Dynasty

This article is about the general concept of a line of rulers. For other uses, see Dynasty (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with Political dynasty.

"Ruling family" redirects here. For other uses, see Royal family.

"Royal house" redirects here. For royal residences and headquarters, see Palace and Royal household.

Family photograph of the Imperial House of Japan, the world's oldest continuous royal dynasty since at least 539, with three generations (from left) Empress Michiko, Emperor Akihito, their son Emperor Naruhito and his consort Empress Masako, Prince Akishino and Princess Akishino, and behind them the children (2021)

A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family, ^[1] usually in the context of a monarchical system, but sometimes also appearing in republics. A dynasty may also be referred to as a "house", "family" or "clan", among others.

Historians periodize the histories of many states and civilizations, such as Ancient Iran (3200–539 BC), Ancient Egypt (3100–30 BC), and Ancient and Imperial China (2070 BC – AD 1912), using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the term "dynasty" may be used to delimit the era during which a family reigned.

Before the 18th century, most dynasties throughout the world have traditionally been reckoned patrilineally, such as those that follow the Frankish Salic law. In polities where it was permitted, succession through a daughter usually established a new dynasty in her husband's family name. This has changed in all of Europe's remaining monarchies, where succession law and conventions have maintained dynastic names de jure through a female.

Dynastic politics has declined over time, owing to a decline in monarchy as a form of government, a rise in democracy, and a reduction within democracies of elected members from dynastic families. ^[2]

Terminology

The word "dynasty" (from the Greek : δυναστεία, dynasteía "power", "lordship", from dynástes "ruler") ^[3] is sometimes used informally for people who are not rulers but are, for example, members of a family with influence and power in other areas, such as a series of successive owners of a major company, or any family with a legacy, such as a dynasty of poets or actors. It is also extended to unrelated people, such as major poets of the same school or various rosters of a single sports team. ^[1]

The dynastic family or lineage may be known as a "noble house", ^[4] which may be styled as "imperial", "royal", "princely", "ducal", "comital" or "baronial", depending upon the chief or present title borne by its members, but it is more often referred by adding the name afterwards, as in "House of Habsburg".

Definition

The Spanish royal family of the House of Bourbon dates its roots to the Capetian dynasty of the 9th century, thus making it the oldest still reigning dynasty in Europe (photograph of King Felipe VI, Queen Letizia, the Princess of Asturias and her younger sister Infanta Sofía, in 2019)

A ruler from a dynasty is sometimes referred to as a "dynast", but this term is also used to describe any member of a reigning family who retains a right to succeed to a throne. For example, King Edward VIII ceased to be a dynast of the House of Windsor following his abdication.

In historical and monarchist references to formerly reigning families, a "dynast" is a family member who would have had succession rights, were the monarchy's rules still in force. For example, after the 1914 assassinations of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his morganatic wife, their son Maximilian, Duke of Hohenberg, was bypassed for the Austro-Hungarian throne because he was not a Habsburg dynast. Even after the abolition of the Austrian monarchy, Duke Maximilian and his descendants have not been considered the rightful pretenders by Austrian monarchists, nor have they claimed that position.

The term "dynast" is sometimes used only to refer to agnatic descendants of a realm's monarchs, and sometimes to include those who hold succession rights through cognatic royal descent. The term can therefore describe overlapping but distinct sets of people. For example, David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon, a nephew of Queen Elizabeth II, is in the line of succession to the British crown, making him a British dynast. On the other hand, since he is not a patrilineal member of the British royal family, he is therefore not a dynast of the House of Windsor.

Comparatively, the German aristocrat Prince Ernst August of Hanover, a male-line descendant of King George III, possesses no legal British name, titles or styles (although he is entitled to reclaim the former royal dukedom of Cumberland). He was born in the line of succession to the British throne and was bound by Britain's Royal Marriages Act 1772 until it was repealed when the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 took effect on 26 March 2015. ^[5] Thus, he requested and obtained formal permission from Queen Elizabeth II to marry the Roman Catholic Princess Caroline of Monaco in 1999. Yet, a clause of the English Act of Settlement 1701 remained in effect at that time, stipulating that dynasts who marry Roman Catholics are considered "dead" for the purpose of succession to the British throne. ^[6] That exclusion, too, ceased to apply on 26 March 2015, with retroactive effect for those who had been dynasts before triggering it by marriage to a Roman Catholic. ^[5]

Dynastic marriage

Family portrait of Empress Maria Theresa of the Habsburg dynasty, surrounded by her children who were married into various European dynasties. Marriage policy amongst dynasties led to the Pax Austriaca .

A "dynastic marriage" is one that complies with monarchical house law restrictions, so that the descendants are eligible to inherit the throne or other royal privileges. ^[7] For example, the marriage of King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands to Máxima Zorreguieta in 2002 was dynastic, making their eldest child, Princess Catharina-Amalia, the heir apparent to the Crown of the Netherlands. The marriage of his younger brother, Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau, in 2003 lacked government support and parliamentary approval. Thus, Prince Friso forfeited his place in the order of succession to the Dutch throne, and consequently lost his title as a "Prince of the Netherlands", and left his children without dynastic rights.

Empress Maria Theresa of the Habsburg dynasty had her children married into various European dynasties. Habsburg marriage policy amongst European dynasties led to the Pax Austriaca .

History

Historians periodize the histories of many states and civilizations, such as Ancient Iran (3200–539 BC), Ancient Egypt (3100–30 BC) and Ancient and Imperial China (2070 BC – AD 1912), using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the term "dynasty" may be used to delimit the era during which a family reigned, and also to describe events, trends and artifacts of that period (e.g., "a Ming dynasty vase"). Until the 19th century, it was taken for granted that a legitimate function of a monarch was to aggrandize his dynasty: that is, to expand the wealth and power of his family members. ^[8]

Before the 18th century, most dynasties throughout the world have traditionally been reckoned patrilineally, such as those that follow the Frankish Salic law. In polities where it was permitted, succession through a daughter usually established a new dynasty in her husband's family name. This has changed in all of Europe's remaining monarchies, where succession law and conventions have maintained dynastic names de jure through a female. For instance, the House of Windsor is maintained through the children of Queen Elizabeth II, as it did with the monarchy of the Netherlands, whose dynasty remained the House of Orange-Nassau through three successive queens regnant. The earliest such example among major European monarchies was in the Russian Empire in the 18th century, where the name of the House of Romanov was maintained through Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna. This also happened in the case of Queen Maria II of Portugal, who married Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry, but whose descendants remained members of the House of Braganza, per Portuguese law; in fact, since the 1800s, the only female monarch in Europe who had children belonging to a different house was Queen Victoria and that was due to disagreements over how to choose a non German house. In Limpopo Province of South Africa, Balobedu determined descent matrilineally, while rulers have at other times adopted the name of their mother's dynasty when coming into her inheritance. Less frequently, a monarchy has alternated or been rotated, in a multi-dynastic (or polydynastic) system—that is, the most senior living members of parallel dynasties, at any point in time, constitute the line of succession.

Longevity

King Tupou VI of Tonga and Queen Nanasipau'u, head of one of the oldest still ruling royal dynasties in the world, dating back to c. 950 CE of the Tuʻi Tonga Empire

Dynasties lasting at least 250 years include the following. Legendary lineages that cannot be historically confirmed are not included.

Era	Dynasty	Length of rule
400 BCE – 1618 CE [9] [10]	Pandya	2,018 years est.
c. 300 BCE– 1279 CE	Chola	1,579 years est.
539–present	Imperial House of Japan	1,458 years
c. 493 CE– 1947 CE	Eastern Ganga dynasty	1,454 years est.
c. 5th century– 1971 CE	Guhila - Sisodia	1,371 years est.
950s CE – present (title Tuʻi Tonga to 1865 CE)	Tonga	1,070 years est.
c. 780– 1812 CE	Bagrationi	1,032 years est.
c. 900– 1930 CE	Borjigid	1,030 years est.
c.730 – 1855	Bohkti	1,125 years est.
c. 1700– 722 BCE	Adaside	978 years est.
c. 891– 1846 CE	Sayfawa	955 years est.
665–1598 CE	Baduspanids	933 years
57 BCE – 935 CE	Silla	992 years est.
1128–1971	Kachhwaha	843 years
987 – 1792, 1814 – 1848 CE	Capetian	839 years
1046– 256 BCE	Zhou	790 years
750–1258 CE, 1261–1517 CE	Abbasid	764 years
862–1598 CE	Rurikid	736 years
1243–1971	Rathore	728 years
37 BCE – 668 CE	Goguryeo	705 years
1270–1975 CE	Solomon	705 years
651–1349 CE	Bavand dynasty	698 years
18 BCE – 660 CE	Baekje	678 years
1360s–present	Bolkiah	656 years or 661 years
1278–1914 CE	Habsburg	636 years
1299–1922 CE	Ottoman	c. 623 years
543 BCE – 66 CE	Vijaya	608 years
1228–1826 CE	Ahom	598 years
1600–1046 BCE or 1766–1122 BCE	Shang	554 years or 644 years
1392–1910 CE	Joseon and Korean Empire	518 years
1370–1857 CE	Timurid	487 years
918–1392 CE	Goryeo	474 years
247 BCE – 224 CE	Arsacid	471 years
1154–1624 CE	Nabhani	470 years
202 BCE – 9 CE, 25 – 220 CE	Han and Shu Han	448 years
858–1301 CE	Árpád	443 years
1586–present	Mataram [a]	438 years
224–651 CE	Sassanian	427 years
1010–586 BCE	Davidic	424 years
220–638 CE	Jafnid	418 years
960–1370 CE	Piast	410 years
730–330 BCE	Achaemenid	400 years
1220–1597 CE	Siri Sanga Bo	377 years
661–750, 756–1031 CE	Umayyad	364 years
1271–1635 CE	Yuan and Northern Yuan	364 years
1057–1059, 1081–1185, 1204–1461 CE	Komnenos (styled as Megas Komnenos from late 13th century)	363 years
1428–1527, 1533–1789 CE	Later Lê (Primitive and Revival Lê)	355 years
1047–1375, 1387–1412 CE	Estridsen	353 years
c. 653 BCE– 309 BCE	Argead	344 years
1371–1651, 1660–1714 CE	Stuart	334 years
1154–1485 CE	Plantagenet	330 years
905–1234 CE	Jiménez	329 years
1699–present	Bendahara	325 years
960–279 CE	Song	319 years
1613–1917 CE	Romanov	304 years
300–602 CE	Lakhmid	302 years
916–1218 CE	Liao and Western Liao	302 years
1616–1912 CE	Later Jin and Qing	296 years
1368–1662 CE	Ming and Southern Ming	294 years
305–30 BCE	Ptolemaic	275 years
618–690, 705–907 CE	Tang	274 years
909–1171 CE	Fatimid	262 years
1230–1492 CE	Nasrid	262 years
1550–1292 BCE	Thutmosid	258 years
1034–1286 CE	Dunkeld	252 years

Extant sovereign dynasties

For non-sovereign dynasties currently ruling subnational monarchies, see Non-sovereign monarchy and List of current constituent monarchs.

There are 43 sovereign states with a monarch as head of state, of which 41 are ruled by dynasties. ^[b] There are currently 26 sovereign dynasties.

Dynasty	Realm	Reigning monarch	Dynastic founder [c]	Dynastic place of origin [d]
House of Windsor [e] [f]	Antigua and Barbuda	King Charles III	King-Emperor George V [g]	Thuringia and Bavaria (in modern Germany)
	Commonwealth of Australia [h]
	Bahamas
	Belize
	Canada
	Grenada
	Jamaica
	New Zealand [i]
	Papua New Guinea
	Saint Kitts and Nevis
	Saint Lucia
	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
	Solomon Islands
	Tuvalu
	United Kingdom [j]
House of Khalifa	Bahrain	King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa	Sheikh Khalifa bin Mohammed	Najd (in modern Saudi Arabia)
House of Belgium [k]	Belgium	King Philippe	King Albert I [l]	Thuringia and Bavaria (in modern Germany)
Wangchuck dynasty	Bhutan	Druk Gyalpo Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck	Druk Gyalpo Ugyen Wangchuck	Trongsa, Bhutan
House of Bolkiah	Brunei	Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah	Sultan Muhammad Shah	Tarim in Hadhramaut [m] (in modern Yemen)
House of Norodom [n]	Cambodia	King Norodom Sihamoni	King Norodom Prohmbarirak	Cambodia
House of Glücksburg [o]	Denmark [p]	King Frederik X	Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg	Glücksburg (in modern Germany)
	Norway	King Harald V
House of Dlamini	Eswatini	King Mswati III	Chief Dlamini I	East Africa
Imperial House of Japan [q]	Japan	Emperor Naruhito	Emperor Jimmu [r]	Nara (in modern Japan)
House of Hashim [s]	Jordan	King Abdullah II	King Hussein ibn Ali al-Hashimi	Hejaz (in modern Saudi Arabia)
House of Sabah	Kuwait	Emir Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah	Sheikh Sabah I bin Jaber	Najd (in modern Saudi Arabia)
House of Moshesh	Lesotho	King Letsie III	Paramount Chief Moshoeshoe I	Lesotho
House of Liechtenstein	Liechtenstein	Prince Hans-Adam II	Prince Karl I	Lower Austria (in modern Austria)
House of Luxembourg-Nassau [t]	Luxembourg	Grand Duke Henri	Grand Duke Adolphe	Nassau (in modern Germany)
House of Temenggong [u]	Malaysia [v]	Yang di-Pertuan Agong Sultan Ibrahim III	Temenggong Tun Abdul Jamal I	Johor (in modern Malaysia)
House of Grimaldi	Monaco	Prince Albert II	François Grimaldi	Genoa (in modern Italy)
'Alawi dynasty	Morocco	King Mohammed VI	Sultan Abul Amlak Sidi Muhammad as-Sharif ibn 'Ali	Tafilalt (in modern Morocco)
House of Orange-Nassau [w]	Netherlands [x]	King Willem-Alexander	Prince William I	Nassau (in modern Germany)
House of Busaid	Oman	Sultan Haitham bin Tariq	Sultan Ahmad bin Said al-Busaidi	Oman
House of Thani	Qatar	Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani	Sheikh Thani bin Mohammed	Najd (in modern Saudi Arabia)
House of Saud	Saudi Arabia	King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud	Emir Saud I	Diriyah (in modern Saudi Arabia)
House of Bourbon-Anjou [y]	Spain	King Felipe VI	King Philip V	Bourbon-l'Archambault (in modern France)
House of Bernadotte	Sweden	King Carl XVI Gustaf	King Charles XIV John	Pau (in modern France)
Chakri dynasty	Thailand	King Vajiralongkorn	King Rama I	Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (in modern Thailand)
House of Tupou	Tonga	King Tupou VI	King George Tupou I	Tonga
House of Nahyan [z]	United Arab Emirates [aa]	President Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan	Sheikh Dhiyab bin Isa Al Nahyan	Liwa Oasis (in modern United Arab Emirates)

Political families

Main articles: Political family and List of political families

Though in elected governments, rule does not pass automatically by inheritance, political power often accrues to generations of related individuals in the elected positions of republics and constitutional monarchies. Eminence, influence, tradition, genetics, and nepotism may contribute to the phenomenon.

Hereditary dictatorship

Hereditary dictatorships are personalist dictatorships in which political power stays within a strongman's family due to the overwhelming authority of the strongman, rather than by the democratic consent of the people. The strongman typically fills government positions with their relatives. They may groom a successor during their own lifetime, or a member of their family may maneuver to take control of the dictatorship after the strongman's death.

Current hereditary dictatorships

Dynasty	Regime	Current leader	Dynastic founder	Year founded [ab]
Kim family	North Korea	Kim Jong Un	Kim Il Sung	1948
Gnassingbé family [11]	Togo	Faure Gnassingbé	Gnassingbé Eyadéma	1967
al-Assad family	Syria	Bashar al-Assad	Hafez al-Assad	1971
Gouled-Guelleh family [12]	Djibouti	Ismaïl Omar Guelleh	Hassan Gouled Aptidon	1977
Déby family [13]	Chad	Mahamat Déby	Idriss Déby	1991
Aliyev family [14]	Azerbaijan	Ilham Aliyev	Heydar Aliyev	1993
Hun family [15] [16] [17]	Cambodia	Hun Manet	Hun Sen	1985
Berdimuhamedow family [18]	Turkmenistan	Serdar Berdimuhamedow	Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow	2006

Former hereditary dictatorships

Dynasty	Regime	Dynastic founder	Last ruler	Year founded	Year ended	Length of rule
Rana dynasty	Kingdom of Nepal	Jung Bahadur Rana	Mohan Shumsher	1846	1951	105 years
Chiang family	Taiwan	Chiang Kai-shek	Chiang Ching-kuo	1928	1988	60 years
Trujillo family	Dominican Republic	Rafael Trujillo	Ramfis Trujillo	1930	1961	31 years
Somoza family	Nicaragua	Anastasio Somoza García	Anastasio Somoza Debayle	1936	1979	43 years
Duvalier dynasty	Haiti	François Duvalier	Jean-Claude Duvalier	1957	1986	28 years
Bongo family [19]	Gabon	Omar Bongo	Ali Bongo	1967	2023	56 years
Kabila family [20]	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Laurent-Désiré Kabila	Joseph Kabila	1997	2019	22 years

Influential wealthy families

Main article: List of wealthiest families

See also

Main article: Lists of dynasties

• Cadet branch
• Commonwealth realm
• Conquest dynasty
• Dynastic cycle
• Dynastic order
• Dynastic union
• Elective monarchy
• Family seat
• Heads of former ruling families
• Hereditary monarchy
• Iranian Intermezzo
• List of current constituent monarchs
• List of current monarchies
• List of current monarchs of sovereign states
• List of dynasties
• List of empires
• List of family trees
• List of kingdoms and royal dynasties
• List of largest empires
• List of monarchies
• List of noble houses
• Non-sovereign monarchy
• Realm
• Royal family
• Royal household
• Royal intermarriage
• Self-proclaimed monarchy

Notes

1. Territory split into the Surakarta Sunanate and Yogyakarta Sultanate in 1755 by the Treaty of Giyanti
2. Existing sovereign entities ruled by non-dynastic monarchs include:
   •   Principality of Andorra
   • Holy See (ruling the   Vatican City State)
   •   Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta
3. The founder of a dynasty need not necessarily equate to the first monarch of a particular realm. For example, while William I was the dynastic founder of the House of Orange-Nassau which currently rules over the Kingdom of the Netherlands, he was never a monarch of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
4. Not to be confused with dynastic seat.
5. The House of Windsor is descended from the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, which is a branch of the House of Wettin. The dynastic name was changed from "Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" to "Windsor" in AD 1917.
6. A sovereign state with Charles III as its monarch and head of state is known as a Commonwealth realm.
7. George V was formerly a member of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha before AD 1917.
8. Including:
   • Australian Antarctic Territory
   • Coral Sea Islands Territory
   • Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands
   •   Christmas Island
   •   Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands
   • Territory of Heard and McDonald Islands
   •   Norfolk Island
9. The Realm of New Zealand consists of:
   •   Cook Islands
   •   New Zealand
   •   Niue
   • Ross Dependency
   •   Tokelau
10. Including:
    •   Anguilla
    •   Bailiwick of Guernsey (Crown dependency)
    •   Bailiwick of Jersey (Crown dependency)
    •   Bermuda
    •   British Antarctic Territory
    •   British Indian Ocean Territory
    •   Cayman Islands
    •   Falkland Islands
    •   Gibraltar
    •   Isle of Man (Crown dependency)
    •   Montserrat
    •   Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands
    • Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
    •   South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
    • Akrotiri and Dhekelia
    •   Turks and Caicos Islands
    •   British Virgin Islands
    The crown dependencies of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, the Bailiwick of Jersey, and the Isle of Man are neither part of the United Kingdom nor British overseas territories.
11. The House of Belgium is descended from the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, which is a branch of the House of Wettin. The dynastic name was changed from "Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" to "Belgium" in AD 1920.
12. Albert I was formerly a member of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha before AD 1920.
13. Claimed by the royal house, but the historicity is questionable.
14. The House of Norodom is a branch of the Varman dynasty.
15. The House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg is a branch of the House of Oldenburg.
16. Including:
    •   Faroe Islands
    •   Greenland
17. The Imperial House of Japan, or Kōshitsu (皇室), is the world's oldest continuous dynasty. The dynasty has produced an unbroken succession of Japanese monarchs since the legendary founding year of 660 BC.
18. Most historians regard Emperor Jimmu to have been a mythical ruler. Emperor Ōjin, traditionally considered the 15th emperor, is the first who is generally thought to have existed, while Emperor Kinmei, the 29th emperor according to traditional historiography, is the first monarch for whom verifiable regnal dates can be assigned.
19. The House of Hashim is descended from Banu Qatada, which was a branch of the House of Ali.
20. The House of Luxembourg-Nassau is descended from the House of Nassau-Weilburg, which is a branch of the House of Nassau and the House of Bourbon-Parma.
21. The Temenggong dynasty is the ruling dynasty of Johor and a cadet branch of the Bendahara dynasty. The Sultan of Johor is the reigning Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.
22. The throne of Malaysia rotates among the nine constituent monarchies of Malaysia, each ruled by a dynasty. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected by the Conference of Rulers.
23. The House of Orange-Nassau is a branch of the House of Nassau. Additionally, Willem-Alexander is also linked to the House of Lippe through Beatrix of the Netherlands.
24. The Kingdom of the Netherlands consists of:
    •   Aruba
    •   Curaçao
    •   Netherlands
    •   Sint Maarten
25. The House of Bourbon-Anjou is a branch of the House of Bourbon.
26. The House of Nahyan is the ruling dynasty of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. The Emir of Abu Dhabi is the incumbent President of the United Arab Emirates.
27. The President of the United Arab Emirates is elected by the Federal Supreme Council. The office has been held by the Emir of Abu Dhabi since the formation of the United Arab Emirates in AD 1971.
28. Year authoritarian system began

References

1. Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed. "dynasty, n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1897.
2. Van Coppennolle, Brenda; Smith, Daniel (2023). "Dynasties in Historical Political Economy" (PDF). The Oxford Handbook of Historical Political Economy. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
3. Harper, Douglas. "dynasty". Online Etymology Dictionary .
4. Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. "house, n.¹ and int, 10. b." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.
5. Statement by Nick Clegg MP, UK parliament website Archived 5 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine , 26 March 2015 (retrieved on same date).
6. "Monaco royal taken seriously ill". BBC News . London. 8 April 2005. Archived from the original on 12 March 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
7. "The Dynastic Marriage". ieg-ego.eu (in German). Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
8. Thomson, David (1961). "The Institutions of Monarchy". Europe Since Napoleon . New York: Knopf. pp.  79–80. The basic idea of monarchy was the idea that hereditary right gave the best title to political power...The dangers of disputed succession were best avoided by hereditary succession: ruling families had a natural interest in passing on to their descendants enhanced power and prestige...Frederick the Great of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, Maria Theresa of Austria, were alike infatuated with the idea of strengthening their power, centralizing government in their own hands as against local and feudal privileges, and so acquiring more absolute authority in the state. Moreover, the very dynastic rivalries and conflicts between these eighteenth-century monarchs drove them to look for ever more efficient methods of government
9. Harman, William. P (1992). The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 30–6. ISBN   978-81-208-0810-2.
10. Sathayanatha Iyer (1924). History of the Nayaks of Madura. p. 58.
11. "Togo votes as Faure Gnassingbe seeks to extend dynasty's rule". Aljazeera. 22 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
12. "Djibouti's President Guelleh wins fifth term with 97% of votes". Reuters. 10 April 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
13. "New constitution, old playbook: Chad's Deby continues power play in Sahel". Al Jazeera. 26 December 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2024.
14. Balci, Bayram (14 October 2023). "Presidential Elections in Azerbaijan Fail to End the Aliyev's Dynastic and Autocratic Rule". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . Retrieved 7 February 2024.
15. "What to expect from Cambodia's new 'dynastic' prime minister". Deutsche Welle . 8 August 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
16. Syed, Armani (26 July 2023). "What to Know About the Army Chief Who Will Be Cambodia's Next Leader". Time . Retrieved 25 August 2023.
17. Hunt, Luke (23 August 2023). "Assessing Cambodia's New Political Leadership". The Diplomat . Retrieved 25 August 2023.
18. Clement, Victoria (14 March 2023). "The Aura of Governance in Turkmenistan". The Diplomat . Retrieved 27 October 2023.
19. "Gabon's coup will worry regional autocrats". Emerald Expert Briefings. 30 August 2023. doi:10.1108/oxan-es281583. ISSN   2633-304X.
20. Reyntjens, Filip (2001). "Briefing: The Democratic Republic of Congo, from Kabila to Kabila". African Affairs. 100 (399): 311–317. doi:10.1093/afraf/100.399.311. ISSN   0001-9909. JSTOR   3518770.