The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,commonly known as the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT,is an international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology,to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy,and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament. Between 1965 and 1968,the treaty was negotiated by the Eighteen Nation Committee on Disarmament,a United Nations-sponsored organization based in Geneva,Switzerland.
Nuclear proliferation is the spread of nuclear weapons,fissionable material,and weapons-applicable nuclear technology and information to nations not recognized as "Nuclear Weapon States" by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,commonly known as the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT. Proliferation has been opposed by many nations with and without nuclear weapons,as governments fear that more countries with nuclear weapons will increase the possibility of nuclear warfare,de-stabilize international or regional relations,or infringe upon the national sovereignty of nation states.
Arms control is a term for international restrictions upon the development,production,stockpiling,proliferation and usage of small arms,conventional weapons,and weapons of mass destruction. Historically,arms control may apply to melee weapons before the invention of firearm. Arms control is typically exercised through the use of diplomacy which seeks to impose such limitations upon consenting participants through international treaties and agreements,although it may also comprise efforts by a nation or group of nations to enforce limitations upon a non-consenting country.
The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty was an arms control treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union. US President Ronald Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev signed the treaty on 8 December 1987. The US Senate approved the treaty on 27 May 1988,and Reagan and Gorbachev ratified it on 1 June 1988.
Jon Wolfsthal is an American security analyst currently serving as director of global risk at the Federation of American Scientists.
Joseph Cirincione (,SIR-in-see-OWN-ee is a national security analyst and author. He served as the president of the Ploughshares Fund,a public grant-making foundation focused on nuclear nonproliferation and conflict resolution.
The African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty,also known as the Treaty of Pelindaba,establishes a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in Africa. The treaty was signed in 1996 and came into effect with the 28th ratification on 15 July 2009.
The under secretary of state for arms control and international security (T) is a position within the U.S. Department of State that serves as a senior adviser to the president and the secretary of state for arms control,nonproliferation,and disarmament.
The Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation (ISN) is a bureau within the United States Department of State responsible for managing a broad range of nonproliferation and counterproliferation functions. The bureau leads U.S. efforts to prevent the spread of weapons of mass destruction,their delivery systems,advanced conventional weapons,and related materials,technologies,and expertise.
The Assistant Secretary of State for Arms Control,Verification and Compliance is the head of the Bureau of Arms Control,Verification and Compliance. The position was created on December 12,1999,by Secretary Albright as the Assistant Secretary of State for Verification and Compliance. The Bureau became fully operational on February 1,2000,and was first known as the Verification and Compliance Bureau. Within the department,the Assistant Secretary is responsible for all matters relating to the supervision of verification and compliance with international arms control,nonproliferation,and disarmament agreements. The bureau was given its current name during the Obama administration.
Gloria Charmian Duffy is a former U.S. Department of Defense official,businesswoman,social entrepreneur and nonprofit executive. Since 1996,she has been the president,CEO and a member of the Board of Governors of the Commonwealth Club of California,America's largest and oldest public forum,founded in 1903. From 2010 to 2017 she led the acquisition,financing,design,entitlements and construction of the club's first headquarters building,at 110 The Embarcadero in San Francisco. The grand opening for the club's new building took place on September 12,2017. The building received a 2016 California Heritage Council award for historic preservation.
The International Conference on Nuclear Disarmament took place in Oslo on 26 and 27 February 2008. It was organized by The Government of Norway,the Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority in collaboration with the NTI and the Hoover Institute. The Conference,entitled "Achieving the Vision of a World Free of Nuclear Weapons",had the purpose of building consensus between nuclear weapon states and non-nuclear weapon states and about the importance of all the actions in the NPT.
The 2010 Review Conference for the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) was held at United Nations Headquarters in New York City from 3 to 28 May 2010. The President of the Review Conference is Ambassador Libran N. Cabactulan of the Philippines. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon used the opening of the conference to note that "sixty five years later,the world still lives under the nuclear shadow".
Paula Adamo DeSutter was United States Assistant Secretary of State for Verification,Compliance,and Implementation from 2002 to 2009.
The Bureau of Arms Control,Deterrence,and Stability,formerly the Bureau of Arms Control,Verification and Compliance (AVC) is a bureau within the United States Department of State. It is responsible for providing oversight of policy and resources of all matters relating to the verification of compliance or discovery of noncompliance with international arms control,nonproliferation,and disarmament agreements.
The International Day against Nuclear Tests is observed on August 29. It was established on December 2,2009,at the 64th session of the United Nations General Assembly by the resolution 64/35,which was adopted unanimously.
Alexei Georgievich Arbatov is a full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences,the Head of the Center for International Security at the Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO),and a scholar in residence at the Carnegie Moscow Center. He is a Russian political scientist,academic,author,and former politician.
Anita E. Friedt is an American diplomat and former U.S. Department of State senior official. She has served in various capacities related to international security,arms control,and nonproliferation. Friedt is known for strengthening transatlantic relations and advancing U.S. foreign policy objectives in Europe and beyond.
C.S. Eliot Kang is an American diplomat and member of the Senior Executive Service. He currently serves as the Assistant Secretary for the Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation (ISN) at the U.S. Department of State. From January to July 2021 and January 2017 to January 2018,Kang served as acting ISN Assistant Secretary and also exercised the authority of the Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs. He also served as acting ISN Assistant Secretary from January to June 2009.
Petr Topychkanov is a Russian researcher of South Asia,nuclear nonproliferation,arms control,and military industrial cooperation.
