The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,commonly known as the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT,is an international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology,to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy,and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament. Between 1965 and 1968,the treaty was negotiated by the Eighteen Nation Committee on Disarmament,a United Nations-sponsored organization based in Geneva,Switzerland.
START I was a bilateral treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union on the reduction and the limitation of strategic offensive arms. The treaty was signed on 31 July 1991 and entered into force on 5 December 1994. The treaty barred its signatories from deploying more than 6,000 nuclear warheads and a total of 1,600 intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and bombers.
Robert G. Joseph is a senior scholar at the National Institute for Public Policy and professor at Missouri State University. He was the United States Special Envoy for Nuclear Nonproliferation,with ambassadorial rank. Prior to this post,Joseph was the Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security,a position he held until January 24,2007. Joseph is known for being instrumental in creating the Proliferation Security Initiative and as the architect of the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism. He was also the US chief negotiator to Libya in 2003 who convinced the Libyans to give up their WMD programs. He also recently authored a book describing his experience in negotiating with Libya entitled "Countering WMD."
Richard Barlow is an American intelligence analyst and a former expert in nuclear non-proliferation for the US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency,the Central Intelligence Agency,and the Department of Defense. He lost his job and was subjected to a campaign of persecution and intimidation after he expressed concern to his managers in the US Department of Defense over testimony to congress that he believed to be false about Pakistan's nuclear weapon program during the presidency of George H. W. Bush. Since then,he has had occasional contract work for various federal agencies including the CIA,the State Department,the FBI and Sandia National Laboratories. In 2013 he had been unemployed since 2004 when his job at Sandia had been eliminated. "If they had busted those [Pakistani] networks," he told journalist Jeff Stein,"Iran would have no nuclear program,North Korea wouldn't have a uranium bomb,and Pakistan wouldn't have over a hundred nuclear weapons they are driving around in vans to hide from us."
The U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) was an independent agency of the United States government that existed from 1961 to 1999. Its mission was to strengthen United States national security by "formulating,advocating,negotiating,implementing and verifying effective arms control,nonproliferation,and disarmament policies,strategies,and agreements."
Ralph Earle II was an American diplomat and arms control negotiator. He was a key architect of several major international arms control accords. He served as the United States' chief negotiator at the SALT II round of talks on nuclear disarmament from 1978 to 1979,as director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) between 1980 and 1981 and as deputy director at the ACDA from 1994 to 1999.
The Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security Affairs (T) is a position within the U.S. Department of State that serves as Senior Adviser to the President and the Secretary of State for Arms Control,Nonproliferation,and Disarmament.
The Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation (ISN) is a bureau within the United States Department of State responsible for managing a broad range of nonproliferation and counterproliferation functions. The bureau leads U.S. efforts to prevent the spread of weapons of mass destruction and their delivery systems.
The Assistant Secretary of State for Arms Control,Verification and Compliance is the head of the Bureau of Arms Control,Verification and Compliance. The position was created on December 12,1999,by Secretary Albright as the Assistant Secretary of State for Verification and Compliance. The Bureau became fully operational on February 1,2000,and was first known as the Verification and Compliance Bureau. Within the department,the Assistant Secretary is responsible for all matters relating to the supervision of verification and compliance with international arms control,nonproliferation,and disarmament agreements. The bureau was given its current name during the Obama administration.
Gloria Charmian Duffy is a former U.S. Department of Defense official,businesswoman,social entrepreneur and nonprofit executive. Since 1996,she has been the president,CEO and a member of the Board of Governors of the Commonwealth Club of California,America's largest and oldest public forum,founded in 1903. From 2010 to 2017 she led the acquisition,financing,design,entitlements and construction of the club's first headquarters building,at 110 The Embarcadero in San Francisco. The grand opening for the club's new building took place on September 12,2017. The building received a 2016 California Heritage Council award for historic preservation.
Rose Eilene Gottemoeller is an American diplomat who served as Deputy Secretary General of NATO from October 2016 to October 2019 under Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg. Before then she was the Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security at the U.S. State Department.
The International Luxembourg Forum on Preventing Nuclear Catastrophe —is an international non-governmental organisation uniting leading world-renowned experts on non-proliferation of nuclear weapons,materials and delivery vehicles.
New START is a nuclear arms reduction treaty between the United States and the Russian Federation with the formal name of Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms. It was signed on 8 April 2010 in Prague,and after ratification it entered into force on 5 February 2011.
Christopher Ashley Ford is an American lawyer and government official who served from January 2018 until January 2021 as Assistant Secretary of State for International Security and Non-Proliferation. He was nominated to that position by President Donald Trump,and confirmed unanimously by the U.S. Senate on December 21,2017. After October 21,2019,Ford also,by delegation from Secretary of State Michael Pompeo,performed the duties of the Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security until his resignation from the Department of State on January 8,2021.
The Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear,Chemical &Biological Defense Programs,or ASD(NCB),is the principal adviser to the Secretary of Defense,Deputy Secretary of Defense and the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment on policy and plans for nuclear,chemical,and biological defense programs.
The Bureau of Arms Control,Verification and Compliance (AVC) is a bureau within the United States Department of State. It is responsible for providing oversight of policy and resources of all matters relating to the verification of compliance,or discovery of noncompliance,with international arms control,nonproliferation,and disarmament agreements.
Ambassador Thomas Graham Jr. is a former senior U.S. diplomat. Graham was involved in the negotiation of every single international arms control and non-proliferation agreement from 1970 to 1997. This includes the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks,the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaties,the Anti-ballistic missile (ABM) Treaty,Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) Treaty,Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty (NPT),Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty and Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). In 1993,Ambassador Graham served as acting director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) from January to November,1993 and Acting Deputy Director from November,1993 to July,1994. From 1994 through 1997,he was president Bill Clinton's special representative for Arms Control,Non-Proliferation,and Disarmament. Graham successfully led the U.S. government efforts to achieve the permanent extension of the NPT in 1995. Graham also served for 15 years as the general counsel of ACDA. Throughout his career,Thomas Graham has worked with six U.S. Presidents including Presidents Richard Nixon,Gerald Ford,Jimmy Carter,Ronald Reagan,George H. W. Bush,and Bill Clinton. Ambassador Graham worked on the negotiation of the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Biological Weapons Convention and managed the Senate approval of the ratification of the Geneva Protocol banning the use of chemical and biological weapons in war,as well as the Biological Weapons Convention.
George Bunn was an American diplomat,lawyer,and nonproliferation expert. He drafted the legislation that created the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA),was one of the lead U.S. negotiators of the nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT),served as Dean of the law school at the University of Wisconsin–Madison,and spent the last two decades of his career at the Center for International Security and Cooperation at Stanford University.
Kathleen Cordelia Bailey is an American political scientist and artist. She served as deputy assistant secretary of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research and as assistant director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. She is a senior associate at the National Institute for Public Policy in Washington,D.C.
Frank A. Rose is an American foreign policy advisor who currently serves as the Principal Deputy Administrator of the National Nuclear Security Administration at the Department of Energy. Previously he served as the Assistant Secretary of State for Verification,Compliance,and Implementation from December 16,2014 to January 20,2017. Since 2018,Rose has been the co-director of the Center for Security,Strategy,and Technology in the Foreign Policy program at the Brookings Institution.
