List of dynasties

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This is a list of monarchical dynasties and dynastic regimes organized by geographic region. Extant dynasties are rendered in bold and highlighted.

Contents

General information

Criteria for inclusion

This list includes defunct and extant monarchical dynasties of sovereign and non-sovereign statuses at the national and subnational levels. Monarchical polities each ruled by a single family—that is, a dynasty, although not explicitly styled as such, like the Golden Horde and the Qara Qoyunlu—are included. Dynasties had/have assumed power in various types of monarchical entities, from loose hereditary tribal units to multinational dynastic empires.

While most dynasties were/are reckoned through the male line, the relatively uncommon cases of dynasties formed through matrilineal succession, such as the Rain Queen dynasty, are also listed.

Although thrones could theoretically be rotated among several families in elective monarchies, some entities consistently elected/elect their rulers from the same family, effectively functioning as hereditary monarchies controlled by dynasties. For example, the Holy Roman Empire was de jure an elective monarchy, but came under the de facto hereditary rule of the House of Habsburg from AD 1440 to AD 1740, and is therefore listed as such in the "Germany" section.

This list also includes monarchical regimes whose ruling houses became extinct or were removed from power after having produced only one monarch, but would otherwise have been dynastic in their throne successions. For instance, whereas the Thonburi Kingdom had only one ruler, it would likely have produced a series of monarchs from the same ruling clan had the throne not been usurped by the Chakri dynasty; the Thonburi Kingdom is thus included under the "Thailand (Siam)" section.

Where possible, descendants of overthrown dynasties and pretenders are also listed. For instance, the House of Plantagenet laid claim to the throne of the Kingdom of Sicily between AD 1254 and AD 1263, and is thus listed under the "Italy" section. Likewise, the Osmanoğlu family is descended from the Ottoman dynasty, and is therefore included in the "Anatolia (Asia Minor)" section.

Entries in each section are sorted by the start year and end year of their rule, irrespective of the exact dates. Dynasties with unverifiable or disputed periods of rule are listed after those with reign periods that are generally agreed upon by scholars. In cases wherein several dynasties are typically grouped together in conventional historiography, such as the Northern and Southern dynasties of China, they are listed as such for ease of reference.

Houses of nobility with no territorial holdings (and thus were/are not monarchical dynasties in their own right), like the House of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Ludwigsburg and the House of Jocelyn; dynasties of micronations, like the Bertoleoni dynasty; dynasties of religious sects, like the Nusaybah family and the Slonim dynasty; political families, like the Roosevelt family and the Chiang family; family dictatorships, like the Mount Paektu bloodline and the Duvalier dynasty; and dynastic military regimes, like the Choe clan and the Ashikaga shogunate, are not included.

Nomenclature

A dynasty may be known by more than one name, either due to differences between its official and historiographical denominations, and/or due to the existence of multiple official and/or historiographical names. For example, the Amorian dynasty is also referred to as the "Phrygian dynasty".

Due to variations in romanization, the name of a dynasty may be rendered differently depending on the source. For instance, the Qing dynasty is also written as "Ch῾ing dynasty" using the Wade–Giles romanization.

In layman and academic parlance, the name of a dynasty is often affixed before the common name of a state in reference to a state under the rule of a particular dynasty. For example, whereas the official name of the realm ruled by the Qajar dynasty was the "Sublime State of Iran", the domain is commonly known as "Qajar Iran".

Period of rule

The year of establishment and/or the year of collapse of a dynasty may be unknown or remain contentious among scholars. In the latter cases, only an approximate time frame will be given. For example, the Deva dynasty is believed to have ruled during the 12th and 13th centuries AD, but the exact dates are disputed.

The year of establishment and/or the year of collapse of a dynasty could differ from its period of rule over a particular realm and/or geographic region. In such cases, the year(s) provided indicate the period during which a dynasty was/is in power in a particular realm and/or geographic region. For instance, whereas the House of Savoy was founded in AD 1003 in the County of Savoy and maintained its rule until AD 1946 in the Kingdom of Italy, it briefly held the throne of Spain from AD 1870 to AD 1873, and is thus reflected as such in the "Spain" section.

Location of rule

This list is sorted by the territorial extent of dynasties. Listing a particular dynasty under a specific section need not necessarily denote affiliation—political, ethnic, religious, cultural, or otherwise—between the historical dynasty and the contemporary polity/polities existing in the same region. As the succession of states and the identities of the rulers, elites, and subjects or citizens are complex and contentious issues, the classification of dynasties may be multidimensional. For example, the Ayyubid dynasty has been variously described as "Egyptian" and "Syrian" based on its geographic location and the titles held by its monarchs; "Kurdish" according to its rulers' ethnicity; "Arabized" according to its cultural identity; and "Muslim", "Islamic", and "Sunni" based on its religious faith.

Some dynasties appear more than once in this list, because:

For example, apart from previously ruling over the possessions of the British Empire and numerous sovereign states that later abolished the monarchy, the House of Windsor remains the ruling dynasty of 15 sovereign states and their associated territories, and is therefore included in multiple sections. [1] Likewise, although the Tang dynasty existed as a single realm, it had at various points in time ruled over China proper, Dzungaria, the Tarim Basin, the Mongolian Plateau, Inner Manchuria, Outer Manchuria, as well as parts of Central Asia, the Korean Peninsula, Vietnam, Siberia, and Afghanistan, and is thus listed under multiple sections. [2] [3] [4]

Regions with long lines of "local" dynasties—including dynasties of indigenous and non-indigenous (but had/have assumed "local" characteristics) provenances—that experienced partial or full colonization in the modern era are given separate lists for clarity. For instance, the "Indian Subcontinent (South Asia)" section includes a main list containing "local" South Asian dynasties, such as the indigenous Chola dynasty and the non-indigenous Mughal dynasty, and a subsection listing the decidedly "foreign" dynasties of colonial entities, like the House of Bourbon of French India.

Extant dynasties

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Absolute monarchy
Constitutional monarchy (Commonwealth realm)
Constitutional monarchy (non-Commonwealth realm)
Semi-constitutional monarchy
Subnational (non-sovereign) monarchy World Monarchies.svg
  Constitutional monarchy (non-Commonwealth realm)
  Semi-constitutional monarchy

List of extant dynasties ruling sovereign monarchies

At present, there are 44 sovereign realms—including 43 sovereign states (and their associated territories) and one sovereign entity in international law without territorial possession—ruled by monarchs, of which 41 are under dynastic control. [lower-alpha 1] There are currently 26 sovereign dynasties, two of which rule more than one sovereign realm.

Dynasty Realm Reigning monarch Dynastic founder [lower-alpha 2] Dynastic place of origin [lower-alpha 3]
House of Windsor [lower-alpha 4] Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg  Antigua and Barbuda King Charles III King-Emperor George V [lower-alpha 5] Thuringia and Bavaria
(in modern-day Germany)
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Commonwealth of Australia [lower-alpha 6]
Flag of the Bahamas.svg  Commonwealth of The Bahamas
Flag of Belize.svg  Belize
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada
Flag of Grenada.svg  Grenada
Flag of Jamaica.svg  Jamaica
Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand [lower-alpha 7]
Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg  Independent State of Papua New Guinea
Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg  Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis
Flag of Saint Lucia.svg  Saint Lucia
Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg  Solomon Islands
Flag of Tuvalu.svg  Tuvalu
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland [lower-alpha 8]
House of Khalifa Flag of Bahrain.svg  Kingdom of Bahrain King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa Sheikh Khalifa bin Mohammed Najd
(in modern-day Saudi Arabia)
House of Belgium Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Kingdom of Belgium King Philippe King Albert I [lower-alpha 9] Thuringia and Bavaria
(in modern-day Germany)
Wangchuck dynasty Flag of Bhutan.svg  Kingdom of Bhutan Druk Gyalpo Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck Druk Gyalpo Ugyen Wangchuck Modern-day Bhutan
House of Bolkiah Flag of Brunei.svg  Brunei Darussalam Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Sultan Muhammad Shah Tarim [lower-alpha 10]
(in modern-day Yemen)
House of Norodom Flag of Cambodia.svg  Kingdom of Cambodia King Norodom Sihamoni King Norodom Prohmbarirak Modern-day Cambodia
House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg Flag of Denmark (state).svg Kingdom of Denmark [lower-alpha 11] King Frederik X Duke Friedrich Wilhelm Glücksburg
(in modern-day Germany)
Flag of Norway.svg  Kingdom of Norway [lower-alpha 12] King Harald V
House of Dlamini Flag of Eswatini.svg  Kingdom of Eswatini King Mswati III Chief Dlamini I East Africa
Imperial House of Japan Flag of Japan.svg  Japan Emperor Naruhito Emperor Jimmu [lower-alpha 13] Nara
(in modern-day Japan)
House of Hashim Flag of Jordan.svg  Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan King Abdullah II King Hussein ibn Ali al-Hashimi Hejaz
(in modern-day Saudi Arabia)
House of Sabah Flag of Kuwait.svg  State of Kuwait Emir Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah Sheikh Sabah I bin Jaber Najd
(in modern-day Saudi Arabia)
House of Moshesh Flag of Lesotho.svg  Kingdom of Lesotho King Letsie III Paramount Chief Moshoeshoe I Modern-day Lesotho
House of Liechtenstein Flag of Liechtenstein.svg  Principality of Liechtenstein Prince Hans-Adam II Prince Karl I Lower Austria
(in modern-day Austria)
House of Luxembourg-Nassau Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Grand Duke Henri Grand Duke Adolphe Nassau
(in modern-day Germany)
House of Temenggong [lower-alpha 14] Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia [lower-alpha 15] Yang di-Pertuan Agong Ibrahim Temenggong Abdul Jamal Johor
(in modern-day Malaysia)
House of Grimaldi Flag of Monaco.svg  Principality of Monaco Prince Albert II François Grimaldi Genoa
(in modern-day Italy)
Alaouite dynasty Flag of Morocco.svg  Kingdom of Morocco King Mohammed VI Sultan Abul Amlak Sidi Muhammad as-Sharif ibn 'Ali Tafilalt
(in modern-day Morocco)
House of Orange-Nassau Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Kingdom of the Netherlands [lower-alpha 16] King Willem-Alexander Prince William I Nassau
(in modern-day Germany)
House of Busaid Flag of Oman.svg  Sultanate of Oman Sultan Haitham bin Tariq Sultan Ahmad bin Said al-Busaidi Modern-day Yemen
House of Thani Flag of Qatar.svg  State of Qatar Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani Sheikh Thani bin Mohammed Najd
(in modern-day Saudi Arabia)
House of Saud Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Kingdom of Saudi Arabia King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Emir Saud I Diriyah
(in modern-day Saudi Arabia)
House of Bourbon-Anjou Flag of Spain.svg  Kingdom of Spain King Felipe VI King Philip V Bourbon-l'Archambault
(in modern-day France)
House of Bernadotte Flag of Sweden.svg  Kingdom of Sweden King Carl XVI Gustaf King Charles XIV John Pau
(in modern-day France)
Chakri dynasty Flag of Thailand.svg  Kingdom of Thailand King Rama X King Rama I Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya
(in modern-day Thailand)
House of Tupou Flag of Tonga.svg  Kingdom of Tonga King Tupou VI King George Tupou I Modern-day Tonga
House of Nahyan [lower-alpha 17] Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates [lower-alpha 18] President Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan Sheikh Dhiyab bin Isa Al Nahyan Liwa Oasis
(in modern-day United Arab Emirates)

List of sovereign states and territories with extant non-sovereign dynasties

The following is a list of sovereign states and territories with existing dynasties ruling non-sovereign polities. Such dynasties usually possess and exercise authority over subnational divisions or people groups.

Non-sovereign dynasties may be conferred official status through constitutional arrangement or government recognition, like the dynasties ruling the Republic of Botswana's subnational chiefdoms. Alternatively, non-sovereign dynasties may exist without official recognition, as in the case of the Te Wherowhero dynasty of the Māori King Movement in New Zealand.

Non-sovereign dynasties could have once held sovereign power (and vice versa). For example, as the Emirate of Umm Al Quwain was formerly an independent shiekdom but is now a constituent emirate of the United Arab Emirates, the currently non-sovereign House of Mualla therefore held sovereign power historically.

Dynasties could simultaneously reign in both sovereign and non-sovereign polities, as is the case of the House of Temenggong whose reigning ruler is both the sovereign monarch of Malaysia and the non-sovereign monarch of the Malaysian state of Johor Darul Ta'zim.

ContinentSovereign state or territory
Africa Flag of Angola.svg  Republic of Angola
Flag of Benin.svg  Republic of Benin
Flag of Botswana.svg  Republic of Botswana
Flag of Burkina Faso.svg  Burkina Faso
Flag of Cameroon.svg  Republic of Cameroon
Flag of the Central African Republic.svg  Central African Republic
Flag of Chad.svg  Republic of Chad
Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg  Democratic Republic of the Congo
Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg  Republic of Côte d'Ivoire
Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg  Republic of Equatorial Guinea
Flag of Ethiopia.svg  Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Flag of Gabon.svg  Gabonese Republic
Flag of The Gambia.svg  Republic of The Gambia
Flag of Ghana.svg  Republic of Ghana
Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg  Republic of Guinea-Bissau
Flag of Kenya.svg  Republic of Kenya
Flag of Liberia.svg  Republic of Liberia
Flag of Madagascar.svg  Republic of Madagascar
Flag of Malawi.svg  Republic of Malawi
Flag of Mauritania.svg  Islamic Republic of Mauritania
Flag of Namibia.svg  Republic of Namibia
Flag of Niger.svg  Republic of the Niger
Flag of Nigeria.svg  Federal Republic of Nigeria
Flag of Rwanda.svg  Republic of Rwanda
Flag of Senegal.svg  Republic of Senegal
Flag of Sierra Leone.svg  Republic of Sierra Leone
Flag of Somalia.svg  Federal Republic of Somalia
Flag of Somaliland.svg  Republic of Somaliland
Flag of South Africa.svg  Republic of South Africa
Flag of South Sudan.svg  Republic of South Sudan
Flag of Sudan.svg  Republic of the Sudan
Flag of Tanzania.svg  United Republic of Tanzania
Flag of Togo (3-2).svg  Togolese Republic
Flag of Uganda.svg  Republic of Uganda
Flag of Zambia.svg  Republic of Zambia
Flag of Zimbabwe.svg  Republic of Zimbabwe
Asia Flag of Bangladesh.svg  People's Republic of Bangladesh
Flag of India.svg  Republic of India
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Republic of Indonesia
Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia
Flag of the Philippines.svg  Republic of the Philippines
Flag of East Timor.svg  Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste
Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates
Europe Flag of Guernsey.svg  Bailiwick of Guernsey
Flag of Montenegro.svg  Montenegro [lower-alpha 19]
North America Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada
Flag of Panama.svg  Republic of Panama
Flag of the United States.svg  United States of America
Oceania Flag of the Cook Islands.svg  Cook Islands
Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg  Republic of the Marshall Islands
Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg  Federated States of Micronesia
Flags of New Caledonia.svg  New Caledonia
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand
Flag of Palau.svg  Republic of Palau
Flag of Samoa.svg  Independent State of Samoa
Flag of Tuvalu.svg  Tuvalu
Flag of France.svg  Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands
South America Flag of Bolivia.svg  Plurinational State of Bolivia

List of dynasties in Africa

Legend
  Extant sovereign dynasties
  Extant non-sovereign dynasties

Algeria

Kings from States of the Classical Age
Monarchs from Medieval states
Dynasties of pre-colonial states conquered by the French

Angola

Dynasties of pre-colonial states conquered by the Portuguese (incomplete)

Benin (former Dahomey)

Botswana (former Bechuanaland)

Burkina Fasso (former Upper Volta)

Burundi

Cabo Verde (former Cape Verde)

Cameroon

Monarchs of Pre-Colonial States conquered by the Germans

Djibouti (former French Somaliland)

Central African Republic (former Ubangi-Shari)

Chad

Comoros

Pre-colonial states conquered by the French

Republic of Congo

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Dynasties of pre-colonial states conquered by the Belgians

Egypt

Equatorial Guinea

Eritrea

Eswatini (Swaziland)

Ethiopia

Other states that existed in the territory of modern Ethiopia

The Gambia

Ghana

Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

Pre-colonial kingdoms

Ivory Coast

Pre-colonial states conquered by the French (incomplete)

Kenya

Lesotho

Libya

Madagascar

Mali

Mauritius

Morocco (+ Mauritania)

Niger

Nigeria

São Tomé and Príncipe

Senegal

Seychelles

Somalia

Somaliland

South Africa

Sudan

Tunisia

Uganda

Western Sahara

Zimbabwe

List of dynasties in Asia

Legend
  Extant sovereign dynasties
  Extant non-sovereign dynasties
  Extant dynasties ruling both sovereign and non-sovereign polities

Afghanistan

Anatolia (Asia Minor)

Armenia

Azerbaijan

Bahrain

Bhutan

Brunei

Cambodia

Central Asia

Champa

China

Cyprus

Indian Subcontinent (South Asia)

Note that many dates before the 9th century AD are disputed. [5]

Indonesia

Iran (Persia)

Japan

Imperial House (皇室こうしつ) (660 BCE–present) – called "Kōshitsu" in Japanese; The traditional founding year of 660 BCE assigned by Japanese historiography is typically considered to be legendary, however the latest date is 539 CE with Emperor Kinmei

Jordan

Korea

Kuwait

Laos

Lebanon

Malaysia

Maldives

Mesopotamia

Mongolia

Myanmar (Burma)

Nepal

(राणा वंश) (AD 1857-1951)

Oman

Israel

The Philippines

Qatar

Ryukyu Islands

Saudi Arabia

Siberia

Sri Lanka

Thailand (Siam)

United Arab Emirates

Vietnam

Yemen

List of dynasties in Europe

Legend
  Extant sovereign dynasties
  Extant non-sovereign dynasties

Albania

Andorra

Austria

Barbarians

Avars

Bavarii

Burgundians

Franks

Huns

Lombards

Ostrogoths

Suebi

Vandals

Visigoths

Belgium

Medieval feudal states [lower-alpha 20] :

Kingdom of Belgium:

Bohemia/Czechia

Great Moravia:

Kingdom of Bohemia:

Bosnia

Bulgaria

Croatia

Denmark

England

Estonia

Finland

France

Corsica:

Germany

Bavaria:

Saxony:

Georgia

Greece

Hungary

Iceland

Ireland

Italy

For the rulers of Rome see Roman Empire

Sicily:

Liechtenstein

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Malta

Monaco

Montenegro

The Netherlands

Norway

Poland

Elective monarchy:

Portugal

Roman Empire

Romania

Moldavia:

Wallachia:

After the Unification:

European Russia

Scotland

Serbia

Spain

Sweden

Ukraine

Wales

List of dynasties in North America

Legend
  Extant sovereign dynasties
  Extant non-sovereign dynasties

Chiefdoms of Hispaniola

El Salvador

Haiti

Maya

Mexico

Panama

Trinidad and Tobago

Conterminous United States

List of dynasties in Oceania

Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australia)

Easter Island (Chile)

Fiji

French Polynesia (France)

Austral Islands

Bass Islands

Gambier Islands

Marquesas Islands

Society Islands

Hawaii (United States)

Kiribati

Marshall Islands

Micronesia

Nauru

Cook Islands

Samoan Islands

Tonga

List of dynasties in South America

Bolivia

Brazil

Chile

Peru

Venezuela

See also

Notes

  1. Existing sovereign entities ruled by non-dynastic monarchs are:
  2. The founder of a dynasty need not necessarily equate to the first monarch of a particular realm. For example, while William I was the dynastic founder of the House of Orange-Nassau which currently rules over the Kingdom of the Netherlands, he was never a monarch of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
  3. Not to be confused with dynastic seat.
  4. A sovereign state with Charles III as its monarch and head of state is known as a Commonwealth realm.
  5. In AD 1917, the dynasty was renamed from the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to the House of Windsor by George V.
  6. Including:
  7. The Realm of New Zealand consists of:
  8. Including: In addition, the British government is responsible for the following Crown Dependencies, but they are neither part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland nor are they British Overseas Territories:
  9. In AD 1920, the dynasty was renamed from the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to the House of Belgium by Albert I.
  10. The dynasty's origin in Tarim is claimed by the royal family, but the historicity is dubious.
  11. The Danish Realm consists of:
  12. Including:
  13. The Emperor Jimmu was the legendary founder of the Imperial House of Japan, known as Kōshitsu (皇室) in Japanese, but his historicity remains unverifiable. The earliest widely accepted ruler from the dynasty was the Emperor Ankō. According to official narrative, the Imperial House of Japan is the world's oldest continuous dynasty, having produced an unbroken succession of Japanese monarchs since the legendary founding year of 660 BC.
  14. The House of Temenggong is the ruling dynasty of Johor Darul Ta'zim. The Sultan of Johor is the reigning Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.
  15. The throne of Malaysia rotates among the nine constituent monarchies of Malaysia, each ruled by a dynasty. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected by the Conference of Rulers.
  16. The Kingdom of the Netherlands consists of:
  17. The House of Nahyan is the ruling dynasty of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. The Emir of Abu Dhabi is the incumbent President of the United Arab Emirates.
  18. The President of the United Arab Emirates is elected by the Federal Supreme Council. The office has been held by the Emir of Abu Dhabi since the formation of the United Arab Emirates in AD 1971.
  19. Since AD 2011, Montenegro has officially recognized the limited non-political role of the Petrović-Njegoš dynasty in cultural promotion. The Petrović-Njegoš dynasty was the ruling dynasty of Montenegro between AD 1696 and AD 1918.
  20. Including the County of Flanders, Marquisate of Namur, Duchy of Brabant, County of Hainaut, Duchy of Limburg and County of Luxembourg

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Duke Yǐ of Qi was the third recorded ruler of the ancient Chinese state of Qi during the Western Zhou dynasty. His personal name was Lü De (呂得) and ancestral name was Jiang.

Ji or Jicheng was an ancient city in northern China, which has become the longest continuously inhabited section of modern Beijing. Historical mention of Ji dates to the founding of the Zhou dynasty in about 1045 BC. Archaeological finds in southwestern Beijing where Ji was believed to be located date to the Spring and Autumn period. The city of Ji served as the capital of the ancient states of Ji and Yan until the unification of China by the Qin dynasty in 221 BC. Thereafter, the city was a prefectural capital for Youzhou through the Han dynasty, Three Kingdoms, Western Jin dynasty, Sixteen Kingdoms, Northern Dynasties, and Sui dynasty. With the creation of a Jizhou (蓟州) during the Tang dynasty in what is now Tianjin Municipality, the city of Ji took on the name Youzhou. Youzhou was one of the Sixteen Prefectures ceded to the Khitans during the Five Dynasties. The city then became the southern capital of the Liao dynasty and then main capital of the Jin dynasty (1115–1234). In the 13th century, Kublai Khan built a new capital city for the Yuan dynasty adjacent to Ji to the north. The old city of Ji became a suburb to Dadu. In the Ming dynasty, the old and new cities were merged by Beijing's Ming-era city wall.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chiefdom of Lijiang</span> Nakhi Tusi chiefdom (abolished 1723)

The Chiefdom of Lijiang was a Nakhi autonomous Tusi chiefdom that ruled Lijiang during Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasty.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chiefdom of Bozhou</span> Yi Tusi chiefdom (876–1600)

The Chiefdom of Bozhou, ruled by the Yang clan, was an autonomous Tusi chiefdom established by Yang Duan (楊端) during the Tang dynasty. After he conquered the Bozhou Prefecture from the Nanzhao Kingdom, Yang Duan was recognized as the hereditary ruler of the region by the Tang court in 876.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mu'ege</span> Yi Tusi chiefdom (300–1698)

Mu'ege was a Nasu Yi chiefdom in modern Guizhou that existed from 300 to 1698. Since 1279, Mu'ege was conquered by the Yuan dynasty and became Chiefdom of Shuixi under the Chinese tusi system.

Chiefdom of Shuidong, ruled by the Song clan, was an autonomous Tusi chiefdom established by Song Jingyang (宋景陽) during the Song dynasty. After he conquered the Manzhou Prefecture from the Yi people, Song Jingyang was recognized as the hereditary ruler of the region by the Song court in 975.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chiefdom of Sizhou</span> Tujia or Han Tusi chiefdom (582–1413)

Chiefdom of Sizhou, ruled by the Tian clan, was an autonomous Tusi chiefdom established by Tian Zongxian (田宗顯) during the Sui dynasty. After he conquered the Qianzhong area, Tian Zongxian was recognized as the hereditary ruler of the region by the Sui court in 582.

References

  1. "The Realms". The British Monarchists Society. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  2. Tan, Qixiang, ed. (1982). "唐时期全图(一)". The Historical Atlas of China. Archived from the original on 2020-07-14. Retrieved 2020-07-26.
  3. Tan, Qixiang, ed. (1982). "唐时期全图(二)". The Historical Atlas of China. Archived from the original on 2020-07-14. Retrieved 2020-07-26.
  4. Tan, Qixiang, ed. (1982). "唐时期全图(三)". The Historical Atlas of China. Archived from the original on 2020-07-14. Retrieved 2020-07-26.
  5. Keay, John (2010). China: A History. ISBN   9780007372089. Archived from the original on 2024-05-23. Retrieved 2021-01-24.
  6. Lê Đình Chi. Người Thượng Miền Nam Việt Nam. Gardena, California: Văn Mới, 2006. Pages: 401-449. (in Vietnamese).
  7. They were owners by grant without any royal title related to Cocos Islands.
  8. They were owners by grant without any royal title related to Klein-Venedig.