Vehicle-ramming attack

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The 2017 Stockholm truck attack killed five. Attentatet i Stockholm 2017-8.jpg
The 2017 Stockholm truck attack killed five.
The 2008 Jerusalem bulldozer attack killed three. Jerusalem Bulldozer rampage 03.jpg
The 2008 Jerusalem bulldozer attack killed three.

A vehicle-ramming attack, also known as a vehicle as a weapon or VAW attack, [1] is an assault in which a perpetrator deliberately rams a vehicle into a building, people, [2] [3] or another vehicle. According to Stratfor Global Intelligence analysts, this attack represents a relatively new militant tactic that could prove more difficult to prevent than suicide bombings. [4]

Contents

Deliberate vehicle-ramming into a crowd of people is a tactic used by terrorists, [5] becoming a major terrorist tactic in the 2010s because it requires little skill to perpetrate, cars and trucks are widely available, and it has the potential to cause significant casualties. [6] [7] [8] Deliberate vehicle-ramming has also been carried out in the course of other types of crimes, [9] including road rage incidents. [10] [11] Deliberate vehicle-ramming incidents have also sometimes been ascribed to the driver's psychiatric disorder. [12] [a]

Vehicles have also been used by attackers to breach buildings with locked gates, before detonating explosives, as in the Saint-Quentin-Fallavier attack. [13]

Causes and motives

Ease

According to the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, the tactic has gained popularity because "Vehicle ramming offers terrorists with limited access to explosives or weapons an opportunity to conduct a homeland attack with minimal prior training or experience." [2] Vehicles are as easy to acquire as knives, but unlike knives, which may arouse suspicion if found in one's possession, vehicles are essential for daily life, and the capability of vehicles to cause casualties if used aggressively is underestimated. [14]

Islamic terrorism

Counterterrorism researcher Daveed Gartenstein-Ross of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies told Slate that the tactic has been on the rise in Israel because, "the security barrier is fairly effective, which makes it hard to get bombs into the country." [15] In 2010, Inspire , the online, English-language magazine produced by al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula urged Mujahideen to choose "pedestrian only" locations and make sure to gain speed before ramming their vehicles into the crowd in order to "achieve maximum carnage". [15]

Vehicle attacks can be carried out by lone-wolf terrorists who are inspired by an ideology but who are not working within a specific political movement or group. [16] Writing for The Daily Beast , Jacob Siegel suggests that the perpetrator of the 2014 Couture-Rouleau attack may be "the kind of terrorist the West could be seeing a lot more of in the future", a kind that he describes, following Brian Jenkins of the Rand Corporation, as "stray dogs", rather than lone wolves, characterizing them as "misfits" who are "moved from seething anger to spontaneous deadly action" by exposure to Islamist propaganda. [17] A 2014 propaganda video by ISIL encouraged French sympathizers to use cars to run down civilians. [18]

According to Clint Watts, of the Foreign Policy Research Institute, where he is a senior fellow and expert on terrorism, the older model where members of groups like al-Qaeda would "plan and train together before going to carry out an attack, became defunct around 2005", due to increased surveillance by Western security agencies. [17] Watts says that Anwar al-Awlaki, the American-born al-Qaeda imam, was a key figure in this shift, addressing English-speakers in their language and urging them to "Do your own terrorism and stay in place." [17]

Jamie Bartlett, who heads the Violence and Extremism Program at Demos, a British think tank, explains that "the internet in the last few years has both increased the possibilities and the likelihood of lone-wolf terrorism", supplying isolated individuals with ideological motivation and technique. [19] For authorities in Western countries, the difficulty is that even in a case like that of the perpetrator of the 2014 Couture-Rouleau attack, where Canadian police had identified the attacker, taken away his passport, and were working with his family and community to steer him away from jihad, vehicle attacks can be hard to prevent because, "it's very difficult to know exactly what an individual is planning to do before a crime is committed. We cannot arrest someone for thinking radical thoughts; it's not a crime in Canada." [19] [20]

According to Stratfor, the American global intelligence firm, "while not thus far as deadly as suicide bombing", this tactic could prove more difficult to prevent. No single group has claimed responsibility for the incidents. [4] [ clarification needed ] Experts see a saving grace in the ignorance and incompetence of most lone-wolf terrorists, who often manage to murder very few people. [19]

Protest encounters

Vehicular ramming has sometimes been advocated to attack protesters who block public roadways in the United States. Two police officers were suspended and fired in January and June 2016, respectively, for tweeting such advice about Black Lives Matter rallies, which have sometimes been broken up by cars. North Dakota state legislator Keith Kempenich tried and failed to pass a law granting civil immunity to drivers who accidentally hit activists after his mother-in-law was stopped by Dakota Access Pipeline protesters, and Tennessee Senator Bill Ketron did likewise after a man hit an anti-Trump group. Similar legislation has been introduced in Florida and Texas. [21]

Protective measures

Concrete planters provide protection similar to that of bollards. Washington, DC Security bollard-planter in Washington, D.C.jpg
Concrete planters provide protection similar to that of bollards. Washington, DC
Security measures taken to protect the Houses of Parliament in London, UK. These heavy blocks of concrete are designed to prevent a car bomb or other device being rammed into the building. National.security.parliament.arp.750pix.Clean.jpg
Security measures taken to protect the Houses of Parliament in London, UK. These heavy blocks of concrete are designed to prevent a car bomb or other device being rammed into the building.
Concrete blocks in the city centre of Dresden during the 2016 German Unity Day Celebrations Postplatz Tag der Deutschen Einheit Dresden Sachsen Germany Nizza Sperre 0x.jpg
Concrete blocks in the city centre of Dresden during the 2016 German Unity Day Celebrations
Bollards installed on London Bridge to prevent attacks London Bridge security barriers.jpg
Bollards installed on London Bridge to prevent attacks

Protective measures against vehicle attacks are known as hostile vehicle mitigation. This involves reducing the risk posed by vehicle as a weapon attacks through a mixture of measures. Visibly this often includes physical barriers, but also includes other measures such as deterrence, staff training, traffic management, and incident response planning. [22]

Security bollards are credited with minimizing damage and casualties in the 2007 Glasgow Airport attack, [23] [24] and with preventing ramming in the 2014 Alon Shvut stabbing attack, leading the assailant to abandon his car and attack pedestrians waiting at a bus stop with a knife, after his effort to run them over was thwarted. [25] However, Berlin's police chief, Klaus Kandt, argued that bollards would not have prevented the 2016 Berlin truck attack, and that the required security measures would be "varied, complex, and far from a panacea". [26]

On 23 October 2014, the US National Institute of Building Sciences updated its Building Design Guideline on Crash- and Attack-Resistant Models of bollards, a guideline written to help professionals design bollards to protect facilities from vehicle operators, "who plan or carry out acts of property destruction, incite terrorism, or cause the deaths of civilian, industrial or military populations". [27] The American Bar Association recommends bollards as effective protection against car-ramming attacks. [28]

In January 2018, it was announced by the then mayor of New York City, Bill de Blasio, that the city planned to install 1,500 steel street barriers to prevent vehicle attacks. This came after the city's two vehicle-ramming attacks in 2017 killed nine people. [29]

Münster has been planning to install security bollards in public areas in response to vehicle-ramming attacks in European cities, including the Berlin attack. [30] While only selected locations can be protected this way, tight bends and restricted-width streets may also prevent a large vehicle getting speed before reaching a barrier. [31]

Modern Internet-connected drive-by-wire cars can potentially be hacked remotely and used for such attacks. In 2015, to demonstrate the severity of this type of attack, hackers remotely carjacked a Jeep from 10 miles away and drove it into a ditch. [32] [33] Measures for cybersecurity of automobiles to prevent such attacks are often criticized as being insufficient.[ citation needed ]

In Toronto, older transit buses and sanitation vehicles are used as anti-ramming barricades, providing a more benign public experience. [34]

List of attacks

Video of the vehicular ramming of the Unite the Right Rally counter-protesters that killed one person and injured 35 others [35]

In chronological order:

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Accidental vehicle ramming causing multiple deaths or injuries to pedestrians or others also occurs, although rarely. [5] Some causes of such accidental mass-casualty vehicular ramming include drunk and drug–impaired driving, or underlying conditions such as dementia, narcolepsy, or epilepsy. [12] See also sudden unintended acceleration. [5]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Car bomb</span> Improvised explosive device

A car bomb, bus bomb, van bomb, lorry bomb, or truck bomb, also known as a vehicle-borne improvised explosive device (VBIED), is an improvised explosive device designed to be detonated in an automobile or other vehicles.

In June 2000, the North Caucasian Chechen separatist-led Chechen insurgents added suicide bombing to their tactics in their struggle against Russia. Since then, there have been dozens of suicide attacks within and outside the republic of Chechnya, resulting in thousands of casualties among Russian security personnel and civilians. The profiles of the suicide bombers have varied, as have the circumstances surrounding the bombings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2008 Jerusalem bulldozer attack</span> Vehicle-ramming attack in West Jerusalem

On July 2, 2008, an Arab resident of East Jerusalem identified as Hussam Taysir Duwait attacked several cars on Jaffa Road in Jerusalem in a vehicle-ramming attack using a front-end loader, killing three civilians and wounding at least 30 other pedestrians, before being shot to death. Israeli government spokesman Mark Regev said that an inquiry indicated the attacker had been acting alone. A motive for the attack could not immediately be determined, but police at the scene referred to the incident as a terrorist attack. Three copycat attacks have occurred since then.

On 22 September 2008, a Palestinian drove a BMW saloon car into a group of civilians and off-duty soldiers in a terrorist ramming attack in Jerusalem, injuring 19 people. Stratfor Global Intelligence analysts say this attack represents a new terrorist tactic which is less lethal but could prove more difficult to prevent than suicide bombing.

The 2011 Tel Aviv nightclub attack was a combined vehicular assault and stabbing attack which occurred on 29 August 2011 when a Palestinian attacker stole an Israeli taxi cab and rammed it into a police checkpoint guarding the popular nightclub, Haoman 17, in Tel Aviv which was filled with 2,000 Israeli teenagers. After crashing into the checkpoint, the attacker jumped out of the vehicle and began stabbing people. Four civilians, four police officers, and the assailant were injured in the attack. The assailant was living illegally in Israel at the time of the attack.

A terrorist ramming attack occurred on 4 August 2014 in Jerusalem, when a Palestinian drove an excavator out of a construction site, injuring several pedestrians and killing a civilian before ramming the tractor into a public bus, overturning the bus and then hitting it repeatedly. The terrorist was shot dead at the scene by two police officers while still seated at the wheel of the tractor and continuing to attack the bus by swinging the arm of the excavator against it.

On 5 November 2014, in a terrorist ramming attack, a Hamas operative deliberately drove a van at high speed into a crowd of people waiting at the Shimon HaTzadik light rail station in the Arzei HaBira neighborhood of Jerusalem.

The 2014 Alon Shvut stabbing attack occurred on 10 November 2014, when Palestinian Maher al-Hashlamun first attempted to run his vehicle into a crowd waiting at the bus/hitch-hiking station at the entrance to the Israeli settlement of Alon Shvut, in the Gush Etzion section of the occupied West Bank, then, when the car was stopped by a bollard, got out and attacked with a knife, killing a young woman and wounding two others. The attack occurred four hours after the killing of Sergeant Almog Shiloni in Tel Aviv and took place at the same bus/hitch-hiking stop where three Israeli teenagers were kidnapped and murdered in June 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2014 Dijon attack</span> Vehicle ramming attack in Dijon, France

On 21 December 2014, a Muslim man in the French city of Dijon was arrested after a vehicle-ramming attack in which he drove a van into pedestrians in five areas of the city in the space of half an hour. Thirteen people were injured, two of them seriously.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2014 Nantes attack</span> Vehicle ramming attack in Nantes, France

On 22 December 2014, Sébastien Sarron ran over ten pedestrians in his white van at the Christmas market of the French city of Nantes, before attempting suicide by stabbing himself. Ten people, including the suspect, suffered non-fatal injuries. One man, Virgile Porcher, was pronounced clinically dead the following day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2015 Saint-Quentin-Fallavier attack</span> 2015 Islamist attack in southeastern France

A terrorist attack took place on 26 June 2015 in Saint-Quentin-Fallavier, near Lyon, France, when a man, Yassin Salhi, decapitated his employer Hervé Cornara and drove his van into gas cylinders at a gas factory in Saint-Quentin-Fallavier near Lyon, France, which caused an explosion that injured two other people. Salhi was arrested and charged with murder and attempted murder linked to terrorism. Three other people were questioned by the police but released without charge. Salhi committed suicide at Fleury-Mérogis Prison in December that year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2015 Graz car attack</span> Vehicle attack in Graz, Austria

On 20 June 2015, Alen Rizvanović drove a sports utility vehicle at high speeds through the center of Graz, Austria, killing three people in a matter of minutes and injuring 43 others, one of them dying months later. At one point during the attack, Rizvanović got out of the vehicle and stabbed two passers-by.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2014 Tours police station stabbing</span> 2014 terrorist attack in France

On 20 December 2014, a man in Joué-lès-Tours near the city of Tours in central France entered a police station and attacked officers with a knife, shouting "Allahu Akbar" and injuring three before he was shot and killed. The attack was categorised as a case of religiously inspired terrorism by Europol, and has been reported by Europol as well as mappings by CNN and AFP as inspired by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islamic State affiliated terrorist attacks in France</span> Terrorist attacks in France

ISIL-related terrorist attacks in France refers to the terrorist activity of the Islamic State in France, including attacks committed by Islamic State-inspired lone wolves. The French military operation Opération Sentinelle has been ongoing in France since the January 2015 Île-de-France attacks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2011 Tel Aviv truck attack</span> 2011 terror attack in Tel Aviv, Israel

On the morning of 15 May 2011, a terrorist attack was carried out in Tel Aviv. A truck was deliberately rammed into cars and pedestrians at busy "Bar-Lev" street in the south of the city, killing one man and injuring 17 others. The truck driver was identified as Aslam Ibrahim Isa, a 22-year-old Arab-Israeli man from the city of Kfar Kassem. Immediately after the attack he was arrested and taken to questioning by police.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2017 New York City truck attack</span> Vehicle-ramming attack in Manhattan on October 31, 2017

On October 31, 2017, Sayfullo Habibullaevic Saipov drove a rented pickup truck into cyclists and runners for about one mile of the Hudson River Park's bike path alongside West Street from Houston Street south to Chambers Street in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The vehicle-ramming attack killed eight people, six of whom were foreign tourists, and injured thirteen others.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2016 Ohio State University attack</span> 2016 Ohio terrorist attack

On November 28, 2016, a terrorist vehicle-ramming and stabbing attack occurred at 9:52 a.m. EST at Ohio State University's Watts Hall in Columbus, Ohio. The attacker, Somali refugee Abdul Razak Ali Artan, was shot and killed by the first responding OSU police officer, and 13 people were hospitalized for injuries.

On 15 November 2022, a Palestinian killed three Israelis near the Ariel settlement in the West Bank.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2025 New Orleans truck attack</span> Terrorist attack in Louisiana, U.S.

The 2025 New Orleans truck attack occurred on January 1, 2025, at around 3:15 a.m. CST (UTC–6), a man drove a pickup truck into a crowd on Bourbon Street in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, then exited the truck and engaged in a shootout with police before being fatally shot. Fifteen people were killed, including the suspect, and at least thirty-five others were injured, including two police officers who were shot. The attack occurred during New Year celebrations in the city, which was scheduled to host the college football Sugar Bowl game later that day.

References

  1. ↑ "The National Vehicle Threat Mitigation Unit". Protect UK. 19 August 2021.
  2. 1 2 Issued 13 December 2012 (14 February 2012). "Department of Homeland Security-FBI Warning: Terrorist Use of Vehicle Ramming Tactics". FBI and Department of Homeland Security. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ↑ Rapoport, David C. (2006). Terrorism: The fourth or religious wave. Taylor & Francis. pp. 150–. ISBN   978-0-415-31654-5. Archived from the original on 10 December 2014.
  4. 1 2 "Israel: Vehicle Attacks – A New Militant Tactic?". Stratfor Global Intelligence.
  5. 1 2 3 "Mass casualty traffic incidents like Endymion's are rare, but do happen". New Orleans Times-Picayune. 27 February 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  6. ↑ Amanda Erickson & Isaac Stanley-Becker, How ramming cars into crowds became a major terror tactic, Washington Post (22 March 2017).
  7. ↑ Keating, Joshua (5 November 2014). "Why Terrorists Use Vehicles as Weapons". Slate. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
  8. ↑ Jamison, Alastair (20 December 2016). "Truck Attacks: Low-Tech, Soft Target Terrorism Is Growing Threat". NBC News. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
  9. ↑ David Ormerod, John Cyril Smith & Brian Hogan, Smith and Hogan's Criminal Law (13th ed. 2011: Oxford University Press), p. 1138: "There are at least six ways that a person might be held liable for causing a death by driving. At the most extreme it is possible for D[efendant] to be liable for murder, as when he drivers at V[ictim] with intent to kill or do gbh (great bodily harm)."
  10. ↑ R.G. Smart, "Transport Related Stress" in Stress Consequences: Mental, Neuropsychological and Socioeconomic (ed. George Fink: Academic Press, 2009), p. 708: "A national study in the United States found that ... of respondents ... 1-2% had gotten out of their cars to hurt other drivers, deliberately hit other drivers, or had carried a weapon."
  11. ↑ Audi driver pleads guilty after video shows him mowing down man in road-rage incident in New Brunswick, Canadian Press (28 February 2017).
  12. 1 2 Alan R. Felthouse, "Personal Violence" in The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Forensic Psychiatry (2d ed.: eds. Robert I. Simon & Liza H. Gold), pp. 551-52: "An automobile is a potentially lethal machine. Litigation involving psychiatrists has resulted when a hospitalized patient, after discharges, caused a two-person vehicle accident with death or injuries to one or more victims ... Such cases involve three different types of scenarios. One is the vehicular crash that results from the patient's medication-induced drowsiness at the wheel ... The second scenario is a true accident but is unrelated to any prescribed medication. Rather, the patient's driving is impaired by the disabling effects of mental illness [or] recent consumption of nonprescribed drugs or alcohol. The third situation is when the patient deliberately crashes into another vehicle. Neuropsychiatric conditions that can be associated with an increased risk of vehicular crash include psychotic exacerbation of schizophrenia, profound or suicidal depression, dementia, and disturbances in consciousness, such as epilepsy and narcolepsy."
  13. ↑ Weinberg, Stevie. "The June 26 Saint-Quentin-Fallavier (France) Attack". IDC Herzliya. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  14. ↑ Blake, Paul; Kreider, Randy. "The New Tools of Terror: Vehicular Violence at Center of Recent Attacks". ABC News . Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  15. 1 2 Keating, Joshua (5 November 2014). "Why Terrorists Use Vehicles as Weapons". Slate. Archived from the original on 6 November 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  16. ↑ Daly, Brian (21 October 2014). "Lone wolf terrorists hard to stop". Edmonton Sun. QMI . Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  17. 1 2 3 Siegel, Jacob (24 October 2014). "Lone Wolves, Terrorist Runts, and the Stray Dogs of ISIS Why ISIS and al Qaeda rely on loners and losers to carry out their terrorist agenda in the West". Daily Beast . Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  18. ↑ "ISIS and Al Qaeda have specifically called for the type of attack that just happened in France". Business Insider .
  19. 1 2 3 Bajekal, Naina (23 October 2014). "The Rise of the Lone Wolf Terrorist". Time Magazine . Archived from the original on 14 November 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  20. ↑ Mataconis, Doug (23 October 2014). "The attack on Canada's Parliament and the 'lone wolf' terrorist". Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on 6 November 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  21. ↑ Grabar, Henry (14 August 2017). ""Run Them Down"". Slate.com.
  22. ↑ "Hostile vehicle mitigation". National Protective Security Authority.
  23. ↑ Garfield, Simon (7 December 2007). "Terrorists are foiled at Glasgow airport". The Guardian . Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  24. ↑ "Glasgow airport ramps up use of bollards". Glasgow Evening Times . 22 December 2008. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  25. ↑ Tait, Robert (10 November 2014). "Israeli woman, 25, and soldier killed in twin stabbing attacks – Incidents happen hours apart, suggesting an escalation of recent violence". The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  26. ↑ Halliday, Josh; Perraudin, Frances (20 December 2016). "What can be done to prevent Berlin-style attacks in modern cities?". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  27. ↑ Oakes, Charles (23 October 2014). "The Bollard: Crash- and Attack-Resistant Models". Whole Building Design Guide, National Institute of Building Sciences. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  28. ↑ Ernest B. Abbott and Otto J. Hetzel, "Homeland Security Begins at Home: Local Planning and Regulatory Review to Improve Security", in Rufus Calhoun Young, Jr. and Dwight H. Merriam, A Legal Guide to Homeland Security and Emergency Management for State and Local Governments, American Bar Association, 2006
  29. ↑ "New York to install 1,500 security barriers after vehicle attacks". BBC News. 3 January 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
  30. ↑ "Do bollards offer protection against vehicle attacks?". DW. 8 March 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  31. ↑ "Vehicle Ramming Attacks - Are There Any Security Measures?". iHLS. 9 January 2017.
  32. ↑ Greenberg, Andy. "Hackers Remotely Kill a Jeep on the Highway—With Me in It". WIRED. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  33. ↑ "Hackers take control of car, drive it into a ditch" . The Independent. 22 July 2015. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  34. ↑ "New TTC security buses used as barricades at Remembrance Day services". CIty News Everywhere. 11 November 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  35. ↑ Duggan, Paul (14 December 2017). "Charge upgraded to first-degree murder for driver accused of ramming Charlottesville crowd". Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved 20 November 2022.
  36. ↑ "Olga Hepnarová: The Truck-Driving Mass Murderess Of Czechoslovakia". 12 May 2016.
  37. ↑ Weinberg, Stevie. "The June 26 Saint-Quentin-Fallavier (France) Attack". IDC Herzliya. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  38. ↑ 山东潍坊越野车连撞多人致5死21伤(图), (20 Aug 2015)
  39. ↑ 山西朔州街头铲车撞人致1死20伤 司机被击毙, People's Daily (16 May 2016)
    – 山西男子驾装载机撞翻警车碾死行人 武警将其击毙, Sohu (6 September 2015)
  40. ↑ Smith-Spark, Laura (17 August 2017). "Deadly Barcelona attack and its aftermath rock Spain". CNN. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  41. ↑ "640 Toronto on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
  42. ↑ "'A huge loss': Yonge Street van attack victim Amaresh Tesfamariam missed 'every day'". 12 November 2021.
  43. ↑ "湖南常德撞人案一审宣判 被告人黄文被判死缓". 新华网 (in Chinese). 23 December 2024. Retrieved 23 December 2024.
  44. ↑ Death toll rises to five with more than 200 injured in German Christmas market attack, CNN, 21 December 2024.
  45. ↑ Driver Rams Christmas Market in Germany, Killing at Least 2 in Suspected Attack, New York Times, 20 December 2024.
  46. ↑ Politi, James (1 January 2025). "At least 10 killed after man drives vehicle into crowd in New Orleans". Financial Times. Retrieved 1 January 2025.
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