court. We have a 3-3-3 Court". Reason.
    34. Emerson, Blake (June 30, 2022). "The Real Target of the Supreme Court's EPA Decision". Slate. ISSN   1091-2339 . Retrieved March 1, 2023.
    35. Leonhardt, David (May 22, 2023). "Supreme Court Criticism". The New York Times . Retrieved July 5, 2023.
    36. Smith, David (May 21, 2023). "Democrats fight to expand a 'broken and illegitimate' supreme court". The Guardian. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
    37. Marcotte, Amanda (July 3, 2023). "Fraud justice: Decision based on a fake case showcases the Supreme Court's illegitimacy". Salon. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
    38. Gresko, Jessica (October 26, 2022). "Supreme Court justices spar over court legitimacy comments". AP News. Retrieved November 23, 2023.
    39. "Justices join debate on Supreme Court's legitimacy after abortion ruling". NBC News. September 18, 2022. Retrieved November 23, 2023.
    40. Kanu, Hassan (July 10, 2023). "Even some justices are raising questions about the U.S. Supreme Court's legitimacy". Reuters. Retrieved November 23, 2023.
    41. Greenhouse, Steven (October 5, 2023). "The US supreme court is facing a crisis of legitimacy". the Guardian. Retrieved November 23, 2023.
    42. Regunberg, Aaron (July 12, 2022). "How the Calvinball Supreme Court Upended the Bar Exam". The New Republic . Retrieved July 1, 2024. Still, it says a lot about the legal and political crises we are facing in the U.S. today that, in order to practice law, every newly licensed attorney in the year 2022 has to take an exam testing their grasp of legal principles that are no longer legal and laws that are no longer the law. ... Yet as I sit here studying for the entry exam to our legal system, a significant portion of which was made obsolete overnight thanks solely to the whims of six unelected individuals and the extremely minoritarian movement they answer to, America's government isn't feeling very "of laws, not men" to me. ... There's a bit from the comic strip Calvin and Hobbes that's recently entered the legal lexicon: Calvinball. Calvinball is a game that has no actual rules; in the comic, Calvin and Hobbes just make up the rules as they play. It's a perfect metaphor for what constitutional law has become in this country. The conservative court majority has abandoned consistency, precedent, fact, basic constitutional mechanics, and any notion of accountability to the public.
    43. Brodesser-Akner, Claude (February 21, 2016). "Cruz again attacks Trump's sister, a N.J. judge". nj.com. Archived from the original on July 16, 2019. Retrieved July 16, 2019.
    44. Tokaji, Dan (July 13, 2022). "CLC on "The Supreme Court's Role in the Degradation of U.S. Democracy"". Election Law Blog.
    45. "The Supreme Court's Role in the Degradation of U.S. Democracy" (PDF). Campaign Legal Center. July 13, 2022. Unfortunately, the Supreme Court's relationship to democracy has shifted dramatically in recent years. Under the leadership of Chief Justice John Roberts, the Supreme Court has spent the last two decades systematically dismantling federal voting rights protections and campaign finance laws while enabling states to restrict the franchise and distort electoral outcomes with remarkable zeal. The pace of this upheaval has accelerated since 2017 with the additions of Justices Gorsuch, Kavanaugh, and Barrett.
    46. Millhiser, Ian (June 25, 2022). "The case against the Supreme Court of the United States". Vox. Retrieved July 13, 2022. The Court was the midwife of Jim Crow, the right hand of union busters, the dead hand of the Confederacy, and now is one of the chief architects of America's democratic decline.
    47. "A historically unpopular Supreme Court made a historically unpopular decision". CBS News . June 26, 2022. Retrieved April 25, 2023. Quinnipiac isn't the only pollster to show a major degradation in the court's standing. The percentage of Americans (25%) who have great or quite a lot of confidence in the court is at the lowest level ever recorded by Gallup since 1973.
    48. Jones, Jeffrey M. (June 23, 2022). "Confidence in U.S. Supreme Court Sinks to Historic Low". Gallup. Retrieved April 27, 2023.
    49. Todd, Chuck; Murray, Mark; Kamisar, Ben; Bowman, Bridget; Marquez, Alexandra (August 22, 2022). "Public's opinion of Supreme Court plummets after abortion decision". NBC News. Retrieved April 27, 2023.
    50. Sam Levine (April 24, 2022). "Majority of Americans oppose bans of medication abortion drugs, poll finds". The Guardian. Retrieved May 8, 2023.
    51. Franklin, Charles (February 20, 2024). "New Marquette Law School national survey finds approval of U.S. Supreme Court at 40%, public split on removal of Trump from ballot". law.marquette.edu. Retrieved April 29, 2024.

    Further reading