Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

Last updated
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
AbbreviationCEIP
FormationDecember 14, 1910;114 years ago (1910-12-14)
Founder Andrew Carnegie
Type Foundation
Legal status Nonprofit organization
PurposeTo advance peace and international cooperation through analysis and development of new policy ideas [1]
Headquarters1779 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, D.C., United States
Location
Region
Global
MethodsNonpartisan policy research and analysis, briefing policymakers to disseminate independent analysis and policy ideas, support for unofficial and semi-official diplomacy through backchannel dialogues, training and mentoring fellows, incubating initiatives that become independent organizations, public events, development and distribution of digital content
Fields International relations, peace and conflict studies, government and institutions, technology and international affairs, regional political economy, climate and energy
President
 Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar
Chair of the Board of Trustees
Catherine James Paglia
Revenue$51,064,825 [2] (in 2023)
Expenses$45,424,424 [2] (in 2023)
Website carnegieendowment.org

The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (CEIP) is a nonpartisan international affairs think tank headquartered in Washington, D.C., with operations in Europe, South Asia, East Asia, and the Middle East, as well as the United States. [1] Founded in 1910 by Andrew Carnegie, the organization describes itself as being dedicated to advancing cooperation between countries, reducing global conflict, and promoting active international engagement between the United States and countries around the world. It engages leaders from multiple sectors and across the political spectrum. [3]

Contents

In the University of Pennsylvania's "2019 Global Go To Think Tanks Report", Carnegie was ranked the number 1 top think tank in the world. [4] In the 2015 Global Go To Think Tanks Report, Carnegie was ranked the third most influential think tank in the world, after the Brookings Institution and Chatham House. [5] It was ranked as the top Independent Think Tank in 2018. [6]

Its headquarters building, prominently located on the Embassy Row section of Massachusetts Avenue, was completed in 1989 on a design by architecture firm Smith, Hinchman & Grylls.

The chairperson of Carnegie's board of trustees is businesswoman Catherine James Paglia, [7] and the organization's president is former California Supreme Court justice Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar, who replaced CIA Director William J. Burns in 2021. [8]

Organizational history

Establishment

Industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie in 1913 Andrew Carnegie, three-quarter length portrait, seated, facing slightly left, 1913-crop.jpg
Industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie in 1913

Andrew Carnegie, like other leading internationalists of his day, believed that war could be eliminated by stronger international laws and organizations. "I am drawn more to this cause than to any," he wrote in 1907. Carnegie's single largest commitment in this field was his creation of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. [9]

On his seventy-fifth birthday, November 25, 1910, Andrew Carnegie announced the establishment of the Endowment with a gift of $10 million worth of first mortgage bonds, paying a 5% rate of interest. [10] The interest income generated from these bonds was to be used to fund a new think tank dedicated to advancing the cause of world peace. In his deed of gift, presented in Washington on December 14, 1910, Carnegie charged trustees to use the fund to "hasten the abolition of international war, the foulest blot upon our civilization", and he gave his trustees "the widest discretion as to the measures and policy they shall from time to time adopt" in carrying out the purpose of the fund. [11]

Carnegie chose longtime adviser Elihu Root, senator from New York and former Secretary of War and of State, to be the Endowment's first president. Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1912, Root served until 1925. Founder trustees included Harvard University president Charles William Eliot, philanthropist Robert S. Brookings, former US Ambassador to Great Britain Joseph Hodges Choate, former secretary of state John W. Foster, and Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching president Henry Smith Pritchett. [9]

The first fifty years: 1910–1960

Peter Parker House at 700 Jackson Pl., NW, Washington, D.C., housed CEIP 1910-1947, when it relocated to New York City. 700 Jackson Place.jpg
Peter Parker House at 700 Jackson Pl., NW, Washington, D.C., housed CEIP 1910–1947, when it relocated to New York City.

At the outset of America's involvement in World War I in 1917, the Carnegie Endowment trustees unanimously declared, "the most effective means of promoting durable international peace is to prosecute the war against the Imperial Government of Germany to final victory for democracy." [12] In December 1918, Carnegie Endowment Secretary James Brown Scott and four other Endowment personnel, including James T. Shotwell, sailed with President Woodrow Wilson on the USS George Washington to join the peace talks in France.

Carnegie is often remembered for having built Carnegie libraries. They were funded by other Carnegie trusts. However, the Endowment built libraries in Belgium, France, [13] and Serbia in three cities which had been badly damaged in the war. In addition, in 1918, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (CEIP) began to support library special collections on international issues through its International Mind Alcove program, which aimed to foster a more global perspective among the public in the United States and other countries. [14] The Endowment concluded its support for this program in 1958. [14]

On July 14, 1923, the Hague Academy of International Law, an initiative of the Endowment, was formally opened in the Peace Palace at The Hague. The Peace Palace had been built by the Carnegie Foundation (Netherlands) in 1913 to house the Permanent Court of Arbitration and a library of international law.

In 1925, Nicholas Murray Butler succeeded Elihu Root as president of the Endowment. [15] In December of the same year, the endowment's Board approved a proposal by President Butler to offer aid in modernizing the Vatican Library. [16] [17] From 1926 to 1939, the Carnegie Endowment expended some $200,000 on the endeavor. [18] For his work, including his involvement with the Kellogg–Briand Pact, Butler was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931. [19]

In November 1944, the Carnegie Endowment published Raphael Lemkin's Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation – Analysis of Government – Proposals for Redress. The work was the first to bring the word genocide into the global lexicon. [20] In April 1945, James T. Shotwell, director of the Carnegie Endowment's Division of Economics and History, served as chairman of the semiofficial consultants to the US delegation at the San Francisco conference to draw up the United Nations Charter. [21] As chairman, Shotwell pushed for an amendment to establish a permanent United Nations Commission on Human Rights, which exists to this day.

In December 1945, Butler stepped down after twenty years as president and chairman of the board of trustees. Butler was the last living member of the original board selected by Andrew Carnegie in 1910. [22] John Foster Dulles was elected to succeed Butler as chairman of the board of trustees, where he served until fellow board member Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected president of the US in 1952 and appointed Dulles Secretary of State. [22]

In 1946, Alger Hiss succeeded Butler as president of the Endowment but resigned in 1949 after being denounced as a spy for the Soviet Union by Whittaker Chambers. Hiss was replaced in the interim by James T. Shotwell.

In 1947, the Carnegie Endowment's headquarters were moved closer to the United Nations in New York City, while the Washington office at Peter Parker House (700 Jackson Pl., NW) became a subsidiary branch. [12]

In 1950, the Endowment board of trustees appointed Joseph E. Johnson, a historian and former State Department official, to take the helm.

The Cold War years: 1960–1990

In 1963, the Carnegie Endowment reconstituted its International Law Program in order to address several emerging international issues: the increase in significance and impact of international organizations; the technological revolution that facilitated the production of new military weaponry; the spread of Communism; the surge in newly independent states; and the challenges of new forms of economic activity, including global corporations and intergovernmental associations. The program resulted in the New York-based Study Group on the United Nations and the International Organization Study Group at the European Centre in Geneva. [12] In 1970, Thomas L. Hughes became the sixth president of the Carnegie Endowment. Hughes moved the Endowment's headquarters from New York to Washington, D.C., and closed the Endowment's European Centre in Geneva.

The Carnegie Endowment acquired full ownership of Foreign Policy magazine in the spring of 1978. The Endowment published Foreign Policy for 30 years, moving it from a quarterly academic journal to a bi-monthly glossy covering the nexus of globalization and international policy. The magazine was sold to The Washington Post in 2008.

In 1981, Carnegie Endowment Associate Fred Bergsten co-founded the Institute for International Economics—today known as the Peterson Institute for International Economics.

Citing the growing danger of a nuclear arms race between India and Pakistan, Thomas L. Hughes formed an eighteen-member Task Force on Non-Proliferation and South Asian Security to propose methods for reducing the growing nuclear tensions on the subcontinent. [12] In 1989, two former Carnegie associates, Barry Blechman and Michael Krepon, founded the Henry L. Stimson Center.

After the Cold War: 1990–2000

In 1991, Morton Abramowitz was named the seventh president of the Endowment. Abramowitz, previously a State Department official, focused the Endowment's attention on Russia in the post-Soviet era. [12] In this spirit, the Carnegie Endowment opened the Carnegie Moscow Center in 1994 as a home of Russian scholar-commentators. [23]

Jessica Mathews joined the Carnegie Endowment as its eighth president in May 1997. Under her leadership, Carnegie's goal was to become the first multinational/global think tank. [24]

In 2000, Mathews announced the creation of the Migration Policy Institute (MPI) headed by Demetrios Papademetriou which became the first stand-alone think tank concerned with international migration. [12]

The Global Think Tank: 2000 –present

As first laid out with the Global Vision in 2007, the Carnegie Endowment aspired to be the first global think tank. [25] Mathews said that her aim was to make Carnegie the place that brings what the world thinks into thinking about US policy and to communicate that thinking to a global audience. [22] During Mathews' tenure as president, the Carnegie Endowment launched the Carnegie Middle East Center in Beirut (2006), Carnegie Europe in Brussels (2007), and the Carnegie-Tsinghua Center at the Tsinghua University in Beijing (2010). Additionally, in partnership with the al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Carnegie established the Al-Farabi Carnegie Program on Central Asia in Kazakhstan in late 2011.

In April 2016, the sixth international Center, Carnegie India, opened in New Delhi. [26]

In February 2015, Mathews stepped down as president after 18 years. [27] William J. Burns, former US Deputy Secretary of State, became Carnegie's ninth president. [28] After Burns' nomination [29] and confirmation as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, [30] then-California Supreme Court Justice and Stanford professor Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar became President of the Carnegie Endowment on November 1, 2021. [31] [32]

In April 2022, the Carnegie Endowment was compelled to close its Moscow center at the direction of the Russian government. [33] [34]

In April 2023 Russia's Ministry of Justice added the Centre to the so-called list of "foreign agent", [35] and in July 2024 it designated the organization as "undesirable". [36]

Officers

Board of trustees

Carnegie Global Centers

Carnegie Endowment Headquarters in Washington, D.C.

The Carnegie Endowment office in Washington, D.C., is home to ten programs: Africa; American Statecraft; Asia; Democracy, Conflict, and Governance; Europe; Global Order and Institutions; Middle East; Nuclear Policy; Russia and Eurasia; South Asia; Sustainability, Climate, and Geopolitics; and Technology and International Affairs. [38]

Carnegie Moscow Center

In 1993, the Endowment launched the Carnegie Moscow Center, with the belief that "in today's world a think tank whose mission is to contribute to global security, stability, and prosperity requires a permanent presence and a multinational outlook at the core of its operations." [39]

The center's stated goals were to embody and promote the concepts of disinterested social science research and the dissemination of its results in post-Soviet Russia and Eurasia; to provide a free and open forum for the discussion and debate of critical national, regional and global issues; and to further cooperation and strengthen relations between Russia and the United States by explaining the interests, objectives and policies of each. [23] From 2006 until December 2008, the center was led by former Deputy Secretary General of NATO, Rose Gottemoeller. The center was headed by Dmitri Trenin until the Russian government ordered its closure in April 2022, shortly after the invasion of Ukraine by Russia in February 2022. [33] [34]

Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center

The Carnegie Middle East Center was established in Beirut, Lebanon, in November 2006. The center aims to better inform the process of political change in the Arab Middle East and deepen understanding of the complex economic and security issues that affect it. In October 2020, it was renamed the Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center in honor of scholar Malcolm H. Kerr. [40] As of 2024, the current director of the center is Maha Yahya. [41]

Carnegie Europe

Founded in 2007 by Fabrice Pothier, Carnegie Europe is the European centre of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. From its newly expanded presence in Brussels, Carnegie Europe combines the work of its research platform with the fresh perspectives of Carnegie's centres in Washington, Moscow, Beijing, and Beirut, bringing a unique global vision to the European policy community. Through publications, articles, seminars, and private consultations, Carnegie Europe aims to foster new thinking on the daunting international challenges shaping Europe's role in the world. [42]

Carnegie Europe is currently directed by Rosa Balfour. [43]

Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy

The Carnegie-Tsinghua Center for Global Policy was established at Tsinghua University in Beijing in 2010. The center's focuses include China's foreign relations; international economics and trade; climate change and energy; nonproliferation and arms control; and other global and regional security issues such as North Korea, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran. [44]

The current director of the center is Paul Haenle.

Carnegie India

In April 2016, Carnegie India opened in New Delhi, India. The center's focuses include the political economy of reform in India, foreign and security policy, and the role of innovation and technology in India's internal transformation and international relations. [26] The current director of the center is Rudra Chaudhuri.

Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center

In April 2023, the Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center opened in Berlin, Germany. The center focuses on major policy challenges across the wider region in the wake of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. [45] It is home to the digital publication Carnegie Politika.

The current director of the center is Alexander Gabuev.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Institute for Strategic Studies</span> British international affairs think tank

The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) is an international research institute or think tank focusing on defence and security issues. Since 1997, its headquarters have been at Arundel House in London. It has offices on four continents, producing data and research on questions of defence, security and global affairs, publishing publications and online analysis, and convening major security summits. The Guardian newspaper has described the IISS as ‘one of the world’s leading security think tanks.’

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brookings Institution</span> American think tank

The Brookings Institution, often stylized as Brookings, is an American think tank that conducts research and education in the social sciences, primarily in economics, metropolitan policy, governance, foreign policy, global economy, and economic development.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Center for Strategic and International Studies</span> American think tank in Washington, D.C.

The Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) is an American think tank based in Washington, D.C. From its founding in 1962 until 1987, it was an affiliate of Georgetown University, initially named the Center for Strategic and International Studies of Georgetown University. The center conducts policy studies and strategic analyses of political, economic and security issues throughout the world, with a focus on issues concerning international relations, trade, technology, finance, energy and geostrategy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Zoellick</span> 11th President of the World Bank Group

Robert Bruce Zoellick is an American public official and lawyer who was the 11th president of the World Bank Group, a position he held from July 1, 2007 to June 30, 2012. He was previously chairman of international advisors at Goldman Sachs from 2006 to 2007, United States Deputy Secretary of State from 2005 to 2006, and U.S. Trade Representative from 2001 to 2005. Prior to those posts, from 1985 to 2001 he served in a variety of capacities in the administrations of Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush, and the presidential campaign of George W. Bush, in addition to positions in various think tanks and academia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edward Djerejian</span> American diplomat

Edward Peter Djerejian is a former United States diplomat who served in eight administrations from John F. Kennedy to Bill Clinton (1962–94.) He served as the United States Ambassador to Syria (1988–91) and Israel (1993–94), Special Assistant to President Ronald Reagan and Deputy Press Secretary of Foreign Affairs (1985–1986), and was Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs (1991–1993.) He was the founding director of Rice University's Baker Institute for Public Policy (1994-2022) He is a senior fellow at the Middle East Initiative at Harvard Kennedy School's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and is on the board of trustees of the Carnegie Corporation of New York. He is a Proprietor of the Boston Athenaeum. Djerejian was elected chairman of Occidental Petroleum Corporation's board of directors (2013–2015). Djerejian is the author of the book Danger and Opportunity: An American Ambassador's Journey Through the Middle East

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Konrad Adenauer Foundation</span> International political foundation

The Konrad Adenauer Foundation is a German political party foundation associated with but independent of the centre-right Christian Democratic Union (CDU). The foundation's headquarters are located in Sankt Augustin near Bonn, as well as in Berlin. Globally, the KAS has 78 offices and runs programs in over 100 countries. Its current chairman is the former president of the German parliament Deutscher Bundestag, Norbert Lammert. It is a member of the Martens Centre, the official foundation and think tank of the European People's Party (EPP). In 2020, it ranked 15th amongst think tanks globally.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joseph Cirincione</span>

Joseph Cirincione (, SIR-in-see-OWN-ee is a national security analyst and author. He served as the president of the Ploughshares Fund, a public grant-making foundation focused on nuclear nonproliferation and conflict resolution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jessica Mathews</span> President of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

Jessica Tuchman Mathews is an American international affairs expert with a focus on climate and energy, defense and security, nuclear weapons, and conflict and governance. She was president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, an international affairs think tank headquartered in Washington, D.C., with offices in five other countries, from 1997 to 2015. She has also held jobs in the Executive and Legislative branches of government, management and research in nonprofits, and journalism.

The Center for the National Interest is a Washington, D.C.–based public policy think tank. It was established by former U.S. President Richard Nixon on January 20, 1994, as the Nixon Center for Peace and Freedom.

The Carnegie Moscow Center was a Moscow-based think tank that focuses on domestic and foreign policy. It was established in 1994 as a regional affiliate of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. It was the number one think tank in Central and Eastern Europe and the 26th top think tank in the world, according to the University of Pennsylvania’s 2014 Global Go To Think Tank Index. In April 2022, the Carnegie Moscow Center was forced to close at the direction of the Russian government.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Andrew Kuchins</span> American political scientist

Andrew Carrigan Kuchins is an American political scientist, academic, and former head of American University of Central Asia. He has held senior positions at several think tanks, including Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Center for Strategic and International Studies and Carnegie Moscow Center. Kuchins has written numerous books, articles, book reviews. He has been interviewed on mainstream and academic outlets including as CNN, Politico, The New York Times, The Washington Post, Washington Times, The Moscow Times, Chicago Tribune and CS Monitor. Additionally, Kuchins has given testimony before the United States Congress on Russia, Central Asia and the Caucasus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar</span> American judge (born 1972)

Mariano-Florentino "Tino" Cuéllar is an American scholar, jurist, and nonprofit executive currently serving as the 10th president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. He was previously a Justice of the Supreme Court of California, the Stanley Morrison Professor of Law at Stanford University and director of Stanford's Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, and an executive branch official in the Clinton and Obama administrations. His publications address problems in American public law, international affairs and international law, artificial intelligence, public health and safety law, and institutions and organizations. He has served on the State Department's Foreign Affairs Policy Board and the President's Intelligence Advisory Board. A member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences Committee on the Social and Ethical Implications of Computing Research, he serves as chair of the board of the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. He was born in Northern Mexico.

The Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center, previously known as The Carnegie Middle East Center (CMEC) is a think tank and research center dealing with public policy in the Middle East. It was established in Beirut, Lebanon in November 2006 by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Douglas H. Paal</span> American diplomat

Douglas Haines Paal is vice president for studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, where he directs the endowment's Asia Program. He served as the director of the American Institute in Taiwan from 2002 to 2006 and worked on the National Security Council staffs of Presidents Reagan and George H. W. Bush between 1986 and 1993 as director of Asian Affairs, senior director, and special assistant to the President. He was vice chairman of JPMorgan Chase International from 2006 to 2008. He also serves as a member of the board of trustees of the Asia Foundation.

Paul Thomas Haenle is an American analyst and China specialist currently serving as Maurice R. Greenberg Director’s Chair at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

Vera Micheles Dean was a Russian American political scientist. She was the head of research for the Foreign Policy Association, one of the leading think tanks of the 1940s and 1950s, where she became one of the leading authorities in international affairs during that period.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dmitri Trenin</span> Former director of the Carnegie Moscow Center

Dmitri Vitalyevich Trenin is a member of Russia's Foreign and Defence Policy Council. He was the director of the Carnegie Moscow Center, a Russian think tank. A former colonel of Russian military intelligence, Trenin served for 21 years in the Soviet Army and Russian Ground Forces, before joining Carnegie in 1994.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kathleen Newland</span>

Kathleen Newland is co-founder and Board of Trustees member of the Migration Policy Institute (MPI), a think tank located in the United States and focused on the study of migration policy worldwide. She is also the director of the Migration, Migrants, and Development Program there and also leads the refugee protection work at MPI.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alexei Arbatov</span> Russian politician

Alexei Georgievich Arbatov is a full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Head of the Center for International Security at the Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO), and a scholar in residence at the Carnegie Moscow Center. He is a Russian political scientist, academic, author, and former politician.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Foreign Affairs Policy Board</span> Advisory board concerning US foreign policy

The Foreign Affairs Policy Board is an advisory board that provides independent advice and opinion to the secretary of state, the deputy secretary of state, and the director of policy planning on matters concerning U.S. foreign policy. The board reviews and assesses global threats and opportunities, trends that implicate core national security interests, tools and capacities of the civilian foreign affairs agencies, and priorities and strategic frameworks for U.S. foreign policy. The board meets in a plenary session several times a year at the U.S. Department of State in the Harry S. Truman Building.

References

  1. 1 2 "About the Global Think Tank". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. n.d. Retrieved 2016-04-04.
  2. 1 2 "2023 Annual Report" (PDF). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
  3. ↑ Hall, M.K.; Bennett, S.H.; Doenecke, J.D.; Ziegler, V.H. (2018). Opposition to War: An Encyclopedia of U.S. Peace and Antiwar Movements. ABC-CLIO. pp. 108–110. ISBN   978-1-4408-4520-8.
  4. ↑ McGann, James G (May 23, 2023). "2019 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report" (PDF). TTCSP Global Go To Think Tank Index Reports (17).
  5. ↑ McGann, James G. (2 September 2016). "2015 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report". University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  6. ↑ McGann, James (2019-01-01). "2018 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report". TTCSP Global Go to Think Tank Index Reports (16).
  7. ↑ "Penny Pritzker to Conclude Tenure as Chair of Board for Carnegie Endowment for International Peace". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 2023-09-23.
  8. ↑ "About". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 2018-10-11.
  9. 1 2 "Endowment History". Archived from the original on 2009-10-13. Retrieved 2017-02-05.
  10. ↑ James Langland (ed.), "Carnegie Endowment for International Peace," The Chicago Daily News Almanac and Year-Book for 1926. Chicago: Chicago Daily News Company, 1925; p. 591.
  11. ↑ Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003). Encyclopedia of the United Nations and international agreements. New York: Routledge. OCLC   50164558.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "A Timeline of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
  13. ↑ "Bibliotheque Carnegie" . Retrieved August 2, 2012.
  14. 1 2 Witt, Steven W. (November 2014). "International Mind Alcoves: The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Libraries, and the Struggle for Global Public Opinion". Library & Information History. 30 (4): 273–290. doi:10.1179/1758348914Z.00000000068. S2CID   218691870 – via JSTOR.
  15. ↑ "Carnegie Endowment of International Peace Records". www.library.columbia.edu.
  16. ↑ Hary, Nicoletta M. (1996). "American Philanthropy in Europe: The Collaboration of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace with the Vatican Library". Libraries & Culture. 31 (2): 364–379. ISSN   0894-8631. JSTOR   25548441.
  17. ↑ Vincenti, Raffaella (August 2020). "The Vatican Library and the IFLA between 1928 and 1929". Journal of Education for Library and Information Science. 61 (3): 308–318. doi:10.3138/jelis.61.3.2020-0019. ISSN   0748-5786. S2CID   225396835.
  18. ↑ "Introduction - Rome Reborn: The Vatican Library & Renaissance Culture | Exhibitions - Library of Congress". www.loc.gov. 1993-01-08. Retrieved 2022-10-24.
  19. ↑ "Nobel Peace Prize 1931". Nobel Prize. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
  20. ↑ "About Raphael Lemkin". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 2012-02-29. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
  21. ↑ "James T. Shotwell: A Life Devoted to Organizing Peace". Columbia University. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
  22. 1 2 3 "100 Years of Impact" (PDF). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
  23. 1 2 "About the Carnegie Moscow Center". Carnegie Moscow Center. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
  24. ↑ "About the Carnegie Endowment". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 2012-01-30. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
  25. ↑ "A New Vision for the Carnegie Endowment". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 2013-07-03. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
  26. 1 2 "About Carnegie India" . Retrieved 2017-02-05.
  27. ↑ "Celebrating the Presidency of Jessica T. Mathews". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 2017-02-05.
  28. ↑ "William J. Burns Begins as President of Carnegie Endowment". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 2015-02-04. Retrieved 2017-02-05.
  29. ↑ "Biden Names Career Diplomat William J. Burns As Nominee For CIA Director". Huffington Post. 11 January 2021.
  30. ↑ "About CIA - Director of the CIA". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on April 1, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  31. ↑ "Tino Cuéllar Named Next Carnegie Endowment President". carnegieendowment.org. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  32. ↑ Crowley, Michael (2021-09-16). "California Judge Cuéllar to Lead Influential Think Tank". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2021-09-16.
  33. 1 2 "Statement on the Closing of the Carnegie Moscow Center". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
  34. 1 2 Halpert, Madeline. "Russia Closes Amnesty International And Other Human Rights Organization Offices". Forbes. Retrieved 2022-04-21.
  35. ↑ "Russia declares Carnegie Endowment and publication Agentstvo 'foreign agents'". Meduza. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
  36. ↑ "Russia Adds Carnegie Endowment To 'Undesirable' List". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . July 18, 2024.
  37. ↑ "Board of Trustees". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved June 16, 2022.
  38. ↑ "Programs". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 2021-11-13.
  39. ↑ "The Global Think Tank". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  40. ↑ "Introducing the Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center". Malcolm H. Kerr Carnegie Middle East Center. Retrieved 2023-05-31.
  41. ↑ "Maha Yahya Bio". Carnegie Middle East Center. Retrieved 2016-04-04.
  42. ↑ "About Carnegie Europe". Carnegie Europe. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
  43. ↑ Balfour, Rosa (2020-04-01). "New Carnegie Europe Director Spotlight: Rosa Balfour". Carnegie Europe.
  44. ↑ "About the Carnegie-Tsinghua Center". Carnegie-Tsinghua Center. Archived from the original on 2012-07-30. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
  45. ↑ "Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center" . Retrieved 2023-05-31.

Sources and further reading

38°54′33″N77°02′28″W / 38.909273°N 77.041043°W / 38.909273; -77.041043

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.