A mass stabbing is a single incident in which multiple victims are injured or killed with a sharp object thrusted at the victims, piercing through the skin and injuring the victims.[1] Examples of sharp instruments used in mass stabbings may include kitchen knives, utility knives, sheath knives, scissors, katanas, icepicks, bayonets, axes, machetes and glass bottles.[1] Knife crime poses security threats to many countries around the world.[1]
There are many different factors causing mass stabbing. This may include social inequality, abuse of alcohol and other drugs, easy access to weapons, social and cultural norms, religious and political reasons, among others.[2][3]
Many actions have been taken to address mass stabbing and knife crimes. This may include enacting new legislation, social and education programs, medical interventions, among others.[2] However, mass stabbing and similar terrorist attacks carried out by Islamic extremists have resulted in the rise of Islamophobia.[4]
Definition
A mass stabbing can be defined from a number of different perspectives. The Oxford English Dictionary defines the verb 'stab' as an action that propels a pointed weapon with the intention of harm or murder.[5] A mass stabbing is an incident involving the use of pointed weapons to wound or kill multiple people.
Mass stabbings can be looked at from the scope of knife crime. Based on a publication by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, 'knife-enabled crime' is an incident where harm is threatened or caused with the use of bladed weapons.[6] The media also refers to 'knife crime' as a stabbing incident or the illegal possession of knives by a person in the public.[6]
From a legal perspective, the phrase mass killing can be used to define a mass stabbing. Based on section 2 of the Investigative Assistance for Violent Crimes Act of 2012 of the United States of America, which was signed into law and published by the US Congress on 13 January 2013, 'mass killing' is an individual occasion with three or more people murdered.[7]
Mass stabbings can also be looked at from the perspective of mass murder. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) of the United States of America has defined mass murder as an incident where four or more people are killed in a single incident on a continuing basis without any significant time period in between each of the murders.[8]
Causes
A World Health Organization (WHO) report states that past victimisation is one of the risk factors causing violence.[2] Children and young people with adverse experiences are particularly prone to being perpetrators or victims of violence.[3]
Abuse of alcohol is another risk factor that causes people, particularly young people to engage in violence such as knife crime.[2] Research by WHO found that the incidence of violence was higher in countries with greater ease of access to alcohol.[2] Similarly, drug abuse is another possible cause of knife crime.[2] Illicit drug trade has been linked to the increasing incidence of knife crime.[2] Examples of drugs that are particularly linked to acts of violence include tobacco, cocaine and amphetamines.[2]
WHO has also stated that there is a strong correlation between violence and social inequality and deprivation.[2] The larger the differences in income between the high-income group and the low-income group, the higher the incidence of homicides.[2]
Another factor that may have led to knife crimes and violence among young people is the social and cultural norms in the environment they are exposed to.[2] This may be due to the exposure of young people to violent behaviour of family members, friends or other members of society, which lead them to think that acts of violence are normal and acceptable.[2] This group of people may have been exposed to various contents containing different forms of violence in the mass media which may have affected the behaviour of the young people.[2]
Spreading of religious extremism by terrorist groups, such as al-Qaeda and Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (IS), may be another cause of mass stabbings.[3] Both terrorist groups used publications such as Dabiq of IS and Inspire of al-Qaeda to propagate the ideologies of the organisations and demonize their opponents, particularly the western democracy and their values.[3] The terrorist organisations have encouraged their followers to launch attacks with knives because it is a cheap and easy method which is difficult to be detected by authorities yet capable of causing great harm to the general public.[9][10]
Mass stabbing incidents are more common in nations that restrict or ban the private ownership of firearms. Individuals who do not have access to firearms typically turn to other weapons in order to inflict harm. In nations with strict firearms regulation such as the United Kingdom and Japan, knives are the most commonly used weapon to commit murder. In 2021 through 2022, the Home Office of the United Kingdom reported that England and Wales saw 282 homicides committed with a knife compared to 35 homicides committed with a firearm in the same year.[11][12] In the United States, firearms are most commonly used by people looking to inflict harm due to their wide availability and ease of access in many states. Of the 15,129 homicides committed in the US in 2017, 10,982 involved a firearm while 1,591 homicides involved a knife or cutting instrument.[13] These factors make mass shootings in the United States a far more common incident than mass stabbings or acts of mass violence committed by other means. Pro-gun lawmakers such as Brad Wenstrup have cited mass stabbings in other countries to argue against measures to limit firearms ownership, arguing that mass murderers will still try to commit their attacks using knives or other means including bombs and vehicles instead of firearms.[14]
Political reasons may be another cause of mass stabbings. Various studies have been conducted by scholars and researchers to examine the relationship between political repression and terrorism.[15] In general, there is a lack of consensus on the relationship between repression and violence.[15] Some studies argued that political repression may turn non-violent groups to acts of violence.[15][16] However, another study showed that there was a positive correlation between repression and violence in the short-run, but the correlation turns negative in the long-run.[17]
Reactions
Government and law enforcement
The Government of the United Kingdom announced on 31 January 2019 that they would introduce the Knife Crime Prevention Orders through an amendment to the Offensive Weapons Bill in conjunction with the government's effort in tackling knife crime.[18] The new preventative order can be placed on any person aged 12 or over, where curfews, geographical restrictions and social media restrictions may be imposed on the targets of the police.[18] Retailers are also forbidden from selling knives to any person aged 18 or below.[18] The law is aimed at reducing knife crimes especially among young people.[18] Criminal prosecution, fines or jail sentences may be applied on any person who breaches the law.[18]
Pressure from the public and changes in laws have also mandated tougher sentences from the judiciary on knife crime offences.[19]England and Wales saw 85% of their knife crime offenders jailed for at least three months.[19] The average jail sentence for these offenders was eight months in 2018, an increment of three months from the average a decade ago.[19] In Scotland, there was a threefold increase in average sentence for carrying a knife in 2015 when compared to the data from 10 years ago.[20]
Members of the law enforcement community has also lobbied the government for extra funding to tackle crimes.[21] The Government of the United Kingdom has also announced extra funding of £100m to security forces in England and Wales to tackle crimes, specifically knife crimes.[21]
Countries like Brazil and Australia have also introduced laws to restrict the sale of alcohol at specific times of a day.[2] Studies in Diadema, Brazil has shown that homicides were reduced by 44% in the course of three years with the introduction of a law that restricts trading hours for alcoholic products.[2]
Schools
Schools have also taken precautionary measure to prevent knife crime in school compounds. A WHO report states that creating safe learning environment in schools is critical in preventing violence and knife crime among young people.[2]
A direct approach taken by some schools in the United States of America was installing weapon detection systems in schools.[2] This is to prevent weapons such as guns and knives from being brought into schools and threaten the safety of the community.[2]
Another initiative taken by some schools is the introduction of bully-prevention programs in schools.[2] An example of such programs is the Olweus Program, which is originated from Norway and is currently implemented in Australia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States of America.[2] The KiVa program in Finland is another successful anti-bullying program in Europe.[2]
Education programs aimed at reducing knife crime has also been introduced. For example, the Be Safe Project in the United Kingdom educates students about the legal, social and health implications of knife crime.[2]
Others
In Scotland, knife crime is treated as a public health issue and a public funded initiative was launched to address the root cause of knife crimes.[20] The initiative is participated by law enforcement agencies like the police, social services and other organisations.[20] For example, No Knives, Better Lives, an organisation launched in 2009, works with the Scottish police, schools and volunteers to raise awareness among young people on knife crime prevention.[20] Gang members were also invited to a meeting with the police, health professionals, victims and social service workers where they discussed the implications of knife crime and violence.[2][20] They were offered with assistance in employment, housing and education to help them depart from violence and knife crime.[2][20]
Parenting programs were launched in many countries around the world to improve parenting skills.[2] WHO has stated that interventions in parenting skills can be beneficial to parent-children relationship and prevent violence amongst young people.[2] Examples of parenting programs includes Nurse-Family Partnership, Triple P and The Incredible Years.[2]
Some scholars and experts believe that knife crime, mass stabbing and terrorist attacks have caused a surge in Islamophobia.[4]
Based on a report by Tell Mama, there was a 26% increase in anti-Muslim attacks in the United Kingdom from 2017 to 2018.[22] Some experts have attributed the backlash against the Islamic religion and Muslims to the terrorist attacks in the United Kingdom which were carried out by Muslims.[22] Example of terrorist attacks in the United Kingdom include Manchester Arena Bombing, London Bridge attack and Westminster attack.[23][24] All of the attacks happened in the United Kingdom in 2017.[23][24]
Another research from California State University, San Bernardino, has found that there was a 78% rise in hate crimes against Muslims in the United States of America in 2015.[4] Police reports in 2016 also stated that hate crimes and violence against Muslim communities in the United States of America were on the rise.[4]
Research on pedestrian dynamics in mass stabbing scenarios
Recent research on pedestrian dynamics during mass stabbing incidents offers practical guidelines to enhance public safety. The study introduced a model to delineate the direct threat zone of pedestrians, quantifying potential threats. The research found that pedestrians' expected speed positively correlates with the intensity of potential threats. When threatened, individuals initially move faster, but their speed decreases once they are beyond a certain range from the threat. Through experiments in various scenarios, results showed that setting up multiple exits helps avoid congestion, and clear pathways ensure evacuees can better evade attackers. These insights suggest that public spaces should be designed with multiple accessible exits, and the public should be guided to evacuate quickly and calmly to reduce casualties in such incidents.[25]
The Ikeda school massacre (sometimes referred to as the Osaka school massacre) was a school stabbing and mass murder that occurred in Ikeda, Osaka Prefecture, Japan, on 8 June 2001. Mamoru Takuma, a 37-year-old ex-convict with a history of mentally disturbed and anti-social behavior, stabbed eight students to death and seriously wounded fifteen others in a knife attack that lasted several minutes. Takuma was sentenced to death in August 2003, and executed in September 2004. As of 2024, it is the deadliest school stabbing in Japanese history.
A view of Kunming Railway Station in Yunnan, China, in November 2008
On March 1, 2014, a group of eight male and female attackers wielding knives attacked a railway station at Kunming, the provincial capital of Yunnan, in the southwest of China.[26] 31 people were killed, and a further 141 were wounded.[27] Authorities and the official news service of China, Xinhua, said that the knife attack was an act of terrorism carried out by Uighur separatists from Xinjiang, a province at the far west of China. The incident is now known as '3-01' in China. It was also called "China's 9-11" by the Global Times, a state-run media in China.[28] Authorities increased security in the Xinjiang region following the attack.[26]
On May 23, 2014, 22-year-old Elliot Rodger stabbed his two roommates and their friend to death in the apartment they shared in Isla Vista, California near the campus of the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), ambushing and killing them separately as they arrived.[29][30][31] Rodger then went on a shooting spree around Isla Vista while hitting people with his car, killing three more people by gunfire and injuring 14 others.[32][33] He later took his own life by shooting himself in the head.[34][35][36]
At 2:20 am on 26 July 2016, a man launched a knife attack at a center for the disabled people at Sagamihara, a town west of Tokyo, Japan.[37] 19 residents of the care center were killed, and an additional 26 people were wounded.[37][38] The suspect, former employee Satoshi Uematsu,[39] surrendered himself at a police station near the site of the attack shortly after.[37] He delivered a handwritten letter to a Japanese politician where he threatened to kill 470 severely disabled people.[39] He also advocated for legislation that would allow the disabled people to be euthanized with consents from their family members. He was hospitalized but was subsequently released after two weeks.[37] Charged with murder, Uematsu was eventually sentenced to death.[40][41] The attack was the worst mass killing case in Japan in decades, as well as the world's deadliest mass stabbing by a lone knifeman.[37]
On 3 June 2017, a terrorist vehicle-ramming and stabbing took place in London, England, UK. A van was deliberately driven into pedestrians on London Bridge, and then crashed on Borough High Street, just south of the River Thames. The van's three occupants then ran to the nearby Borough Market area and began stabbing people in and around restaurants and pubs.[42] They were shot dead by Metropolitan Police and City of London Police authorised firearms officers.[43] Eight people were killed, and 48 others were injured, including members of the public and four unarmed police officers who attempted to stop the assailants.[44]
The Kawasaki stabbings (川崎殺傷事件, Kawasaki Sasshō Jiken) occurred on the morning of 28 May 2019 in the Tama ward of Kawasaki City, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, four blocks west of Noborito Station. Two people were murdered, and 18 others were injured after being stabbed at a city bus stop by 51-year-old Ryuichi Iwasaki (岩崎隆一 Iwasaki Ryūichi). After carrying out the attack, Iwasaki committed suicide by stabbing himself in the neck.
The Kuopio school stabbing occurred on 1 October 2019 at Savo Vocational College in Kuopio, Northern Savonia, Finland. Armed with a sabre, 25-year-old student Joel Otto Aukusti Marin killed a female student and wounded nine others. He also carried an air pistol which was not used during the attack; it was initially mistaken for a real firearm. The attack ended when a policeman shot and wounded Marin.
On 10 January 2022, a stabbing occurred at NTI Gymnasiet, Kristianstad, Sweden, when 16-year-old student Laaiti Ekenstéen stabbed and injured two people before disarming himself and calling the school's SOS Alarm before being arrested by first responders.
On September 4, 2022, 29 people were stabbed, 11 of whom were killed, in at least thirteen locations in the James Smith Cree Nation and Weldon, Saskatchewan, Canada.[45] Alerts relating to the incidents were extended to Manitoba and Alberta. Some of the victims were believed to have been targeted, while others were randomly attacked.[46] On September 7, 2022, the suspect, identified as Myles Sanderson, was found and arrested near Rosthern. Shortly after being taken into custody, Sanderson died from overdosing on cocaine.[47][48][49][50]
In the early hours of November 13, 2022, four University of Idaho students were fatally stabbed in their off-campus residence in Moscow, Idaho.[51] On December 30, a suspect, 28-year-old Bryan Christopher Kohberger, was arrested in Monroe County, Pennsylvania, on four counts of first-degree murder and felony burglary.[52][53]
On March 27, 2024, four people were killed and seven others were injured in a mass stabbing in Rockford, Illinois, with the fatalities entailing two men, a woman, and a 15-year-old girl. A suspect, 22-year-old Christian Ivan Soto, of Rockford, was taken into custody and charged with several counts of first-degree murder and home invasion.
Shortly before 4 p.m. on April 13, 2024, a mass stabbing occurred at the Westfield Bondi Junction in Sydney, Australia. The attack left 7 people dead including the perpetrator and 12 injured including a nine-month-old baby. The attacker was a 40-year-old male who was shot to death by responding police.[54]
2024 Turkey mosque stabbing
A 18-year-old teenager wearing a helmet and bulletproof vest stabbed 7 people near a mosque in Eskişehir, Turkey before being detained by police.[citation needed]
On 29 July 2024, a mass stabbing targeting children occurred at a dance studio in Southport, Merseyside, United Kingdom. Three children were killed, and 10 other people—eight of whom were children—were injured, some of them severely. Axel Rudakubana, a 17-year-old British citizen born in Cardiff to parents from Rwanda, was arrested at the scene and has been charged with three counts of murder, ten counts of attempted murder, and possession of a bladed article.
On the evening of 23 August 2024, a mass stabbing took place during a festival celebrating the 650th anniversary of Solingen, Germany, when a man armed with a knife killed three people and injured eight others. The motive for the attack, according to authorities, was the suspect's "radical Islamist convictions". The suspect, a Syrian, is alleged to be a member of Islamic State, which has claimed responsibility for the attack.
On 30 September 2024, a mass stabbing incident occurred at a supermarket, resulting in the deaths of three people and 15 others injured. A 37-year-old male suspect is under arrest and investigations are ongoing.
Wuxi Vocational Institute of Arts and Technology stabbing
On 16 November 2024, a former student stabbed twenty-five people, killing eight, at the Wuxi Vocational Institute of Arts and Technology in Yixing, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
On 10 December 2024, a 42-year-old man allegedly stabbed a 34-year-old woman and a 26-year-old man inside a hardware store in Hougang, Singapore. The woman died in hospital while the man is injured.
Related Research Articles
A mass shooting is a violent crime in which one or more attackers use a firearm to kill or injure multiple individuals in rapid succession. There is no widely accepted specific definition, and different organizations tracking such incidents use different criteria. Mass shootings are generally characterized by the targeting of victims in a non-combat setting, and thus the term generally excludes gang violence, shootouts and warfare. Mass shootings may be done for personal or psychological reasons, such as by individuals who are deeply disgruntled, seeking notoriety, or are intensely angry at a perceived grievance; though they have also been used as a terrorist tactic, such as when members of an ethnic or religious minority are targeted. The perpetrator of an ongoing mass shooting may be referred to as an active shooter.
A vehicle-ramming attack, also known as a vehicle as a weapon or VAW attack, is an assault in which a perpetrator deliberately rams a vehicle into a building, people, or another vehicle. According to Stratfor Global Intelligence analysts, this attack represents a relatively new militant tactic that could prove more difficult to prevent than suicide bombings.
An increase of violence occurred in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict starting in the autumn of 2015 and lasting into the first half of 2016. It was called the "Intifada of the Individuals" by Israeli sources, the Knife Intifada, Stabbing Intifada or Jerusalem Intifada by international sources because of the many stabbings in Jerusalem, or Habba by Palestinian sources. 38 Israelis and 235 Palestinians were killed in the violence. 558 Israelis and thousands of Palestinians were injured.
On 8 January 2016, two suspected militants, armed with a melee weapon and a signal flare, allegedly arrived by sea and stormed the Bella Vista Hotel in the Red Sea city of Hurghada, Egypt, stabbing two foreign tourists from Austria and one from Sweden. One of the attackers, 21-year-old student Mohammed Hassan Mohammed Mahfouz, was killed by police as he tried to take a woman hostage. The other attacker was injured. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant claimed responsibility.
The Sagamihara stabbings were committed on 26 July 2016 in Midori Ward, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan. Nineteen people were killed and twenty-six others were injured, thirteen severely, at a care home for disabled people. The crimes were committed by a 26-year-old man, identified as Satoshi Uematsu, a former employee of the care facility. Uematsu surrendered at a nearby police station with a bag of knives and was subsequently arrested. Justin McCurry of The Guardian described the attack as one of the worst crimes committed on Japanese soil in modern history. Uematsu was sentenced to death on 16 March 2020, after the prosecution sought the maximum penalty for murder in his trial; as of July 2022, he was on death row awaiting execution. As of 2023, it is currently the deadliest mass stabbing in Japanese history.
Livestreamed crime is a phenomenon in which people publicly livestream criminal acts on social media platforms such as Twitch or Facebook Live.
The 2017 Turku attack occurred on 18 August 2017 at around 16:02–16:05 (UTC+3) when 10 people were stabbed in central Turku, Southwest Finland. Two women were killed in the attack and eight people sustained injuries.
The 2018 Brussels stabbing attack occurred on 20 November 2018 when a man wielding two knives attacked police officers outside a police station adjacent to the Grand-Place/Grote Markt in Brussels, Belgium. A police officer was wounded and the attacker was shot and injured by the police. Both the attacker and a wounded officer were hospitalized with non life-threatening injuries. An investigation for possible links to terrorism is underway. Jan Jambon, Belgium's Minister of the Interior and Security, said the suspect had been interned and recently freed.
The Kawasaki stabbings occurred on the morning of 28 May 2019 in the Tama ward of Kawasaki City, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, four blocks west of Noborito Station. Two people were murdered, and 18 others were injured after being stabbed at a city bus stop by 51-year-old Ryuichi Iwasaki. After carrying out the attack, Iwasaki committed suicide by stabbing himself in the neck.
On the night of December 28, 2019, the seventh night of the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah, a masked man wielding a large knife or machete invaded the home of a Hasidic rabbi in Monsey, Rockland County, New York, where a Hanukkah party was underway, and began stabbing the guests. Five men were wounded, two of whom were hospitalized in critical condition. Party guests forced the assailant to flee by wielding chairs and a small table. Three months after the stabbing, the most severely injured victim, Rabbi Josef Neumann, aged 72, died of his wounds.
On 20 June 2020, shortly before 19:00 BST, a man with a knife attacked people who were socialising in Forbury Gardens, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom. Three men died from their wounds, and three other people were seriously injured. Khairi Saadallah, a 25-year-old Libyan male refugee, was arrested shortly afterwards. He was charged with three counts of murder and three counts of attempted murder; he pleaded guilty. In January 2021, Saadallah was sentenced to a whole-life term.
A mass stabbing incident occurred 6 August 2021, on a commuter train in the Odakyu Electric Railway in Tokyo, Japan. Ten people were injured in the incident.
On 3 September 2021 at 14:40 NZST, eight people were injured in a mass stabbing at the LynnMall Countdown supermarket in New Lynn, Auckland, New Zealand. The attacker, Ahamed Samsudeen, was being followed by police officers, who intervened during the attack, shooting and killing him after he charged at them. He was pronounced dead at the scene. The incident was treated as terrorism and was "ISIS-inspired" according to Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern. It was the second stabbing in less than four months to occur at a Countdown supermarket, the first being in Dunedin, and the first terrorist attack in New Zealand since the Christchurch mosque shootings in 2019.
On March 22, 2022, four people were killed and two more were injured during a stabbing and vehicle-ramming attack by an Islamic State supporter in Beersheba, Israel.
On 31 May 2024 at 11:34am, a man ambushed and stabbed several people at a rally hosted by the counter-jihad and anti-Islam group Citizens' Movement Pax Europa (BPE) in the market square in Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. He mortally wounded a police officer, who died two days later, and wounded five other people. The victims included the controversial activist Michael Stürzenberger, the main speaker at the rally. Six people were injured, including Stürzenberger and a police officer who was stabbed in the neck and died from his injuries two days later. The attack was stopped when the suspect was shot and injured by another police officer. Investigators suspect that the suspect's motive was Islamist in nature.
↑ Rasler, Karen (1996). "Concessions, Repression, and Political Protest in the Iranian Revolution". American Sociological Review. 61 (1): 132–152. doi:10.2307/2096410. JSTOR2096410.
1 2 Harris, Rich; Lai, K. K. Rebecca; Specia, Megan; Peçanha, Sergio; Watkins, Derek; Benzaquen, Mercy; Almukhtar, Sarah (3 June 2017). "How the Attacks in London Unfolded". The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Retrieved 2 May 2019.
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