Naturalization

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United States service members are sworn in as citizens of the United States aboard the USS Midway in 2009 US Navy 090528-N-3207B-034 Sailors, Marines, Soldiers and Airmen recite the pledge of allegiance during a naturalization ceremony at the USS Midway Museum.jpg
United States service members are sworn in as citizens of the United States aboard the USS Midway in 2009

Naturalization (or naturalisation) is the legal act or process by which a non-national of a country acquires the nationality of that country after birth. [1] The definition of naturalization by the International Organization for Migration of the United Nations excludes citizenship that is automatically acquired (e.g. at birth) or is acquired by declaration. Naturalization usually involves an application or a motion and approval by legal authorities. The rules of naturalization vary from country to country but typically include a promise to obey and uphold that country's laws and taking and subscribing to an oath of allegiance, and may specify other requirements such as a minimum legal residency and adequate knowledge of the national dominant language or culture. To counter multiple citizenship, some countries require that applicants for naturalization renounce any other citizenship that they currently hold, but whether this renunciation actually causes loss of original citizenship, as seen by the host country and by the original country, will depend on the laws of the countries involved. Arguments for increasing naturalization include reducing backlogs in naturalization applications and reshaping the electorate of the country. [2]

Contents

History

The massive increase in population flux due to globalization and the sharp increase in the numbers of refugees following World War I created many stateless persons, people who were not citizens of any state. In some rare cases, laws for mass naturalization were passed. As naturalization laws had been designed to cater for the relatively few people who had voluntarily moved from one country to another (expatriates), many western democracies were not ready to naturalize large numbers of people. This included the massive influx of stateless people which followed massive denationalizations and the expulsion of ethnic minorities from newly created nation states in the first part of the 20th century. [3] [4] [5]

Since World War II, the increase in international migrations created a new category of migrants, most of them economic migrants. For economic, political, humanitarian and pragmatic reasons, many states passed laws allowing a person to acquire their citizenship after birth, such as by marriage to a national – jus matrimonii – or by having ancestors who are nationals of that country, in order to reduce the scope of this category. However, in some countries this system still maintains a large part of the immigrant population in an illegal status, albeit with some massive regularizations. Examples include Spain under José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero's government, and Italy under Silvio Berlusconi's government.

Countries without a path to naturalization

Myanmar and Uruguay are currently the only countries in the world that deny immigrants any path to naturalization. Uruguayan legal citizenship has special characteristics. A person who acquires it retains their nationality of origin, which is determined by Uruguayan law to be that of their country of birth and therefore, is immutable. Legal citizens acquire political rights but do not acquire Uruguayan nationality as natural citizens do. According to Uruguayan law, those born in Uruguay or whose parents or grandparents are Uruguayan natural citizens are considered to be Uruguayan nationals.

As a result of Uruguay's unusual distinction between citizenship and nationality (it is the only country in the world that recognizes the right to citizenship without being a national), legal citizens have encountered problems with their Uruguayan passports at airports around the world since 2015. This is due to recommendations in the seventh edition of Doc. 9303 of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), which requires that travel documents issued by participating states include the "Nationality" field. The lack of a naturalization path means that the Nationality field in legal citizens' passports indicates their country of birth, which Uruguay assumes to be their nationality of origin. Many countries do not accept passports issued by a country that declares the holder to be a national of another country. As a consequence, it has severely curtailed legal citizens' exercise of the right to free movement, as their travel abroad is often difficult or downright impossible. [6]

Due to its current and narrow definition of nationality, Uruguay could be violating the sovereignty of other countries by assigning foreign nationalities in its official documents, thus overriding their powers. Some Uruguayan legal citizens may even, as a result of the application of a national law of a third nation and this Uruguayan interpretation, become de facto stateless.

Summary by country

Residence requirements in years for naturalization by country:
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2 years
2.5 years
3 years
4 years
5 years
7 years
8 years
9 years
10 years
12 years
14 years
15 years
20 years
25 years
30 years
35 years
No naturalization allowed
No data Naturalization Residence Requirements by Country (Years of Residence).svg
Residence requirements in years for naturalization by country:
  2 years
  2.5 years
  3 years
  4 years
  5 years
  7 years
  8 years
  9 years
  10 years
  12 years
  14 years
  15 years
  20 years
  25 years
  30 years
  35 years
  No naturalization allowed
  No data

The following list is a brief summary of the duration of legal residence before a national of a foreign state, without any cultural, historical, or marriage ties or connections to the state in question, can request citizenship under that state's naturalization laws.

CountryResidence requirementResidence requirement notesOther notesMultiple citizenshipMain articleRef
Flag of the Taliban.svg  Afghanistan 5 yearsNo Afghan nationality law [7] [8]
Flag of Albania.svg  Albania 5 yearsContinuous residence.Yes Albanian nationality law [9] [10]
Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria 7 yearsYes Algerian nationality law [11] [12]
Flag of Andorra.svg  Andorra 20 yearsContinuous permanent residence. Reduced to 10 years if all mandatory education completed in Andorra.No Andorran nationality law [13] [14]
Flag of Angola.svg  Angola 10 yearsContinuous residence.Yes Angolan nationality law [15]
Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg  Antigua and Barbuda 7 yearsContinuous residence. Reduced to 3 years if married to a citizen.Yes Antiguan and Barbudan nationality law [16] [17]
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 2 yearsContinuous residence.Yes Argentine nationality law [18] [19]
Flag of Armenia.svg  Armenia 3 yearsYes Armenian nationality law [20] [21]
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia 4 yearsLawful residence for 4 years including 12 months as permanent resident.Yes Australian nationality law [22] [23] [24]
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 10 yearsReduced to 6 years for people born in Austria, EU/EEA citizens, or those deemed "exceptionally integrated". Multiple nationalities allowed only by birth or with special permission. 10 years for refugees Partial Austrian nationality law [25] [26]
Flag of Azerbaijan.svg  Azerbaijan 5 yearsNo Azerbaijani nationality law [27]
Flag of the Bahamas.svg  Bahamas 10 yearsNo Bahamian nationality law [28] [29]
Flag of Bahrain.svg  Bahrain 10 yearsNo Bahraini nationality law [28] [29]
Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh 5 yearsPartial Bangladeshi nationality law [30] [31]
Flag of Barbados.svg  Barbados 5 yearsYes Barbadian nationality law [32] [33] [34]
Flag of Belarus.svg  Belarus 5 yearsYes Belarusian nationality law [35] [36]
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 5 yearsContinuous residence.Yes Belgian nationality law [37] [38]
Flag of Belize.svg  Belize 5 yearsYes Belizean nationality law [39]
Flag of Benin.svg  Benin 10 yearsYes Beninese nationality law [40]
Flag of Bhutan.svg  Bhutan 20 yearsReduced to 15 years for those with citizen parent.No Bhutanese nationality law [41] [42]
Flag of Bolivia.svg  Bolivia 3 yearsUninterrupted residence.Yes Bolivian nationality law [43] [44]
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg  Bosnia and Herzegovina 8 yearsContinuous residence.Partial Bosnian nationality law [45] [46]
Flag of Botswana.svg  Botswana 10 yearsNo Botswanan nationality law [47] [48]
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 4 yearsUninterrupted residence.Yes Brazilian nationality law [49] [50]
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg British Overseas Territories 5 yearsYes British Overseas Territories citizenship [51]
Flag of Brunei.svg  Brunei 10 yearsNo Bruneian nationality law [52]
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria 5 yearsReduced to 3 years if born in Bulgaria, married to a citizen, or settled in the country before age 18.EU/EEA/Swiss citizens and spouses of Bulgarians can keep existing citizenship.Partial Bulgarian nationality law [53] [54]
Flag of Burkina Faso.svg  Burkina Faso 10 yearsYes Burkinabé nationality law [55] [56]
Flag of Burundi.svg  Burundi 10 yearsReduced to 5 years if married to a citizen.Yes Burundian nationality law [57]
Flag of Cambodia.svg  Cambodia 7 yearsYes Cambodian nationality law [58]
Flag of Cameroon.svg  Cameroon 5 yearsNo Cameroonian nationality law [59] [60] [61]
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 3 yearsThree years' permanent residence required. Physical presence required for at least 1,095 days in the 5 years prior to application, with any time spent as a temporary resident counted as half, up to a maximum of 365 days.Yes Canadian nationality law [62] [63]
Flag of Cape Verde.svg  Cape Verde 5 yearsYes Cape Verdean nationality law [64] [65] [66]
Flag of the Central African Republic.svg  Central African Republic 35 yearsMust have agriculture/property investments and have received a national honour.Partial Nationality law of the Central African Republic [67]
Flag of Chad.svg  Chad 15 yearsYes Chadian nationality law [64]
Flag of Chile.svg  Chile 5 yearsContinuous residence.Yes Chilean nationality law [68]
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China N/APermanent residence required. No specific residency period specified in law in mainland China.
7 years minimum residence required in Hong Kong and Macau.
Must have parent or relative from China.No Chinese nationality law [69]
Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia 8 yearsMigrant visa for 3 years, followed by permanent residence for 5 years.Yes Colombian nationality law
Flag of the Comoros.svg  Comoros 10 yearsYes Comorian nationality law [70]
Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg  Congo 10 yearsNo Republic of the Congo nationality law [71]
Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Costa Rica 7 yearsYes Costa Rican nationality law [72]
Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia 8 yearsContinuous residence.Partial Croatian nationality law [73] [74] [75]
Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba 5 yearsYes Cuban nationality law [76]
Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus 7 yearsReduced time period via citizenship by investment programme.Yes Cypriot nationality law [77] [78] [79]
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czechia 5 yearsAs permanent resident. Reduced to 3 years for EU citizens.Yes Czech nationality law [80] [81]
Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg  Democratic Republic of the Congo 5 yearsNo Democratic Republic of the Congo nationality law [82]
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 9 yearsContinuous residence.Yes Danish nationality law [83] [84]
Flag of Djibouti.svg  Djibouti 10 yearsNo Djiboutian nationality law [85]
Flag of Dominica.svg  Dominica 7 yearsYes Dominican nationality law [86]
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic 2 yearsPartial Dominican Republic nationality law [87]
Flag of East Timor.svg  East Timor 10 yearsNo East Timorese nationality law [88] [89]
Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador 5 yearsTemporary residence for 2 years followed by permanent residence for 3 years. Reduced for those with Ecuadorian family members. Absences must be less than 90 days per year.Yes Ecuadorian nationality law [90]
Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt 10 yearsYes Egyptian nationality law [91]
Flag of El Salvador.svg  El Salvador 5 yearsYes Salvadoran nationality law [92] [93]
Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg  Equatorial Guinea 10 yearsNo Nationality law of Equatorial Guinea [94]
Flag of Eritrea.svg  Eritrea 20 yearsNo Eritrean nationality law [95]
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia 8 yearsTemporary residence for 3 years, followed by permanent residence for 5 years.Multiple citizenship tolerated for birthright citizens but not naturalised citizens.Partial Estonian nationality law [96] [97] [98]
Flag of Eswatini.svg  Eswatini 5 yearsNo Emaswati nationality law [99]
Flag of Ethiopia.svg  Ethiopia 4 yearsNo Ethiopian nationality law [100]
Flag of Fiji.svg  Fiji 5 yearsLawful residence for 5 years out of the previous 10 years.Yes Fijian nationality law [101]
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 8 yearsContinuous residence. Reduced to 5 years in some cases (required language skills, spouse of a Finnish citizen, stateless). Yes Finnish nationality law [102] [103]
Flag of France.svg  France 5 yearsContinuous residence. Reduced to 2 years for applicants with a master's degree in France.Yes French nationality law [104] [105] [106]
Flag of Gabon.svg  Gabon 10 yearsNo Gabonese nationality law [107]
Flag of The Gambia.svg  Gambia 10 yearsDual citizenship allowed if married to a citizen.Yes Gambian nationality law [108]
Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia 10 yearsConsecutive lawful residence.No Georgian nationality law [109]
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 5 yearsContinuous residence, with a settlement permit. Reduced to 3 years with integration course. Reduced to 3 years [110] in the case of special integration measures (B2 level German language knowledge and in some cities 1 year of eligible volunteering). Yes German nationality law [111] [112]
Flag of Ghana.svg  Ghana 5 yearsYes Ghanaian nationality law [113]
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece 7 yearsYes Greek nationality law [114] [115]
Flag of Grenada.svg  Grenada 7 yearsYes Grenadian nationality law [116]
Flag of Guatemala.svg  Guatemala 10 yearsPartial Guatemalan nationality law [117]
Flag of Guinea.svg  Guinea 5 yearsNo Guinean nationality law [118]
Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg  Guinea-Bissau 5 yearsNo Nationality law of Guinea-Bissau [119]
Flag of Guyana.svg  Guyana 7 yearsNo Guyanese nationality law [120]
Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti 5 yearsNo Haitian nationality law [121]
Flag of Honduras.svg  Honduras 3 yearsPartial Honduran nationality law [122]
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 8 yearsContinuous residence.Yes Hungarian nationality law [123] [124]
Flag of Iceland.svg  Iceland 7 yearsYes Icelandic nationality law [125]
Flag of India.svg  India 12 yearsContinuous residence during 12 months immediately before the application. Resident for 11 out of the 14 years before the 12-month period.No Indian nationality law [126] [127]
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia 5 yearsNo Indonesian nationality law [128]
Flag of Iran.svg  Iran 5 yearsLegal residence.Partial Iranian nationality law [129]
Flag of Iraq.svg  Iraq 10 yearsYes Iraqi nationality law [130] [131]
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland 5 years"Ordinary" residence for 5 of the preceding 9 years. Reduced to 3 years if married to a citizen. Continuous residence for 12 months prior to application.Yes Irish nationality law [132] [133]
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel 3 yearsResident for 3 years in the previous 5 years. Must have permanent residence right. Jews may obtain citizenship upon arrival by the Law of Return.Partial Israeli citizenship law [134]
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 10 yearsContinuous residence. Reduced to 2 years if married to a citizen, 3 years with citizen grandparent, 4 years for EU nationals, or 5 years for refugees or stateless people.Yes Italian nationality law [135]
Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg  Ivory Coast 5 yearsPartial Ivorian nationality law [136]
Flag of Jamaica.svg  Jamaica 5 yearsYes Jamaican nationality law [137]
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 5 yearsContinuous residence. Reduced to 3 years if married to a citizen.No Japanese nationality law [138]
Flag of Jordan.svg  Jordan 15 yearsYes Jordanian nationality law [139]
Flag of Kazakhstan.svg  Kazakhstan 5 yearsNo Kazakhstani nationality law [140]
Flag of Kenya.svg  Kenya 7 yearsYes Kenyan nationality law [141]
Flag of Kiribati.svg  Kiribati 7 yearsPartial I-Kiribati nationality law [142]
Flag of Kuwait.svg  Kuwait 15 yearsApplicable to foreign women marrying Kuwaiti citizen, but not foreign men.No Kuwaiti nationality law [143]
Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg  Kyrgyzstan 5 yearsContinuous residence.Partial Kyrgyz nationality law [144] [145]
Flag of Laos.svg  Laos 10 yearsNo Lao nationality law [146]
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia 10 yearsPartial Latvian nationality law [147]
Flag of Lebanon.svg  Lebanon 5 yearsYes Lebanese nationality law [148]
Flag of Lesotho.svg  Lesotho 5 yearsYes Basotho nationality law [149]
Flag of Liberia.svg  Liberia 2 yearsMust be Black African or Black African descent [150] No Liberian nationality law [151] [152]
Flag of Libya.svg  Libya 10 yearsPartial Libyan nationality law [153]
Flag of Liechtenstein.svg  Liechtenstein 10 yearsYears of residence under the age 20 count double.No Liechtenstein nationality law [154] [155]
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania 10 yearsContinuous residence as a permanent resident. Reduced to 7 years if married to a citizen.No Lithuanian nationality law [156] [157]
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 5 yearsReduced to 3 years if married to a citizen. Continuous residence for 12 months prior to application.Yes Luxembourgish nationality law [158] [159]
Flag of Madagascar.svg  Madagascar 5 yearsNo Malagasy nationality law [160]
Flag of Malawi.svg  Malawi 7 yearsReduced to 5 years if of African race or with Commonwealth or Malawian ties.Yes Malawian nationality law [161]
Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia 12 yearsNo Malaysian nationality law [162]
Flag of Maldives.svg  Maldives 12 yearsContinuous residence. Must be Muslim. [163] Yes Maldivian nationality law [164]
Flag of Mali.svg  Mali 5 yearsYes Malian nationality law [165]
Flag of Malta.svg  Malta 5 yearsReduced requirement via citizenship by investment programme.Yes Maltese nationality law [166] [167]
Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg  Marshall Islands 7 yearsNo Marshallese nationality law [168]
Flag of Mauritania.svg  Mauritania 5 yearsNo Mauritanian nationality law [169]
Flag of Mauritius.svg  Mauritius 5 yearsPartial Mauritian nationality law [170]
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 5 yearsReduced to two years for spouses of Mexican citizens. Mexican citizens by naturalization are generally not allowed to have multiple citizenship.Partial Mexican nationality law [171]
Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg  Micronesia 5 yearsMust be the child or spouse of a citizen of Micronesia.No Micronesian nationality law [172]
Flag of Moldova.svg  Moldova 10 yearsReduced to 8 years for stateless persons or refugees.Yes Moldovan nationality law [173]
Flag of Monaco.svg  Monaco 10 yearsContinuous residence.No Monégasque nationality law [174] [175]
Flag of Mongolia.svg  Mongolia 5 yearsNo Mongolian nationality law [176]
Flag of Montenegro.svg  Montenegro 10 yearsPartial Montenegrin nationality law [177] [178]
Flag of Morocco.svg  Morocco 5 yearsContinuous residence.Yes Moroccan nationality law [179]
Flag of Mozambique.svg  Mozambique 5 yearsNo Mozambican nationality law [180]
Flag of Myanmar.svg  Myanmar N/ANaturalization not allowed.No Myanmar nationality law [181] [ better source needed ]
Flag of Namibia.svg  Namibia 5 yearsNo Namibian nationality law [182]
Flag of Nauru.svg  Nauru 7 yearsMust be the child, spouse or descendant of a Nauruan national.Yes Nauruan nationality law [183]
Flag of Nepal.svg    Nepal 15 yearsNo Nepali nationality law [184]
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 5 yearsContinuous residence for 5 years, or continuous residence for 2 years with 10 years total residence, with a "non-temporary" residence permit required for naturalization. Reduced to three years for the spouse or partner of a Dutch citizen.Multiple citizenship allowed in limited cases, generally with special permission required.Partial Dutch nationality law [185] [a] [187]
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand 5 yearsPermanent residency required, normally after two years' residence with a temporary visa. Australian citizens are eligible for immediate permanent residence. Must be present for 1,350 days during the five years and 240 days in each of the five years. [188] Yes New Zealand nationality law [189] [190]
Flag of Nicaragua.svg  Nicaragua 4 yearsPartial Nicaraguan nationality law [191] [192]
Flag of Niger.svg  Niger 10 yearsNo Nigerien nationality law [193]
Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria 15 yearsContinuous residence.Yes Nigerian nationality law [194]
Flag of North Korea.svg  North Korea N/ANo North Korean nationality law
Flag of North Macedonia.svg  North Macedonia 8 yearsContinuous residence.Yes Nationality law of North Macedonia [195] [196]
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 8 yearsResident in Norway for 8 years out of the previous 11 years. Absences of up to 2 months per year allowed.Yes Norwegian nationality law [197] [198]
Flag of Oman.svg  Oman 20 yearsNo Omani nationality law [199]
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan 5 yearsPartial Pakistani nationality law [200]
Flag of Palau.svg  Palau N/ANaturalization not allowed.No Palauan nationality law [201] [202]
Flag of Panama.svg  Panama 5 yearsContinuous residence.No Panamanian nationality law [203]
Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg  Papua New Guinea 8 yearsNo Nationality law of Papua New Guinea [204]
Flag of Paraguay.svg  Paraguay 3 yearsPartial Paraguayan nationality law [205] [206]
Flag of Peru.svg  Peru 2 yearsContinuous residence.Yes Peruvian nationality law [207]
Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines 10 yearsContinuous residence. The residency requirement is reduced to five years if an applicant is employed by the Government of the Philippines, has made significant economic or scientific contributions to the state, married to a Filipina woman, has taught in a Philippine school for at least two years, or was born in the country. [208] Partial Philippine nationality law [209] [210]
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 10 yearsResident for 10 years or permanent resident for 3 years. Permanent residence requirement reduced to two years in some cases.Yes Polish nationality law [211]
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal 5 yearsContinuous residence. Reduced to three years for spouses of Portuguese citizens.Yes Portuguese nationality law [212]
Flag of Qatar.svg  Qatar 25 yearsNo Qatari nationality law [213]
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania 8 yearsYes Romanian nationality law [214] [215]
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 5 yearsContinuous residence. Reduced to 3 years if married to a citizen or 1 year for valued specialists and refugees.Yes Russian nationality law [216] [217]
Flag of Rwanda.svg  Rwanda 10 yearsNo Rwandan nationality law [218] [219]
Flag of Samoa.svg  Samoa 5 yearsYes Samoan nationality law [220] [221]
Flag of San Marino.svg  San Marino 30 yearsReduced to 15 years if married to a citizen.No San Marino nationality law [222]
Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg  São Tomé and Príncipe 5 yearsNo São Toméan nationality law [223]
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia 10 yearsPartial Saudi Arabian nationality law [224]
Flag of Senegal.svg  Senegal 5 yearsNo Senegalese nationality law [225]
Flag of Serbia.svg  Serbia 3 yearsContinuous residence.Yes Serbian nationality law [226] [227]
Flag of Seychelles.svg  Seychelles 10 yearsDual citizenship only for native born citizens who obtain another citizenship for work or through marriage.Partial Seychellois nationality law [228]
Flag of Sierra Leone.svg  Sierra Leone 5 yearsNo Sierra Leonean nationality law [229]
Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore 2.5 yearsForeigners can register for citizenship after two years of permanent residence. [230] A minimum of 6 months legal residence is required to be eligible for permanent residence, resulting in the citizenship pathway/eligibility of 2.5 years. [231] No Singaporean nationality law [232]
Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia 8 yearsPartial Slovak nationality law [233]
Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia 10 yearsTotal residence of 10 years. Continuous residence for 5 years prior to application. Reduced to 3 years for spouses of citizens.Partial Slovenian nationality law [234] [235]
Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg  Solomon Islands 7 yearsNo Solomon Islands nationality law [236]
Flag of Somalia.svg  Somalia 7 yearsNo Somalian nationality law [237]
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 5 yearsContinuous residence.Yes South African nationality law [238] [239]
Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea 5 yearsReduced to 3 years if married to a citizen.Males are required to do military service.Partial South Korean nationality law [240] [241]
Flag of South Sudan.svg  South Sudan 10 yearsYes South Sudanese nationality law [242]
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 10 yearsReduced to 2 years for natural-born nationals of Ibero-American countries, Portugal, Andorra, Equatorial Guinea, and the Philippines.Partial Spanish nationality law [243] [244] [245] [246]
Flag of Sri Lanka.svg  Sri Lanka 5 yearsPartial Sri Lankan nationality law [247]
Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg  St. Kitts and Nevis 14 yearsYes Kittitian and Nevisian nationality law [248]
Flag of Saint Lucia.svg  St. Lucia 7 yearsPartial Saint Lucian nationality law [249]
Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg  St. Vincent and the Grenadines 7 yearsYes Vincentian nationality law [250]
Flag of Sudan.svg  Sudan 10 yearsYes Sudanese nationality law [251]
Flag of Suriname.svg  Suriname 5 yearsNo Surinamese nationality law [252] [253]
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 8 yearsContinuous residence Swedish nationality law [254] [255]
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland 10 yearsMust hold C permit (settled foreign national). Years of residence between age of 8 and 18 count double, with a minimum of 6 years residence.Yes Swiss nationality law [256] [257]
Flag of Syria.svg  Syria 5 yearsYes Syrian nationality law [258]
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan 5 yearsPartial Nationality law of the Republic of China
Flag of Tajikistan.svg  Tajikistan 5 yearsPartial Tajik nationality law [259]
Flag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania 5 yearsNo Tanzanian nationality law [260]
Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand 5 yearsContinuous residence. Residence requirement waived for spouses and children of citizens.Partial Thai nationality law [261]
Flag of Togo (3-2).svg  Togo 5 yearsYes Togolese nationality law [262]
Flag of Tonga.svg  Tonga 5 yearsNo Tongan nationality law [263]
Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg  Trinidad and Tobago 7 yearsYes Trinidadian and Tobagonian nationality law [264]
Flag of Tunisia.svg  Tunisia 5 yearsContinuous residence.Yes Tunisian nationality law [265]
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 5 yearsContinuous residence.Yes Turkish nationality law [266] [267]
Flag of Turkmenistan.svg  Turkmenistan 7 yearsNo Turkmen nationality law [268]
Flag of Tuvalu.svg  Tuvalu 7 yearsYes Tuvaluan nationality law [269] [183]
Flag of Uganda.svg  Uganda 20 yearsDual nationality permitted. Three or more nationalities not permitted.Partial Ugandan nationality law [268] [270]
Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine 5 yearsNo Ukrainian nationality law [271]
Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates 30 yearsReduced to 7 years for citizens of Arab descent. Reduced to 3 years for citizens of Qatar, Oman, and Bahrain.Multiple nationality allowed only in limited, exceptional cases since 2021.Partial Emirati nationality law [272] [273]
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 5 yearsNon-EU/EEA/Swiss citizens must have indefinite leave to remain (ILR) for 12 months before applying. Residency requirement for ILR is generally 5 years.Yes British nationality law [274]
Flag of the United States.svg  United States 5 yearsContinuous lawful permanent residence for 5 years. Reduced to 3 years for spouses of US citizens. Physical presence for at least 30 of the 60 months preceding the application. Cannot be absent for more than 6 months at a time.Yes United States nationality law [275]
Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay 5 years (Legal Citizenship, not nationality)Reduced to 3 years if residing with spouse or children (Legal Citizenship, not nationality).Uruguay distinguishes between citizenship and nationality and does not offer a naturalization path for immigrants. Uruguayan nationals are persons who were born in Uruguay or are children or grandchildren of Uruguayan natural citizens. Legal citizenship has special characteristics, the persons who acquire it keep their nationality of origin. Legal citizens acquire political rights but do not acquire nationality as natural citizens do. This peculiar distinction between citizenship and nationality has caused problems with legal citizens' passports at airports around the world and restricted their freedom of movement.Yes Uruguayan nationality law [276]
Flag of Uzbekistan.svg  Uzbekistan 5 yearsNo Uzbek nationality law [277]
Flag of Vanuatu.svg  Vanuatu 10 yearsYes Nationality law of Vanuatu [278]
Flag of Vatican City (2023-present).svg  Vatican City N/AYes Vatican City citizenship [279]
Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela 10 yearsReduced to 5 years for natural-born citizens of Spain, Portugal, Italy, Latin American or Caribbean countries.Yes Venezuelan nationality law [280]
Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam 5 yearsThe state only recognizes Vietnamese citizens with one nationality, unless otherwise provided.Partial Vietnamese nationality law [281]
Flag of Yemen.svg  Yemen 5 yearsNo Yemeni nationality law [282]
Flag of Zambia.svg  Zambia 5 yearsNo Zambian nationality law [283]
Flag of Zimbabwe.svg  Zimbabwe 5 yearsYes Zimbabwean nationality law [284]

Laws by country

Australia

The Australian Citizenship Act 1973 ended the preferential treatment for British subjects from 1 December 1973. [285] People who became permanent residents from 1 July 2007 must have been lawfully resident in Australia for four years before applying for citizenship by conferral. [22] Those who were present in Australia as permanent residents before 1 July 2007 remain subject to the previous residence requirement (in force since 1984, e.g. resident for two years).

People's Republic of China

The People's Republic of China gives citizenship to people with one or two parents with Chinese nationality who have not taken residence in other countries. The country also gives citizenship to people born on its territory to stateless people who have settled there. Furthermore, individuals may apply for nationality if they have a near relative with Chinese nationality, if they have settled in China, or if they present another legitimate reason. [286] In practice, few people gain Chinese citizenship; as of 2010, China had only 1,448 naturalised Chinese in total. [287]

The naturalization process starts with a written application. Applicants must submit three copies, written with a ball-point or fountain pen, to national authorities, and to provincial authorities in the Ministry of Public Security and the Public Security Bureau. Applicants must also submit original copies of a foreign passport, a residence permit, a permanent residence permit, and four two-and-a-half inch long pictures. According to the conditions outlined in the Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China, authorities may also require "any other material that the authority believes are related to the nationality application". [288]

France

People who fulfil all of the following criteria can obtain French citizenship through naturalisation: [289]

The fee for naturalisation is €55, except in French Guiana, where it is €27.50.

Germany

People who fulfil all of the following criteria can obtain German citizenship through naturalisation: [290]

The dependent minor children of an applicant for naturalisation may also themselves become naturalised German citizens.

The fee for standard naturalisation is €255, while it is €51 per dependent minor child naturalised along with their parent. The fee may be waived in cases of extreme hardship or public interest.

People who naturalise as German citizens must usually give up their previous nationality, as German law takes a restrictive approach to multiple citizenship. Exceptions are made for EU and Swiss citizens (provided that the law of their country of origin does not prohibit the acquisition of another citizenship) and citizens of countries where renouncing one's citizenship is too difficult or humiliating (e.g. Afghanistan), prohibitively expensive (e.g. the United States) or legally impossible (e.g. Argentina).

Grenada

The Grenadian Government grants citizenship of Grenada for the following reasons:

India

The Indian citizenship and nationality law and the Constitution of India provides single citizenship for the entire country. The provisions relating to citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution are contained in Articles 5 to 11 [291] in Part II of the Constitution of India. Relevant Indian legislation is the Citizenship Act 1955, which has been amended by the Citizenship (Amendment) Act 1986, the Citizenship (Amendment) Act 1992, the Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2003, [292] and Citizenship (Amendment) Ordinance 2005. [293] The Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2003 received the assent of the President of India on 7 January 2004 and came into force on 3 December 2004. The Citizenship (Amendment) Ordinance 2005 was promulgated by the President of India and came into force on 28 June 2005. [294]

Following these reforms, Indian nationality law largely follows the jus sanguinis (citizenship by right of blood) as opposed to the jus soli (citizenship by right of birth within the territory).[ citation needed ]

In 2019, a Citizenship Amendment Act was passed by the Parliament of India. This Act aims at fast tracking citizenship for illegal immigrants and refugees fleeing religious persecution for people of Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi or Christian faiths who have entered India on or before 31 December 2014 from the neighbouring countries of Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh. [295]

Italy

The Italian Government grants Italian citizenship for the following reasons. [296]

Indonesia

Indonesian nationality is regulated by Law No. 12/2006 (UU No. 12 Tahun 2006). The Indonesian nationality law is based on jus sanguinis and jus soli. The Indonesian nationality law does not recognize dual citizenship except for people under the age of 18 (limited double citizenship principle). After reaching 18 years of age individuals are forced to choose one citizenship (single citizenship principle). [297]

A foreign citizen can apply to become an Indonesian citizen with the following requirements:

Any application for citizenship is granted by the President of Indonesia.

Israel

Israel's Declaration of Independence was made on 14 May 1948, the day before the British Mandate was due to expire as a result of the United Nations Partition Plan. [298] The Israeli parliament created two laws regarding immigration, citizenship and naturalization: the Law of Return and the Israeli citizenship law. [299] The Law of Return, enacted on July 15, 1950, gives Jews living anywhere in the world the right to immigrate to Israel. This right to immigrate did not and still does not grant citizenship. In fact, for four years after Israel gained independence, there were no Israeli citizens. [299]

On July 14, 1952, the Israeli parliament enacted the Israeli Nationality Law. [299] The Nationality Law naturalized all citizens of Mandated Palestine, the inhabitants of Israel on July 15, 1952, and those who had legally resided in Israel between May 14, 1948, and July 14, 1952. The law further clarified that naturalization was available to immigrants who had arrived before Israel's creation, immigrants who arrived after statehood was granted, and those who did not come to Israel as immigrants but have since expressed desire to settle in Israel, with restriction. Naturalization applicants must also meet the following requirements: be over 18 years of age, have resided in Israel for three out of the five preceding years, have settled or intend to settle permanently in Israel, have some knowledge of Hebrew, and have renounced prior nationality or demonstrated ability to renounce nationality after becoming a citizen of Israel. [299]

Because of Israel's relatively new and culturally mixed identity, Israel does not grant citizenship to people born on Israeli soil. Instead, the government chose to enact a jus sanguinis system, with the naturalization restrictions listed above. There is currently no legislation on second-generation immigrants (those born in Israel to immigrant parents). Furthermore, foreign spouses can apply for citizenship through the Minister of the Interior, but have a variety of restrictions and are not guaranteed citizenship. [300]

Luxembourg

People who fulfil all of the following criteria can obtain Luxembourg citizenship through naturalisation: [301]

Malaysia

Naturalisation in Malaysia is guided by the 1964 Malaysian Constitution. According to the law, those who want to be the country citizen should live in the country for a period of 10–12 years. The would-be-citizens are required to speak the Malay language as well submitting the identity cards of two Malaysians who recommend the applicant for citizenship. [302] As the Government of Malaysia does not recognise dual citizenship, those who seek naturalisation are needed to reside permanently in the country and renouncing their former country citizenship. [303]

The requirements are as follows: [304]

The Article 16 of 1957 Malaysian Constitution also stated a similar condition previously. [305]

Philippines

Commonwealth Act No. 473, the Revised Naturalization Law, approved June 17, 1939, provided that people having certain specified qualifications may become a citizen of the Philippines by naturalization. [209] Republic Act No. 9139, approved June 8, 2001, provided that aliens under the age of 18 who were born in the Philippines, who have resided in the Philippines since birth, and who possess other specified qualifications may be granted Philippines citizenship by administrative proceeding subject to certain requirements. [306] [307]

Russia

Naturalization in Russia is guided by articles 13 and 14 of the federal law "About Citizenship of Russian Federation" passed on May 31, 2002. Citizenship of Russia can be obtained in general or simplified order. To become a citizen in general order, one must be 18 years of age or older, continuously live in Russia as a permanent resident for at least five years (this term is limited to one year for valued specialists, political asylum seekers and refugees), have legal means of existence, promise to obey the laws and Constitution of Russia and be fluent in the Russian language.

There is also a possibility to naturalize in a simplified order, in which certain requirements will be waived. Eligible for that are people, at least one parent of whom is a Russian citizen living on Russian territory; people, who lived on the territories of the former Soviet republics but never obtained citizenships of those nations after they gained independence; people, who were born on the territory of RSFSR and formerly held Soviet citizenship; people married to Russian citizens for at least 3 years; people, who served in Russian Armed Forces under contract for at least 3 years; parents of mentally incapacitated children over 18 who are Russian citizens; participants of the State Program for Assisting Compatriots Residing Abroad; and some other categories. [308]

Spain

People who fulfill all of the following criteria can obtain Spanish citizenship through naturalisation [309]

People who naturalise as Spanish citizens must usually give up their previous nationality, as Spanish law takes a restrictive approach to multiple citizenship.

South Africa

Chapter 2 of the South African Citizenship Act, enacted on October 6, 1995, defines who is considered a naturalized citizen at the time of the act and also outlines the naturalization process for future immigrants. [310]

Any person who immediately prior to the commencement of the act had been a South African citizen via naturalization, had been deemed to be a South African citizen by registration, or had been a citizen via naturalization of any of the former states now composing South Africa is now considered to be a naturalized citizen of South Africa.

Those wishing to apply for naturalization in the future must apply to the Minister of Home Affairs and must meet a slew of requirements. First, naturalization applicants must be over the age of 18 and must have been a permanent resident of South Africa for five years prior to application (prior to 2010, the permanent residence requirement was one year prior to application and for four out of the eight years prior to application). [311] Applicants must also demonstrate good character and knowledge of the basic responsibilities and privileges of a South African citizen. The ability to communicate in one of the official languages of South Africa is also required. Applicants must show the intention to reside in South Africa after naturalization, and they are required to make a declaration of allegiance. The Constitution of South Africa states that national legislation must provide for the acquisition, loss and restoration of citizenship. [312] [ non-primary source needed ]

Being a naturalized South African citizen is a privilege, not a right. Even after meeting all the requirements and going through the naturalization process, the minister holds the right to deny citizenship. [313] Foreign spouses of South African citizens can apply for naturalization after two years of marriage, but is subject to potential denial of the minister. The minister can also grant citizenship to minors, if their parent applies for them.

The minister also holds the power to revoke naturalization at any time for specific reasons listed in the Act. Reasons for revoking the naturalization certificate include marrying someone who is a citizen of another country and holding citizenship in another country, or applying for citizenship of another country without prior authorization for retention of citizenship. If a permanent resident is denied naturalization, he or she must wait at least one year before reapplying.

United Kingdom

There has always been a distinction in the law of England and Wales between the subjects of the monarch and aliens: the monarch's subjects owed the monarch allegiance, and included those born in his or her dominions (natural-born subjects) and those who later gave him or her their allegiance (naturalised subjects). Today, the requirements for naturalisation as a citizen of the United Kingdom depend on whether or not one is the spouse or civil partner of a citizen. An applicant who is a spouse or civil partner of a British citizen must: [314] [ verification needed ]

For those not married to or in a civil partnership with a British citizen, the requirements are:

United States

Persons who are not US citizens may receive citizenship through the process of naturalization, following the Congressional requirements in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). [315] [316] Naturalized citizens have the same rights as those who acquired citizenship at birth. [316]

The INA states the following:

No person, except as otherwise provided in this subchapter, shall be naturalized unless such applicant, (1) immediately preceding the date of filing his application for naturalization has resided continuously, after being lawfully admitted for permanent residence, within the United States for at least five years and during the five years immediately preceding the date of filing his application has been physically present therein for periods totaling at least half of that time, and who has resided within the State or within the district of the Service in the United States in which the applicant filed the application for at least three months, (2) has resided continuously within the United States from the date of the application up to the time of admission to citizenship, and (3) during all the periods referred to in this subsection has been and still is a person of good moral character, attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States, and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the United States. [315]

A man taking the required citizenship oath of allegiance in front of US government officials in New York City (1910). Usnaturalization.jpg
A man taking the required citizenship oath of allegiance in front of US government officials in New York City (1910).
New citizens at a naturalization ceremony at Kennedy Space Center in Florida (2010). Naturalization ceremony at Kennedy Space Center.jpg
New citizens at a naturalization ceremony at Kennedy Space Center in Florida (2010).

The Naturalization Act of 1795 set the initial rules on naturalization: "free, White persons" who had been resident for five years or more. [317] An 1862 law allowed honorably discharged Army veterans of any war to petition for naturalization after only one year of residence in the United States. [318] An 1894 law extended the same privilege to honorably discharged five-year veterans of the Navy or Marine Corps. Laws enacted in 1919, 1926, 1940, and 1952 continued preferential treatment provisions for veterans. [319]

Following the Spanish–American War in 1898, Philippine citizens were classified as US nationals, and the 1917 Jones–Shafroth Act granted US citizenship to natives of Puerto Rico. But the 1934 Tydings–McDuffie Act reclassified Filipinos as aliens, and set a quota of 50 immigrants per year, and otherwise applying the Immigration Act of 1924 to them.

The Magnuson Act repealed the Chinese Exclusion Act. During the 1940s, 100 annual immigrants from British India and the Philippines were allowed. The War Brides Act of 1945 permitted soldiers to bring back their foreign wives and established precedent in naturalization through marriage. The Immigration Act of 1965 finally allowed people from all nations to be given equal access to immigration and naturalization.

Illegal immigration became a major issue in the United States at the end of the 20th century. The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, while tightening border controls, also provided the opportunity of naturalization for illegal aliens who had been in the country for at least four years. Today, lawful permanent residents of the United States are eligible to apply for US citizenship after five years, [320] unless they continue to be married to a US citizen, in which case they can apply after only three years of permanent residency. [321]

The Child Citizenship Act of 2000 streamlined the naturalization process for children adopted internationally. A child under age 18 who is adopted by at least one US citizen parent, and is in the custody of the citizen parent(s), is now automatically naturalized once admitted to the United States as an immigrant or when legally adopted in the United States, depending on the visa under which the child was admitted to the United States. The Act also provides that the non-citizen minor child of a newly naturalized US citizen, whether by birth or adoption, also automatically receives US citizenship.

Mass naturalizations

A few rare mass naturalization processes have been implemented by nation states. In 1891, Brazil granted naturalization to all aliens living in the country. [322] In 1922, Greece massively naturalized all the Greek refugees coming from Turkey. The second massive naturalization process was in favor of Armenian refugees coming from Turkey, who went to Syria, Lebanon or other former Ottoman countries. Reciprocally, Turkey massively naturalized the refugees of Turkish descent or other ethnic backgrounds in Muslim creed from these countries during a redemption process.

Canada instituted a mass naturalization by Act of Parliament with the enactment of the Canadian Citizenship Act 1946.

After annexation of the territories east of the Curzon line by the Soviet Union in 1945, Soviets naturalized en masse all the inhabitants of those territories—including ethnic Poles, as well as its other citizens who had been deported into the Soviet Union, mainly to Kazakhstan. Those people were forcibly naturalized as Soviet citizens.[ citation needed ] Later on[ when? ], Germany granted to the ethnic German population in Russia and Kazakhstan full citizenship rights. Poland has a limited repatriation program in place.

In the late 1970s, President Ferdinand Marcos facilitated the mass naturalization of ethnic Chinese in the Philippines. [323]

The most recent massive naturalization case resulted from the Argentine economic crisis in the beginning of the 21st century. Existing or slightly updated right of return laws in Spain and Italy allowed many of their diasporic descendants to obtain—in many cases to regain—naturalization in virtue of jus sanguinis , as in the Greek case. Hence, many Argentines acquired European nationality.

Since the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution grants citizenship only to those "born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof", and the original United States Constitution only grants Congress the power of naturalization, it could be argued that all acts of Congress that expand the right of citizenship are cases of mass naturalization. This includes the acts that extended U.S. citizenship to citizens of Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands, as well as the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 which made all Native Americans citizens (most of them were previously excluded under the "jurisdiction" clause of the 14th Amendment).

In the eastern Malaysian state of Sabah, mass naturalisation also happened during the administration of United Sabah National Organisation (USNO) and Sabah People's United Front (BERJAYA's) Muslim-dominated political parties to increase the Muslim population in the territory by naturalising immigrants and refugees from the mainly-Muslim dominated areas of Mindanao and Sulu Archipelago of the Philippines and Sulawesi of Indonesia. [324] [325] [326]

In occupied territories

The mass naturalization of native people in occupied territories is illegal under the laws of war (Hague and Geneva Conventions). However, there have been many instances of such illegal mass naturalizations in the 20th century.[ citation needed ]

See also

Notes

  1. The Netherlands requires that most naturalized citizens renounce other citizenships (unless they fall under an exemption category), and will revoke Dutch citizenship on failure to accomplish this. [186]

Related Research Articles

Nationality is the legal status of belonging to a particular nation, defined as a group of people organized in one country, under one legal jurisdiction, or as a group of people who are united on the basis of culture.

Indian nationality law details the conditions by which a person holds Indian nationality. The two primary pieces of legislation governing these requirements are the Constitution of India and the Citizenship Act, 1955.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swiss nationality law</span>

Swiss citizenship is the status of being a citizen of Switzerland and it can be obtained by birth or naturalisation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of British nationality law</span> United Kingdom legislation

This article concerns the history of British nationality law.

Immigration law includes the national statutes, regulations, and legal precedents governing immigration into and deportation from a country. Strictly speaking, it is distinct from other matters such as naturalization and citizenship, although they are sometimes conflated. Countries frequently maintain laws that regulate both the rights of entry and exit as well as internal rights, such as the duration of stay, freedom of movement, and the right to participate in commerce or government.

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) is an agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) that administers the country's naturalization and immigration system. It is a successor to the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), which was dissolved by the Homeland Security Act of 2002 and replaced by three components within the DHS: USCIS, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), and Customs and Border Protection (CBP).

Dutch nationality law details the conditions by which a person holds Dutch nationality. The primary law governing these requirements is the Dutch Nationality Act, which came into force on 1 January 1985. Regulations apply to the entire Kingdom of the Netherlands, which includes the country of the Netherlands itself, Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Canadian nationality law</span> History of citizenship in Canada

The history of Canadian nationality law dates back over three centuries, and has evolved considerably over that time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Norwegian nationality law</span>

Norwegian nationality law details the conditions by which an individual is a national of Norway. The primary law governing these requirements is the Norwegian Nationality Act, which came into force on 1 September 2006. Norway is a member state of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and the Schengen Area. All Norwegian nationals have automatic and permanent permission to live and work in any European Union (EU) or EFTA country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Czech nationality law</span>

The citizenship law of the Czech Republic is based on the principles of jus sanguinis or "right by blood". In other words, descent from a Czech parent is the primary method of acquiring Czech citizenship. Birth on Czech territory without a Czech parent is in itself insufficient for the conferral of Czech citizenship. Every Czech citizen is also a citizen of the European Union. The law came into effect on 1 January 1993, the date of the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, and has been amended in 1993, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2002, 2003, and 2005. Since 1 January 2014, multiple citizenship under Czech law is allowed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hungarian nationality law</span>

Hungarian nationality law is based on the principles of jus sanguinis. Hungarian citizenship can be acquired by descent from a Hungarian parent, or by naturalisation. A person born in Hungary to foreign parents does not generally acquire Hungarian citizenship. A Hungarian citizen is also a citizen of the European Union.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Japanese nationality law</span>

Japanese Nationality Law details the conditions by which a person holds nationality of Japan. The primary law governing nationality regulations is the 1950 Nationality Act.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Turkish nationality law</span>

Turkish nationality law is based primarily on the principle of jus sanguinis. Children who are born to a Turkish mother or a Turkish father are Turkish citizens from birth. The intention to renounce Turkish citizenship is submitted in Turkey by a petition to the highest administrative official in the concerned person's place of residence, and when overseas to the Turkish consulate. Documents processed by these authorities are forwarded to the Ministry of Interior (Turkey) for appropriate action.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Argentine nationality law</span>

Argentine nationality law regulates the manner in which one acquires, or is eligible to acquire, Argentine nationality. Nationality, as used in international law, describes the legal methods by which a person obtains a national identity and formal membership in a nation. Citizenship refers to the relationship between a nation and a national, after membership has been attained. Argentina recognizes a dual system accepting Jus soli and Jus sanguinis for the acquisition of nationality by birth and allows foreign persons to naturalize.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Danish nationality law</span>

Danish nationality law is governed by the Constitutional Act and the Consolidated Act of Danish Nationality. Danish nationality can be acquired in one of the following ways:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iraqi nationality law</span>

Iraqi nationality is transmitted by one's parents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iranian nationality law</span>

Iranian nationality law contains principles of both jus sanguinis and jus soli.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Multiple citizenship</span> Citizenship in multiple countries held by the same person

Multiple citizenship is a person's legal status in which a person is at the same time recognized by more than one country under its nationality and citizenship law as a national or citizen of that country. There is no international convention that determines the nationality or citizenship status of a person, which is consequently determined exclusively under national laws, that often conflict with each other, thus allowing for multiple citizenship situations to arise.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thai nationality law</span>

Thai nationality law includes principles of both jus sanguinis and jus soli. Thailand's first Nationality Act was passed in 1913. The most recent law dates to 2008.

A Beibehaltungsgenehmigung was a certificate issued by the German Federal Government in accordance with Section 25(2) of the Nationality Law, now repealed.

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