Related Research Articles
Archduke Joseph August Viktor Klemens Maria of Austria, Prince of Hungary and Bohemia was a Feldmarschall of the Austro-Hungarian Army and for a short period head of state of Hungary. He was a member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, the eldest son of Archduke Joseph Karl of Austria (1833–1905) and his wife Princess Clotilde of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1846–1927). Joseph August's grandfather had been Palatine Joseph of Hungary (1776–1847), Palatine and Viceroy of Hungary, a younger son of Emperor Leopold II.
Habsburg monarchy, or Danubian monarchy, or Habsburg Empire is a modern umbrella term coined by contemporary historians to denote the numerous lands and kingdoms of the Habsburg dynasty, especially for those of the Austrian line. The historiographic terms Austria, Austrian and Austrians are frequently used as pars pro toto shorthand referring to the Habsburg monarchy. From 1438 to 1806, a member of the House of Habsburg was also Holy Roman Emperor. However, the states of the Holy Roman Empire ruled by their own dynasties are not considered to have been part of what is now called the Habsburg monarchy.
Archduke Albrecht Friedrich Rudolf Dominik of Austria, Duke of Teschen, was an Austrian Habsburg general. He was the grandson of Emperor Leopold II and one of the chief military advisors of Emperor Francis Joseph I. As Inspector General for 36 years, he was an old-fashioned bureaucrat who largely controlled the Austro-Hungarian Army and delayed modernization. He was honored with the rank of Field Marshal in the armies of Austria-Hungary (1863) and Germany (1893).
Eduard Franz Joseph Graf von Taaffe, 11th Viscount Taaffe was an Austrian statesman, who served for two terms as Minister-President of Cisleithania, leading cabinets from 1868 to 1870 and 1879 to 1893. He was a scion of the Irish Taaffe noble dynasty, who held hereditary titles from two countries: Imperial Counts (Reichsgrafen) of the Holy Roman Empire and viscounts in the Peerage of Ireland.
Franz I, Prince of Liechtenstein, born Franz de Paula Maria Karl August, was the Prince of Liechtenstein between 1929 and 1938.
Heinrich Lammasch was an Austrian jurist. He was a professor of criminal and international law, a member of the Hague Arbitration Tribunal, and served as the last Minister-President of Austria for a few weeks in October and November 1918. He was the first and only non-noble to serve as Minister-President in the Austrian half of the Habsburg Monarchy.
Archduke Karl Ludwig Josef Maria of Austria was the younger brother of both Franz Joseph I of Austria and Maximilian I of Mexico, and the father of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria (1863–1914), whose assassination ignited World War I. His grandson was the last emperor of Austria, Charles I.
Archduke Ludwig Viktor Joseph Anton of Austria was a younger brother of Emperor Franz Joseph I. He had a military career, as was usual for archdukes, but did not take part in politics. He was openly homosexual and declined to marry princesses who were sought for him. He is well known for his art collection and patronage as well as philanthropy.
The Austrian Imperial Order of Leopold was founded by Franz I of Austria on 8 January 1808. The order's statutes stipulated only three grades: Grand Cross, Commander and Knight. During the war, in common with the other Austro-Hungarian decorations, crossed swords were instituted to reward bravery in the face of the enemy.
Archduke Joseph Karl of Austria was a member of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. He was the second son of Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary and Duchess Maria Dorothea of Württemberg.
Archduke Rainer Ferdinand Maria Johann Evangelist Franz Ignazof Austria, a member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine and nephew of Emperor Francis II, was an Austrian politician who served as Minister-President of Austria from 1861 to 1865.
Prince Franz Anton von Thun und Hohenstein was an Austro-Hungarian noble and statesman.
Albert Viktor Julius Joseph Michael Graf von Mensdorff-Pouilly-Dietrichstein was an Austro-Hungarian diplomat who served as Ambassador to London at the outbreak of World War I.
Rudolf Graf Montecuccoli degli Erri was chief of the Austro-Hungarian Navy from 1904 to 1913 and largely responsible for the modernization of the fleet before the First World War.
Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria was a member of the House of Habsburg-Tuscany and Archduchess of Austria, Princess of Tuscany by birth. Maria Theresia was the eldest child and eldest daughter of Archduke Karl Salvator of Austria and his wife, Princess Maria Immaculata of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.
Archduke Ferdinand Karl of Austria, later known as Ferdinand Burg was a member of the House of Habsburg.
Count Stephan Burián von Rajecz, commonly called: "Baron von Burian" or, later, "Count Burian" in English language press reports; (titles from 1900, Freiherr; from 1918, Graf) was an Austro-Hungarian politician, diplomat and statesman of Hungarian origin and served as Imperial Foreign Minister during World War I.
Hermann Freiherr von Spaun was an admiral in the Austro-Hungarian Navy. He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Austro-Hungarian Navy from December 1897 to October 1904.
Friedrich Graf von Beck-Rzikowsky, sometimes Friedrich Beck, was an Austrian Generaloberst and Chief of the general staff of the Imperial and Royal army from 1881 to 1906.
Prince Rudolf of Liechtenstein was an Austrian aristocrat, a general in the Common Army and one of the highest officials in the court of Emperor Franz Joseph I.
References
- ↑ University of California, Los Angeles Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies (1972). Viator. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-02145-7.
- ↑ Krasa, Selma (2007). Die Allegorie der Austria: die Entstehung des Gesamtstaatsgedankens in der österreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie und die bildende Kunst (in German). Böhlau Verlag Wien. ISBN 978-3-205-77580-5.
- 1 2 Olsen, John Andreas; Gray, Colin S. (2011-10-27). The Practice of Strategy: From Alexander the Great to the Present. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-960863-8.
- 1 2 3 Ladner, Gerhart Burian (1983). Images and Ideas in the Middle Ages: Selected Studies in History and Art. Edizioni di storia e letteratura.
- ↑ Mitchell, A. Wess (2019). The Grand Strategy of the Habsburg Empire. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-19644-2.
