Political family

Portrait of the Loredan Family (1507), by Giovanni Bellini. Leonardo Loredan, 75th Doge of Venice, was a member of the Loredan family, one of Venice's most prominent political dynasties. His four sons, depicted in the painting, also held high political positions in the Republic of Venice.

A political family (also referred to as a political dynasty) is a family in which multiple members are involved in politics, particularly electoral politics. Members may be related by blood or marriage; often several generations or multiple siblings may be involved.

A royal family or dynasty in a monarchy is generally not considered a "political family," although later descendants of a royal family have played political roles in a republic (such as the Arslan family of Lebanon). A family dictatorship is a form of hereditary dictatorship that operates much like an absolute monarchy, yet occurs in a nominally non-monarchic state.

India

Main article: Political families of India

• In India, three members of the Nehru–Gandhi family (Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi) have served as Prime Minister of India. Rajiv's wife Sonia Gandhi and son, Rahul Gandhi, served as the President of the Indian National Congress, and daughter, Priyanka Gandhi, served as a Member of Parliament.
• Three members of the Abdullah family of Jammu and Kashmir have served as the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir.
• Two members of the Yadav family (Mulayam Singh Yadav and Akhilesh Yadav) of Uttar Pradesh have served as Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh and many have held positions as ministers in the UP state government and the Indian government.
• Two members of the Karunanidhi family have served as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, including M. Karunanidhi and his son M. K. Stalin. Additionally, including children and grandchildren, have held various ministerial positions in both state and central governments.
• Two members of the Chautala family (Devi Lal, Om Prakash Chautala) of Haryana have served as the Chief Minister of Haryana and have held important positions in the Indian government. Devi Lal has served twice as the Deputy Prime Minister of India.* In Karnataka, a son duo, H. D. Devegowda & H. D. Kumaraswami, served as the chief minister of the state. Later, Gowda served as prime minister of the country, and Swamy is now the steel ministry minister.* The Lalu family, Lalu Prasad and Rabri Devi, both served as the Chief Minister of the State. Their son Tejaswi served as deputy chief minister of the state. * In Jharkhand, father Shibu Soren & Hemant Soren both as the Chief Minister of State. * In J&K, Mohammad Sayeed & His daughter, Meghabooba Mufti, as Chief Cinister of Erstwile State. * In MH, Bal Thackeray, non government office holder, son Uddhav as MH CM. * In Sharad Sawar daughter, Supriya Sule. *In Odisha Biju and Naveen, father & son duo as CM. * In Punjab, Parkash Badal and Sukhbir Badal

Philippines

Main article: Political families in the Philippines

Political families or dynasties in the Philippines can be traced back to the Spanish colonial era with the role principalía, a class of native elites, exhibiting hereditary features. ^[2] A political dynasty refers to a family with multiple members occupying elected positions either one after another or simultaneously. ^[2]

The 1987 Philippine Constitution prohibits political dynasties but there is no enabling law to implement this. ^[2]

Nearly 250 families control politics in all 82 provinces of the Philippines at all levels. The "taipans" (the cartel of mixed political and business oligarchs), which control the politics and own various crony capitalist businesses, ^[3] have reshaped political alliances, with approximately 234 dynasties winning positions in the 2019 midterm election. They usually have a strong, consolidated support base concentrated around the province, which they dominate. Members of such dynasties usually also participate in business and cultural activities to maximise their share in political spoils. By 2025, Philippine politics exhibited a marked increase in dynastic control, with approximately 80% of provincial governors belonging to "fat dynasties", up from 57% in 2004. Similarly, dynasties in the House of Representatives have risen to 67% from 48% in 2004, and mayoral posts held by dynasties increased to 53% from 40%. In the 2022 Senate election, at least 12.5% (3) of the leading candidates had relatives already in the 24-seat chamber. Notably, 4.5% (800 out of 18,000) positions contested had single candidates from warlord clans whom no one dared contest. ^[4]

Several families have each produced two out of 17 Presidents of the Philippines. The Cojuangco-Aquino family of Tarlac had Corazon (served 1986 – 1992) and her son Benigno III ( served 2010 – 2016); the Macapagal family of Pampanga had Diosdado (served 1961 – 1965) and his daughter Gloria (served 2001 – 2010); and the Marcos family of Ilocos Norte had dictator Ferdinand (served beginning 1965, imposing Martial Law in 1972 and ruling until his overthrow in 1986), and his son, Bongbong, who has been president since 2022. The family also produced a senator and governor, Imee, who has been in Senate since 2019.

United Kingdom

Main article: List of political families in the United Kingdom

• The Pitt family: both William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham and his son William Pitt the Younger were Prime Ministers of Great Britain.
• The Cavendish family: William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire, was prime minister from 1756 to 1757. His great-great-granddaughter, Dorothy Macmillan, was married to Harold Macmillan, who served as prime minister from 1957 to 1963.

Joseph and Austen Chamberlain.

• The Chamberlain family: Joseph Chamberlain served as President of the Board of Trade, Secretary of State for the Colonies, and (briefly in 1906) Leader of the Opposition. He had two sons by different wives, who both served in public office: the elder, Austen Chamberlain, served first as Chancellor of the Exchequer and later as Foreign Secretary; while the younger, Neville Chamberlain, was prime minister from 1937 to 1940.
• The Churchill family: Lord Randolph Churchill served as Leader of the House of Commons and Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1886–87. His son Winston Churchill held numerous political posts, including president of the Board of Trade, Chancellor of the Exchequer and foreign secretary, before finally becoming prime minister (1940–1945 and 1951–1955). Winston's son Randolph and grandsons Winston and Nicholas were also politicians.
• The Foot family: Isaac Foot was an MP from 1922 to 1935. Three of his sons also followed him into politics: the eldest son, Dingle, was Solicitor General for England and Wales under Harold Wilson; the third son, John, stood unsuccessfully as a Liberal candidate; and the fourth son, Michael, was Leader of the Opposition from 1979 to 1983.
• The Hogg family: Both Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham and his son Quintin Hogg, 2nd Viscount Hailsham & Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone served as Lord Chancellor. Quintin's son, Douglas Hogg, 3rd Viscount Hailsham, is a politician, and he is married to the political advisor, Sarah Hogg, Baroness Hogg.
• The Kinnock family: Current Labour MP Stephen Kinnock is the son of Neil Kinnock, Leader of the Opposition from 1983 to 1992. Stephen is also married to Helle Thorning-Schmidt, the former prime minister of Denmark.
• The Paisley family: Reverend Ian Paisley and his wife Eileen Paisley were both Democratic Unionist MPs, as is their son, Ian Paisley Jr.
• The Johnson family: Stanley Johnson was a Member of the European Parliament from 1979 until 1984. Two of his sons followed him into politics: the eldest, Boris, was Mayor of London from 2008 to 2012 and prime minister from 2019 to 2022; while the youngest, Jo, also served as an MP.
• The Hoyle family: Doug Hoyle was chair of the Parliamentary Labour Party from 1992 to 1997 and later sat in the House of Lords. His son, Sir Lindsay, is the current speaker of the House of Commons.

United States

Main article: List of United States political families

In the United States, many political families (having at least two generations serving in political office) have arisen since the country's founding.

Presidential

Four noted U.S. political families — Adams, Harrison, Roosevelt and Bush — have each had two members by surname that served as President of the United States

Several presidential families produced multiple generations of members who devoted at least part of their working lives to public service.

• The Adams family: John Adams, second U.S. president (1797–1801); his son, John Quincy Adams, sixth U.S. president (1825–1829); John Quincy's son, Charles Francis Adams Sr., member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts (1859–1861) and U.S. envoy to the United Kingdom (1861–1868); Charles Francis' son, John Quincy Adams II, Massachusetts state representative (1866–67, 1868–69, 1871–72, 1874–75); John Quincy II's son, Charles Francis Adams III, mayor of Quincy, Massachusetts (1896–97) and U.S. secretary of the Navy (1929–1933).
• The Harrison family: Benjamin Harrison V, governor of Virginia (1781–1784) and a signer of the Declaration of Independence; his son, William Henry Harrison, ninth U.S. president (1841); distant cousin Abraham Lincoln, 16th U.S. president (1861–1865); John Scott Harrison, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio (1853–1857); John Scott's son, Benjamin Harrison, 23rd U.S. president (1889–1893) (the only grandson of a president to become president); Benjamin's son, Russell Benjamin Harrison, Indiana state legislator (1921–1933) and diplomat (1908–1927); Russell's son, William Henry Harrison III, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Wyoming (1951–1955, 1961–1965, 1967–1969).

William Henry Harrison

Benjamin Harrison

Theodore Roosevelt and family

The Kennedys

• The Lincoln family: Abraham Lincoln, postmaster of New Salem, Illinois (1833), Illinois state House of Representatives (1834–1842), U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois (1847–1849), 16th U.S. president (1861–1865); his cousin-in-law, John Todd Stuart, U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois (1839–1843, 1863–1865), Illinois state Senate (1848–1852); President Lincoln's son, Robert Todd Lincoln, South Chicago Board of Supervisors (1876–77), U.S. secretary of War (1881–1885), U.S. minister to Great Britain (1889–1893); President Lincoln's fourth cousin, Levi Lincoln, Massachusetts state legislator (1797–98), U.S. House of Representatives (1800–01), U.S. attorney general and acting secretary of State in the Jefferson administration, lieutenant governor of Massachusetts (1807–08), governor of Massachusetts (1808–09).
• The Taft family: Alphonso Taft, U.S. secretary of War (1876) and U.S. attorney general (1876–77); his sons, Charles Phelps Taft, U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio (1895–1897), and William Howard Taft, 27th U.S. president (1909–1913) and U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice (1921–1930); Charles and William Howard's cousin, Royal C. Taft, governor of Rhode Island (1888–1889); William Howard's sons, Robert A. Taft, U.S. Senate from Ohio (1939–1953), and Charles Phelps Taft II, mayor of Cincinnati (1955–1957); Robert's son, Robert Taft Jr., U.S. House of Representatives (1963–1965, 1967–1971) and U.S. Senate (1971–1976) from Ohio; Charles II's son, Seth Taft, Cuyahoga County commissioner (1971–1978); Robert Jr.'s son, Bob Taft, governor of Ohio (1999–2007).
• The Roosevelt family: 26th U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909) and 32nd U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945), fifth cousins by blood (their great-great-great-grandfathers were brothers) and uncle-in-law and nephew-in-law by marriage. TR and FDR each served as U.S. assistant secretary of the Navy and as governor of New York before serving as president. FDR's wife and Theodore's niece, Eleanor Roosevelt, served as adviser to the president (1933–1945), chair of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (1946–1952), chair of the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women (1961–62). TR's descendants: His son, Theodore Roosevelt Jr., governor of Puerto Rico (1929–1932) and the Philippines (1932–33); Theodore Jr.'s son, Theodore Roosevelt III, Pennsylvania secretary of Commerce (1949–1951). FDR and Eleanor's sons: Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr., U.S. House of Representatives from New York (1949–1955), U.S. undersecretary of Commerce (1963–1965); James Roosevelt, secretary to the President (1937–38), chairman of the California Democratic Party (1946–1948), U.S. House of Representatives from California (1955–1965); Elliott Roosevelt, mayor of Miami Beach, Florida (1965–67); James's sons, James Roosevelt, co-chair of the Rules and Bylaws Committee of the Democratic National Committee (1995-), and Hall Delano Roosevelt, Long Beach, California, City Council (1996–2000).
• The Kennedy family: Patrick Joseph Kennedy, Massachusetts state legislator (1884–1895); his son, Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., chair of the U.S. Maritime Commission (1934–35) and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (1937–38), and U.S. ambassador to Great Britain (1938–1940. Joseph and Rose Kennedy's children included John F. Kennedy, 35th U.S. president (1961–1963), U.S. House of Representatives (1947–1953) and U.S. Senate (1953–1961) from Massachusetts; Robert F. Kennedy, U.S. attorney general (1961–1964) and U.S. Senate from New York (1965–1968); Ted Kennedy, U.S. Senate from Massachusetts (1962–2009); and Jean Kennedy Smith, U.S. ambassador to Ireland (1993–1998). Ted Kennedy's widow, Victoria Reggie Kennedy, is the U.S. ambassador to Austria (2022–2025). Joseph and Rose Kennedy's grandchildren include Joseph P. Kennedy II, U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts (1987–1999); Patrick J. Kennedy, U.S. House of Representatives from Rhode Island (1995–2011); Caroline Kennedy, U.S. ambassador to Japan (2013–2017) and Australia (2022–2025); Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, lieutenant governor of Maryland (1995–2003); Mark Shriver, Maryland House of Delegates (1995–2003); Edward M. Kennedy Jr., Connecticut state senator (2015–2019); Bobby Shriver, City Council member and mayor of Santa Monica, California (2004–2012); and Robert F. Kennedy Jr., the U.S. Secretary of health & human services (2025–). Maria Shriver was First Lady of California (2003–2011) and founded the California Museum (her husband, Arnold Schwarzenegger, was governor). Joseph and Rose Kennedy's great-grandchildren include Joe Kennedy III, U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts (2013–2021) and U.S. envoy to Northern Ireland (2022-2024). ^[5]

The Bush Family

• The Bush family: Prescott Bush, U.S. Senator from Connecticut (1952–63); his son, George H. W. Bush, 41st U.S. president (1989–93), U.S. vice president (1981–89), director of Central Intelligence Agency (1976–77), U.S. ambassador to the United Nations (1971–73), U.S. House of Representatives from Texas (1967–71); George H.W.'s sons, George W. Bush, 43rd U.S. president (2001–09) and governor of Texas (1995–2000), and Jeb Bush, governor of Florida (1995–2007); Jeb's son, George P. Bush, Texas Land Commissioner (2015–23).
• The Clinton family: Bill Clinton, 42nd U.S. president (1993–2001) and governor of Arkansas (1979–81, 1983–92); his wife, Hillary Clinton, U.S. senator from New York (2001–09), U.S. secretary of State (2009–17), and Democratic nominee for President of the United States (2016); President Clinton's uncle, Roy Clinton, Arkansas state House of Representatives (1950s). ^[6]

The Trumps

• The Trump family: Donald Trump, 45th U.S. president (2017–21) and 47th U.S. president (2025–); his daughter Ivanka Trump and son-in-law Jared Kushner, senior presidential advisers (2017–21); his daughter-in-law Lara Trump, Co-chair of the Republican National Committee (March–December 2024); his sister, Maryanne Trump Barry, U.S. district and appeals court judge (1983–2019); his fourth cousin, John Heinz, U.S. House of Representatives (1971–77) and U.S. Senate (1977–91) from Pennsylvania (their great-grandfathers were first cousins and originated from Kallstadt, Germany).
• The Biden family: Joe Biden, 46th U.S. president (2021–2025), 47th U.S. vice president (2009–17), U.S. senator from Delaware (1973–2009); his son, Beau Biden, state attorney general of Delaware (2007–15). President Biden's great-grandfather, Edward Francis Blewitt, Pennsylvania state senator (1907–10).

Two other presidents were related by blood: James Madison and Zachary Taylor were second cousins. Other presidents were related by marriage: George Washington's nephew, George Steptoe Washington, was Madison's brother-in-law. Dwight Eisenhower's grandson, David Eisenhower, married Julie Nixon, a daughter of Richard Nixon.

Other

The following political families are in the United States. For an extensive alphabetical list, see the article List of United States political families.

• The Ashcroft family: John Ashcroft, governor of Missouri (1985–93), U.S. Senate from Missouri (1995–2001), U.S. attorney general (2001–05); his son, Jay Ashcroft, secretary of state of Missouri (2017–).
• The Bayh family: Birch Bayh, Indiana state House of Representatives (1954–62), U.S. Senate from Indiana (1963–81); his son, Evan Bayh, governor of Indiana (1989–97), U.S. Senate from Indiana (1999–2011).
• The Beshear family: Steve Beshear, attorney general (1979–83), lieutenant governor (1983–87) and governor of Kentucky (2007–15); his son, Andy, attorney general (2016–19) and governor of Kentucky (2019–).
• The Blunt family: Roy Blunt, U.S. House of Representatives (1997–2011) and U.S. Senate (2011–23) from Missouri; his son, Matt Blunt, governor of Missouri (2005–09).
• The Brown family: Pat Brown, governor of California (1959–67); his son, Jerry Brown, governor of California (1975–83, 2011–19), and mayor of Oakland (1999–2007); Jerry's sister, Kathleen Brown, member of the Los Angeles Board of Education, California State Treasurer (1991–95); Edmund Jr. and Kathleen's cousin, Hal Brown, Marin County Board of Supervisors.
• The Brzezinski family: Zbigniew Brzezinski, U.S. National Security Advisor (1977–81); his son, Mark Brzezinski, U.S. ambassador to Sweden (2011–15), U.S. ambassador to Poland (2022–).
• The Casey family: Bob Casey Sr., Pennsylvania Senate (1963–68), Auditor General of Pennsylvania (1969–77), governor of Pennsylvania (1987–95); his son, Bob Casey Jr., Auditor General of Pennsylvania (1997–2005), treasurer of Pennsylvania (2005–07), U.S. Senate from Pennsylvania (2007–)
• The Celebrezze family: Frank D. Celebrezze, safety director for the City of Cleveland (1942–47), municipal court judge (1947–53); his brother, Anthony, mayor of Cleveland (1954–61), U.S. secretary of Health, Education and Welfare (1961–65), federal judge (1965–98); Frank's sons, Frank Jr., chief justice of the Ohio Supreme Court (1978–86), and James, Ohio state House of Representatives (1967–74); Anthony's son, Anthony Jr., Ohio state Senate (1975–78), secretary of state (1978–83), attorney general (1983–91); Frank Jr.'s son, Frank III, appeals court judge, Ohio Supreme Court justice; James's daughter, Leslie, judge, Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas (2009 – ); James' son, Nicholas, Ohio state House of Representatives (2012–19).
• The Cheney family: Dick Cheney, U.S. House of Representatives from Wyoming (1979–89), U.S. Secretary of Defense (1989–93), and 46th U.S. vice president (2001–09); his daughter, Liz Cheney, U.S. House of Representatives from Wyoming (2017–23).
• The Cuomos: Mario Cuomo, governor of New York (1983–94); his son, Andrew Cuomo, U.S. secretary of Housing and Urban Development (1997–2001), governor of New York (2011–21).
• The D'Alesandro/Pelosi family: Thomas D'Alesandro Jr., mayor of Baltimore, Maryland (1947–59), U.S. House of Representatives from Maryland (1939–47); his daughter, Nancy Pelosi, U.S. House of Representatives from California (1987–), speaker of the House (2007–11, 2019–23); her brother, Thomas D'Alesandro III, mayor of Baltimore (1967–71); Nancy's brother-in-law, Ronald Pelosi, San Francisco Board of Supervisors (1968–80); Ronald's nephew, Gavin Newsom, mayor of San Francisco (2004–11), lieutenant governor of California (2011–19), governor of California (2019–).
• The Daley family: Richard J. Daley, mayor of Chicago (1955–76), widely considered one of the nation's most powerful mayors at the time; his sons, Richard M. Daley, mayor of Chicago (1989–2011); John P. Daley, Illinois state representative, state senator, and Cook County commissioner; William M. Daley, U.S. secretary of Commerce (1997–2000), White House chief of staff (2011–12).
• The DeWine family: Mike DeWine, U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio (1983–91), U.S. Senate from Ohio (1995–2007), governor of Ohio (2019–); his son, Pat DeWine, justice of the Ohio Supreme Court (2017–).
• The Dingell family: John Dingell Sr., U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan (1933–55); his son, John Dingell, U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan (1955–2015); John's wife, Debbie Dingell, U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan (2015–) (the same seat has been represented by a member of the Dingell family continuously since 1933); John's son, Christopher D. Dingell, Michigan state senator (1987–2003); Michigan circuit court judge.
• The Ellison family: Keith Ellison, U.S. House of Representatives from Minnesota (2007–19), Minnesota attorney general (2019–); his son, Jeremiah Ellison, Minneapolis City Council (2018–).
• The Ford family: John Ford, Tennessee state Senate (1974–2005); his sister, Ophelia Ford, Tennessee state Senate (2005–14); brother, Emmitt Ford, Tennessee state House of Representatives (1975–81); brother, Harold Ford Sr., Tennessee state House of Representatives (1971–75), U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee (1975–97); Harold's son, Harold Ford Jr., U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee (1997–2007).
• The Gabbard family: Mike Gabbard, Hawaii state Senate (2007–); his daughter Tulsi Gabbard, U.S House of Representatives from Hawaii (2013–2021), Director of National Intelligence (2025–)
• The Gaetz family: Don Gaetz, Florida state Senate (2006–2016), Florida Senate president (2014–2016); his son Matt Gaetz, U.S. House of Representatives from Florida (2015–2024)
• The Gilligan family: John J. Gilligan, U.S. House of Representatives (1965–67), governor of Ohio (1971–75); his daughter, Kathleen Sebelius, governor of Kansas (2003–09), U.S. secretary of Health and Human Services (2009–14).
• The Gore family: Albert Gore Sr., U.S. House of Representatives (1939–53) and U.S. Senate (1953–71) from Tennessee; his son, Al Gore, U.S. House of Representatives (1977–85) and U.S. Senate from Tennessee (1985–93), 45th U.S. vice president (1993–2001).
• The Gorsuch family: Anne Gorsuch, Colorado state House of Representatives (1976–1980), EPA Administrator (1981–1983); her son Neil Gorsuch, U.S. Supreme Court Justice (2017–present)
• The Grijalva family: Raúl Grijalva, U.S. House of Representatives from Arizona (2003–2025); his daughter Adelita, U.S. House of Representatives from Arizona (2025–)
• The Hanna family: Mark Hanna, U.S. Senate from Ohio (1896–1904), chairman of the Republican National Committee (1897–1904); his daughter Ruth Hanna McCormick, U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois (1929–31).
• The Huckabee family: Mike Huckabee, lieutenant governor (1993–96) and governor (1996–2007) of Arkansas; his daughter, Sarah Huckabee Sanders, White House press secretary (2017–19), governor of Arkansas (2023–).
• The Jones family: Walter B. Jones Sr., Democrat, U.S. House of Representatives from North Carolina (1966–1992); his son, Walter B. Jones Jr., Republican, U.S. House of Representatives from North Carolina (1995–2019).
• The Key family: Annie L. Key, Ohio state House of Representatives (2001–06); her daughter, Stephanie Howse, Ohio state House of Representatives (2015–22), Cleveland City Council (2022–).
• The Kyl family: John Henry Kyl, U.S. House of Representatives from Iowa (1959–65, 1967–73); his son, Jon Kyl, U.S. House of Representatives (1987–95) and U.S. Senate from Arizona (1995–2013, 2018).
• The Landrieu family: Moon Landrieu, Louisiana state House of Representatives (1960–66), mayor of New Orleans (1970–78), U.S. secretary of Housing and Urban Development (1979–81); his daughter, Mary Landrieu, Louisiana state House of Representatives (1980–88), Louisiana state treasurer (1988–96), U.S. Senate from Louisiana (1997–2015); her brother, Mitch Landrieu Louisiana state representative (1988–2004), lieutenant governor of Louisiana (2004–10), mayor of New Orleans (2010–18), senior adviser to President Biden for infrastructure coordination (2021–2024).
• The LaTourette family: Steve LaTourette, U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio (1995–2013); his daughter, Sarah LaTourette, Ohio state House of Representatives (2015–19).
• The Latta family: Del Latta, U.S. House of Representatives (1959–1989); his son Bob Latta, U.S. House of Representatives (2007–)
• The Levin family: Sander Levin, U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan (1983–2019); his brother, Carl Levin, U.S. Senate from Michigan (1979–2015); Sander's son, Andy Levin, U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan (2019–2023).
• The Lippitt/Chafee family: Henry Lippitt, governor of Rhode Island (1875–77); his sons, Charles W. Lippitt, governor of Rhode Island (1895–97), and Henry F. Lippitt, U.S. Senate from Rhode Island (1911–17); Henry F.'s son, Frederick Lippitt, Rhode Island state House of Representatives (1961–83); the elder Henry's great-grandson, John Chafee, governor of Rhode Island (1963–69), U.S. secretary of the Navy (1969–72), U.S. Senate from Rhode Island (1976–99); John's son, Lincoln Chafee, mayor of Warwick, Rhode Island (1993–99), U.S. Senate from Rhode Island (1999–2007), governor of Rhode Island (2011–15).
• The Lodge family: Henry Cabot Lodge, U.S. House of Representatives (1887–93) and U.S. Senate (1893–1924) from Massachusetts; his grandson, Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., U.S. Senate from Massachusetts (1947–53), U.S. ambassador to the United Nations (1953–60), South Vietnam (1963–64, 1965–67), West Germany (1968–69), Vatican City (1970–77); Henry Jr.'s brother, John Davis Lodge, U.S. House of Representatives from Connecticut (1947–51), (governor of Connecticut (1951–55), and U.S. ambassador to Spain (1955–61), Argentina (1969–73), Switzerland (1983–85).
• The Long family: Huey Long, governor of Louisiana (1928–32), U.S. Senate from Louisiana (1932–35); his widow, Rose McConnell Long, U.S. Senate from Louisiana (1936–37); his brother, Earl Long, lieutenant governor (1936–39) and governor (1939–40, 1948–52, 1956–60) of Louisiana; brother, George S. Long, U.S. House of Representatives from Louisiana (1953–58); Huey Long's son, Russell B. Long, U.S. Senate from Louisiana (1948–87).
• The Lujan family: Eugene David Lujan, associate justice, New Mexico Supreme Court (1945–59); his granddaughter, Michelle Lujan Grisham, governor of New Mexico (2022–); Eugene's second cousin, Ben Luján, member (1975–2012) and speaker (2001–12), New Mexico state House of Representatives; Ben's son, Ben Ray Luján, U.S. Senate from New Mexico (2021–); Eugene's fifth cousin, Manuel Lujan Sr., mayor of Santa Fe (1942–48). Manuel's son, Manuel Lujan Jr., U.S. House of Representatives from New Mexico (1969–89), U.S. Secretary of the Interior (1989–1993).
• The Mack family: Connie Mack III, U.S. House of Representatives (1983–89) and U.S. Senate (1989–2001) from Florida; his son, Connie Mack IV, Florida state House of Representatives (2001–03) and U.S. House of Representatives from Florida (2005–13); Mary Bono, Connie IV's then-wife, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California (1998–2013).
• The Manning family: Jeffrey Manning, Ohio House of Representatives (2001–2003); his wife Gayle Manning, Ohio Senate (2011–2018), Ohio House of Representatives (2019–); their son Nathan Manning, Ohio House of Representatives (2015–2019), Ohio Senate (2019–)
• The Mathews family: George Mathews, governor of Georgia (1787–88, 1793–96), U.S. House of Representatives from Georgia (1789–91); his brothers, Sampson and Archer, served in the Virginia General Assembly. Their descendants served as governors, judges and legislators in five states.
• The Menendez Family: Bob Menendez, U.S. House of Representatives from New Jersey (1993–2006), U.S. Senate (2006–2024); his son Rob Menendez, U.S. House of Representatives from New Jersey (2023–)
• The Moore/Capito family: Arch A. Moore Jr., U.S. House of Representatives (1957–1969), governor of West Virginia (1969–1977; 1985–1989); his daughter Shelley Moore Capito, U.S. House of Representatives (2001–2015), U.S. Senate (2015–); her son Moore Capito, West Virginia House of Delegates (2016–); his cousin Riley Moore, West Virginia House of Delegates (2017–2019), West Virginia state treasurer (2021–)
• The Murkowski family: Frank Murkowski, U.S. Senate from Alaska (1981–2002), governor of Alaska (2002–06); his daughter, Lisa Murkowski, Alaska state House of Representatives (1999–2002), U.S. Senate from Alaska (2002–).
• The O'Neill family: Thomas O'Neill, Cambridge, Massachusetts City Council; his son, Tip O'Neill, Massachusetts House of Representatives (1937–53), U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts (1953–87), Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (1977–87); Tip's son Thomas P. O'Neill III, lieutenant governor of Massachusetts (1975–83).
• The Paul family: Ron Paul, U.S. House of Representatives from Texas (1976–77, 1979–85, 1997–2013); his son. Rand Paul, U.S. Senate from Kentucky (2011 -).
• The Payne/Bolton family: Henry B. Payne, Ohio state Senate (1849–52), U.S. House of Representatives (1875–77) and U.S. Senate (1885–91) from Ohio; his son, Nathan P. Payne, mayor of Cleveland (1875–76); Henry's granddaughter, Frances P. Bolton, U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio (1940–69); her husband, Chester C. Bolton, U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio (1929–37); their son, Oliver P. Bolton, U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio (1953–57, 1963–65).
• The Pence family: Mike Pence, 48th U.S. vice president (2017–21), governor of Indiana (2013–17), U.S. House of Representatives from Indiana (2001–13); his brother, Greg Pence, U.S. House of Representatives from Indiana (2019–).
• The Rockefeller family: Nelson Rockefeller, 41st Vice President of the United States (1974–77), Governor of New York (1959–73); his brother, Winthrop Rockefeller, Governor of Arkansas (1967–71); their nephew, Jay Rockefeller, governor of West Virginia (1987–85), U.S. Senate from West Virginia (1985–2015); Winthrop's son, Winthrop Paul Rockefeller, lieutenant governor of Arkansas (1996–2006).
• The Romney family: George W. Romney, governor of Michigan (1963–69), U S. secretary of Housing and Urban Development (1969–73); his son, Mitt Romney, governor of Massachusetts (2003–07), Republican Party nominee for U.S. president (2012), U.S. Senate from Utah (2019–); Mitt's niece, Ronna McDaniel, chair of the Republican National Committee (2017–2024), delegate to Republican National Convention (2016), chair of the Michigan Republican Party (2015–17).
• The Rooney family: Dan M. Rooney (Pittsburgh Steelers owner and Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee), U.S. ambassador to Ireland (2009–12); his nephews, Tom Rooney, U.S. House of Representatives from Florida (2009–19), and Patrick Rooney Jr., Florida state House of Representatives (2010–16).
• The Scalia family: Antonin Scalia, U.S. Supreme Court Justice (1986–2016); his son, Eugene Scalia, U.S. Secretary of Labor (2019–21).
• The Suarez family: Xavier Suarez, mayor of Miami, Florida (1985–1993); his son Francis Suarez, mayor of Miami (2017–present); his nephew Alex Mooney, Maryland state senator (1999–2011), U.S. House of Representatives (2015–present)
• The Sununu family: John H. Sununu, governor of New Hampshire (1983–89), White House chief of staff (1989–91); his sons John E. Sununu, U.S. House of Representatives (1997-03) and U.S. Senate (2003–09) from New Hampshire, and Chris Sununu, New Hampshire Executive Council (2011–17), governor of New Hampshire (2017–).
• The Sykes family: Vernon Sykes, Ohio state Senate (2017–), Ohio state House of Representatives (1983–2000, 2007–14), Akron City Council (1970s–83); his wife, Barbara Sykes, Ohio state House of Representatives (2001–06), Akron City Council (1990s–2001); their daughter, Emilia Sykes, Ohio state House of Representatives (2015–2022), U.S. House of Representatives (2023–).
• The Udall family: David King Udall Sr., representative to the Arizona Territorial Legislature (1899). His sons: Jesse Addison Udall, Arizona state House of Representatives (1931–38), chief justice of the Arizona Supreme Court (1964); John Hunt Udall, mayor of Phoenix, Arizona (1936–38); Don Taylor Udall, Arizona state House of Representatives (1941–42); Levi Stewart Udall, Arizona Supreme Court (1947–60), chief justice (1951–53, 1957–59). Levi's sons: Stewart Udall, U.S. House of Representatives from Arizona (1955–61), U.S. Secretary of the Interior (1961–69); Mo Udall, U.S. House of Representatives from Arizona (1961–91). Next generation: John Nicholas Udall, son of John, mayor of Phoenix, Arizona (1948–52); Tom Udall, son of Stewart, U.S. House of Representatives (1999–2008), U S. Senate from New Mexico (2009–21), U.S. ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa (2021–); Mark Udall, son of Mo, U.S. House of Representatives (1999–2009) and U.S. Senate from Colorado (2009–15), Colorado state House of Representatives (1997–99).
• The Zone family: Michael Zone, Cleveland City Council (1960–74); his wife, Mary Zone, Cleveland City Council (1974–86); their son, Matt Zone, Cleveland City Council (2001–); their son-in-law, Lee Fisher, Ohio state House of Representatives (1981–82), Ohio state Senate (1983–90), Ohio state attorney general (1991–95), lieutenant governor of Ohio (2007–11); their nephew, Joseph Zone, Cleveland Municipal Court judge.

Other countries

A-D

• Azerbaijan:
  • President Ilham Aliyev is the son of the late Heydar Aliyev, who also served as the president from 1993 to 2003. Ilham's wife Mehriban, is also the vice president of Azerbaijan and the first person to hold the position following its creation in 2017.
• Brazil:
  • Jair Bolsonaro served as president from 2019 to 2023 and also served as federal deputy from 1991 to 2018. Flavio Bolsonaro, his firstborn son has served as a Senator since 2019, and has also served as a state deputy for Rio de Janeiro from 2003 till 2018. Eduardo Bolsonaro, the second son, has served as a Federal Deputy since 2015. His third son, Carlos Bolsonaro has served in the Rio de Janeiro city council since 2001. His ex-wife, Ana Cristina Valle, ran for office in 2018, but was not elected. His youngest son, Jair Renan Bolsonaro, was recently elected as the most voted councilor of Balneário Camboriú, in Santa Catarina, Brazil's 2024 municipal elections.
• Canada:
  • Former Prime Minister Justin Trudeau is the son of the late Pierre Trudeau, who also served as prime minister.
  • New Brunswick Member of Legislative Assembly Ted Flemming shares the same name as his grandfather, Hugh John Flemming, who also served as a Member of Legislative Assembly as well as a member of the Parliament of Canada.
  • Doug Ford Sr., a MPP, later had his sons, Rob, become Mayor of Toronto, and Doug become Premier of Ontario.
• Chile:
  • Alessandri and Frei families have held significant political influence from the 20th century onwards, each one with a father and son having served as president; Arturo and Jorge, and Eduardo and Eduardo, respectively.

E-H

• El Salvador:
  • Presidents Carlos Meléndez (1913–1914, 1915–1918) and Jorge Meléndez (1919–1923) were brothers, and President Alfonso Quiñónez Molina (1914–1915, 1918–1919, 1923–1927) was their brother-in-law. All were a part of the Meléndez–Quiñónez dynasty. The Meléndez brothers were also the grandsons of President Norberto Ramírez (1840–1841).
• Estonia:
  • Prime Minister Kaja Kallas is the daughter of Siim Kallas, who also served as Prime Minister from 2002 to 2003.
• Gabon:
  • President Omar Bongo was succeeded by his son Ali Bongo Ondimba. Two commanders-in-chief of the Gabonese Republican Guard, Grégoire Kouna and Brice Clotaire Oligui Nguema, are cousins of Ali Bongo. Brice Oligui took control after the coup d'état in 2023.
• Greece: 3 families have been predominant figures in Greek politics since the end of World War II.
  • Current Prime Minister (since 2019) Kyriakos Mitsotakis is the son of former prime minister Konstantinos Mitsotakis, brother of former Minister of Foreign Affairs Dora Bakoyannis, and uncle of former mayor of Athens Kostas Bakoyannis. The Mitsotakis family are also related to former prime minister Eleftherios Venizelos by marriage.
  • Another important political family is the Papandreou family. Georgios Papandreou served three terms as prime minister, starting in 1944, on a political career that spanned five decades. His son, Andreas Papandreou, also served three terms as prime minister, starting in 1981. George Papandreou, Andreas' son and Georgios' grandson, served in the same role from 2009 to 2011.
  • Another important political family is the Karamanlis family. Konstantinos Karamanlis was Greece's longest-serving prime minister and helped the country enter the EU in 1981. His nephew Kostas Karamanlis also served as prime minister from 2000 to 2004 and another nephew Kostas Karamanlis served as Minister of Infrastructure and Transport from 2019 to 2023.
• France:
  • French Front National Party is led by Marine Le Pen, who succeeded her father Jean-Marie Le Pen in early 2011. Other members of the Le Pen family include current former MP Marion Maréchal (niece of Marine Le Pen) and Jordan Bardella (partner of the niece of Marine Le Pen).

I-L

• Indonesia:
  • Sukarno family: President Sukarno and his daughter Megawati both served as presidents. Megawati's daughter, Puan Maharani, is currently serving as the Speaker of the People's Representative Council.
  • Widodo family: President Joko Widodo was accused of carrying out dynastic politics by changing the law to be able to become head of state and regional head in Indonesia by making his first son Gibran Rakabuming Raka vice president of Indonesia in 2024-2029 with Prabowo Subianto. Gibran was the mayor of Surakarta, who is still in office even though he is participating in the 2024 presidential election. In addition, his second son Kaesang Pangarep is the chairman of the Indonesian Solidarity Party and his son-in-law Bobby Nasution are also the Governors of North Sumatra. Joko Widodo was also accused of taking advantage of his older brother as chairman of the Constitutional Court, who served from 2018 to 2023, to change the law so that his children and son-in-law can occupy positions in the Indonesian government.
  • Hoping to prevent political dynasties, the Indonesian parliament, which represents the third largest democracy in the world, passed a law barring anyone from holding a major office within five years of a relative. ^[7]
• Iran:
  • The Davidkhanian family has been prominent in Persian politics and diplomacy, giving the country numerous cabinet ministers, advisors to the Shah, and politicians since the establishment of the Qajar dynasty. Markar Khan Davidkhanian served as the minister of finance (1804–1848) and advisor to Fath-Ali Shah Qajar during the Great Game. Set Khan Astvatsatourian (1780–1942) served as a political advisor to Abbas Mirza and Ambassador to Britain. Tsatur Khan (1820–1905) served as advisor to Mozaffar-ad-Din Qajar, envoy to Russia, and de facto Minister of Foreign Affairs. During the Pahlavi era, Meguertitch Khan Davidkhanian (1902–1983) served as Governor of Khorramshahr.
• Ireland: It is common for several members of a family to hold political office.
  • See Families in the Oireachtas for a full list. This is particularly present in the two establishment centre-right parties, Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael. ^{[8] [9]}
• Jamaica:
  • Holness: Andrew Holness and Juliet Holness, married couple.
  • Manley: Michael Manley, who served as prime minister from 1972 to 1980 and again from 1989 to 1992, is the son of Norman Manley, who served as premier from 1959 to 1962. Norman was also related to Prime Minister Alexander Bustamante (1962-1967) via a common grandmother.
  • Smith: Derrick C. Smith and Duane Smith, father and son. ^[10]
  • Webley: Glenmore Webley and Joan Gordon-Webley were married and were both members of the Parliament of Jamaica for the Jamaica Labour Party. ^[11]
  • Williams: Donovan Williams and Delroy Williams are brothers who serve as members of the Parliament of Jamaica for the Jamaica Labour Party. ^[12]
  • Vaz: Ann-Marie Vaz and Daryl Vaz, married couple. ^[13]
• Japan: various families dominate the political scene, several of which have occupied the prime ministership.
  • Shinzo Abe, who served from 2012 to 2020 and from 2006 to 2007, and is the grandson of Nobusuke Kishi, who served from 1957 to 1960, and the great-nephew of Eisaku Sato, who served from 1964 to 1972. Additionally, both Kishi and Sato are brothers.
  • There are other notable examples including Yukio Hatoyama (2009–2010), grandson of Ichiro Hatoyama (1954–1956), Morihiro Hosokawa (1993–1994), grandson of Fumimaro Konoe (1937 – 1939 & 1940 – 1941), Taro Aso (2008–2009), grandson of Shigeru Yoshida and (1946 – 1947, 1948 – 1954) and son-in-law of Zenko Suzuki (1980–1982) and Yasuo Fukuda (2007–2008), son of Takeo Fukuda (1976–1978).
• Kazakhstan:
  • Nursultan Nazarbayev served as president of Kazakhstan from 1991 to 2019, while his daughter Dariga served as Chair of the Senate from 2019 to 2020 and leader of her father's political party Nur Otan in the Senate from 2014 to 2015.
• Kenya:
  • Uhuru Kenyatta served as president of Kenya from 2013 to 2022. He is the son of Jomo Kenyatta, the first president of the Republic of Kenya, who left office in 1978.
• Laos:
  • Kaysone Phomvihane's family and Khamtai Siphandone's family, former general secretaries of the ruling communist Lao People's Revolutionary Party, hold a variety of political positions in the country. Phomvihane's son Saysomphone, served as the president of the Lao Front for National Construction and currently serves as President of the National Assembly. Another son Thongsavanh, serves as the head of the LPRP External Relations Committee, while another, Santiphap, currently serves as the governor of Savannakhet Province. The son of Khamtai Siphandone Sonexay has served the current Prime Minister of Laos since 2022, while Khamtai's daughter Viengthong serves as the current president of the State Audit Organization.
• Latvia:
  • Guntis Ulmanis, who served as president from 1993 to 1999, is the great-nephew of Kārlis Ulmanis, who also served as president.
• Lebanon:
  • Saad Hariri, who served as Prime Minister of Lebanon from 2009 to 2011 and from 2016 to 2020, is the son of Rafic Hariri, who also served as prime minister from 1992 to 1994 and from 2000 to 2004.
  • The Gemayel family also plays a prominent role in Lebanese politics. Bachir and Amine Gemayel, both of whom were elected presidents of Lebanon, are sons of Pierre Gemayel, the founder of the Kataeb Party.
• Lithuania:
  • Vytautas Landsbergis, leader of the State in 1990–1992, is the son of Vytautas Landsbergis-Žemkalnis, a member of the government in the 1940s. Grandson Gabrielius Landsbergis is the current leader of the Conservative Party and the minister of foreign affairs.
  • Gentvilas family: Eugenijus Gentvilas served as mayor of Klaipėda, Prime Minister and minister of economy in 2001; his sister Virginija Baltraitienė (née Gentvilaitė) served as mayor of Kėdainiai district and minister of agriculture; his son Simonas Gentvilas is serving as minister of environment.

M-P

• Malaysia:
  • Abdul Razak Hussein served as prime minister from 1970 to 1976, and his son Najib Razak, who was later convicted of corruption and sentenced to prison, served as prime minister from 2009 to 2018.
• Mauritius: out of five prime ministers, two have been the sons of former office holders.
  • Navinchandra Ramgoolam is the son of the country's first prime minister, Seewoosagur Ramgoolam, while Pravind Jugnauth is the son of Anerood Jugnauth. Other prominent political dynasties include the Duvals, Boolells and the Mohammeds.
• Mexico:
  • The Ruiz Massieu-Salinas family, the most notable political family in Mexico, includes the former senator and Minister of Urban Development, Raúl Salinas Lozano is father to Carlos Salinas de Gortari, who served as President of Mexico between 1988 and 1994; Raúl Salinas de Gortari, former director of CONASUPO, and Adriana Salinas de Gortari, who was married to former governor and PRI General Secretary, José Francisco Ruíz Massieu, killed in 1994. Ruíz Massieu's daughter, Claudia Ruíz Massieu, would go on to become Mexico's Secretary of Tourism and Secretary of Foreign Affairs.
  • Enrique Peña Nieto, the former president who served from 2012 to 2018, is a cousin of Alfredo Del Mazo Maza, the governor of the State of Mexico, who is at the same time a son of former governor Alfredo del Mazo González. ^[14]
  • Peña Nieto, the President, is also related to former governor Salvador Sánchez Colin and former governor Arturo Montiel Rojas. ^[14]
  • Luis Calderón Vega, a prominent Mexican politician and founder of the National Action Party, is the father of former senator Luisa María Calderón and former president Felipe Calderón, who is married to former congresswoman and presidential candidate Margarita Zavala, who is herself a cousin of congresswoman Mariana Gómez del Campo. ^[14]
  • Miguel de la Madrid, former president, and Miguel Alemán Valdés, another former president, also had sons who held prominent political positions. Enrique de la Madrid served as Secretary of Tourism under President Enrique Peña Nieto, while Miguel Alemán Velasco served as senator and governor of Veracruz. ^[14]
• Nigeria:
  • The Ransome-Kuti family have been prominent. Olikoye Ransome-Kuti served as the health minister under President Ibrahim Babangida while his brother, Fela Kuti, founded and led the Movement of the People political party. Their mother, Chief Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, was a founding mother of Nigeria who served as a lawmaker and party leader in the country's colonial era.
• North Korea:
  • The Kim family has governed North Korea since 1948 for three generations; Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il, and Kim Jong Un.
• Palau:
  • Thomas Remengesau Jr., former president, is the son of the 2nd president, Thomas Remengesau Sr.
• Portugal:
  • The minister of welfare state is married to a member of parliament involved in a scandal related with an ONG financed by the welfare state; The daughter of the same minister is the presidency minister; The interior minister is married with the sea minister; the justice minister husband was nominated for a public commission by a co-minister.

Q-T

• Singapore: See also gerrymandering of political constituencies in Sigapore, lack of political freedom of expression in Singapore, nepotism in Singapore politics.
  • Lee Hsien Loong, the former prime minister, is the son of the first prime minister of Singapore Lee Kuan Yew, with numerous immediate family members in politics or government-linked positions of power. ^[15]
  • Tony Tan, former president of Singapore, is a relative of Lee Kwan Yew family. ^{[16] [17]}
• South Africa:
  • F. W. de Klerk, the last State President, is the son of Jan de Klerk who served as acting State President in April 1975.
• South Korea:
  • Park Geun-hye, and her father Park Chung Hee, were Presidents of South Korea.
• Sri Lanka:
  • Rajapaksa family has had 2 presidents and 1 prime minister. Also, the family has many of their extended relatives in the parliament. Additionally, the Bandaranaike family has had 1 president and 3 prime ministers with S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, Sirimavo Bandaranaike and Chandrika Kumaratunga all serving in the Prime Minister's capacity with Chandrika Kumaratunga serving as president.
• Syria:
  • Bashar al-Assad succeeded his father Hafez until the Fall of the Assad Regime.
• Taiwan:
  • Chiang Kai-shek and Chiang Ching-kuo both served as president; Chiang Wan-an, current mayor of Taipei and grandson of Chiang Ching Kuo
• Thailand:
  • Thaksin and his sibling Yingluck Shinawatra both served as prime minister, as did Thaksin's daughter Paetongtarn. Thaksin and Yingluck's brother-in-law, Somchai Wongsawat, also served as prime minister.
• Turkmenistan:
  • Serdar Berdimuhamedow, who was elected as president of Turkmenistan in 2022, is the son of Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, who served as president from 2007 to 2022.

U-Z

• Uruguay:
  • Batlle family have held significant political influence from the 19th century onwards, with four of its members serving as presidents.

See also

• List of political families
• Political families of Australia
• Hereditary politicians
• Nepotism
• Oligarchy
• Political boss
• Widow's succession

References

1. "LOREDAN, Leonardo in "Dizionario Biografico"" (in Italian). Treccani. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
2. Llemit, Ralph Lawrence (4 May 2025). "Understanding political dynasty in the Philippines". SunStar. SunStar Publishing Inc. Retrieved 24 November 2025.
3. "The taipans — Chinese Filipino oligarchs". The Manila Times . September 16, 2020. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
4. After Duterte: clan politics and US influence in the Philippines, /morningstaronline.co.uk, 19 March 2025.
5. KQED, General Article: The Kennedys in Politics
6. Feldmann, Linda (23 July 2014). "Hillary Clinton vs. Jeb Bush? Why Political Dynasties Might Make Sense. (+video)". The Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on 2014-03-26.
7. Solomon, Andrew (2015-07-18). "What's Wrong with Dynastic Politics?". The New Yorker . Retrieved 2017-02-05.
8. "More than 40 politicians from political families to contest election". The Irish Times.
9. "FF election hopeful hits out at party dynasties". independent.
10. "Duane Smith gets his shot at representing St Andrew North Western". Jamaica Gleaner. October 17, 2024.
11. "They made the news!". jamaica-gleaner.com. Archived from the original on 2022-05-20. Retrieved 2025-11-01.
12. MALCOLM, DANA (2025-09-06). "'DADDY WOULD'VE BEEN PROUD' - Jamaica Observer". Jamaica Observer. Retrieved 2025-10-22.
13. "It was not love at first sight! - Ann-Marie Vaz says Daryl had to work to win her heart". jamaica-gleaner.com. Archived from the original on 2020-01-16. Retrieved 2025-11-01.
14. "BIOGRAFIA - Licenciado".
15. "Leadership Transition at Temasek Holdings: Dilhan Pillay Sandrasegara to be appointed Executive Director & CEO with effect from 1 October 2021". 9 February 2021.
16. "A place in the sun for key Singaporeans?". www.asiaone.com. Archived from the original on 11 September 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
17. Hermes (10 February 2019). "Shedding light on life and legacy of Peranakan pioneer Tan Kim Seng | The Straits Times". www.straitstimes.com. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2022.