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| History of the Mongols |
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This is a list of Mongol states. The Mongols founded many states such as the vast Mongol Empire and other states. The list of states is chronological but follows the development of different dynasties.
| Name | Years | Area | Map | Capital | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Khanates in the 10th–12th centuries | |||||||||
| Khamag Mongol Khanate | 900s–1206 |  | |||||||
| Merkit Khanate | XI–mid XII | ||||||||
| Kerait Khanate | −1203 | ||||||||
| Naiman Khanate | −1204 | ||||||||
| Tatar Khanate | VI—X/(IX – mid XII?) | ||||||||
| Mongol Empire | |||||||||
| Mongol Empire | 1206–1368 | 24,000,000 km2 [1] |  | Avarga (1206–1235) Karakorum (1235–1260) Khanbaliq (1260–1368) | |||||
| Yuan dynasty | |||||||||
| Yuan dynasty | 1271–1368 | 14,000,000 km2 (1310) [2] |  | Khanbaliq (Dadu, Beijing) | |||||
 Golden Horde (Turco-Mongol) | |||||||||
| Golden Horde | 1240–1502 | 6,000,000 km2 (1310) [3] |  | Sarai Batu | |||||
| Great Horde | 1466–1502 | ||||||||
 Chagatai Khanate (Turco-Mongol) | |||||||||
| Chagatai Khanate | 1225–1340s | 3,500,000 km2 (1310) [3] [2] |  | Almaliq Qarshi | |||||
| Western Chagatai Khanate | 1340s–1370 | ||||||||
| Moghulistan | 1340–1462 |  | |||||||
| Kara Del Khanate | 1383–1513 | ||||||||
| Turpan Khanate | 1487–1660? |  | |||||||
| Yarkent Khanate | 1514–1705 | ||||||||
 Ilkhanate | |||||||||
| Ilkhanate | 1256–1335 | 3,750,000 km2 [3] [2] |  | Maragha (1256–1265) Tabriz (1265–1306) Soltaniyeh (1306–1335) | |||||
| Chobanids | 1335–1357 |  | Tabriz | ||||||
| Injuids | 1335–1357 | Shiraz (Till 1353) Isfahan (1353–1357) | |||||||
| Jalayirid Sultanate | 1335–1432 | Baghdad (Till 1411) Basra (1411–1432) | |||||||
| Arghun dynasty | 1479?–1599? | ||||||||
| Genghisid Northern Yuan dynasty | |||||||||
| Northern Yuan | 1368–1635 | 5,000,000 km2 (1550) [2] | | Shangdu (1368–1369) Yingchang (1369–1370) Karakorum (1371–1388) | |||||
| Khalkha Khanates (Northern Yuan subject by 1635) | late 16th century–1691 |  | Tüsheet Khan, Zasagt Khan, Setsen Khan and Altan Khan of the Khalkha | ||||||
| Oirats – Non-Genghisid states | |||||||||
| Four Oirat | 1399–1634 | 1,000,000 km2 (15th – late 16th) ~1,600,000 km2 (early 17th century) | | ||||||
| Dzungar Khanate | 1634–1758 | 3,500,000–4,000,000 km2 | | Ghulja | |||||
| Khoshut Khanate | 1642?–1717 | ~1,400,000 km2 | |||||||
| Kalmyk Khanate | 1630–1771 | ||||||||
| Timurid states (Persianate Turco-Mongol states) | |||||||||
| Timurid Empire | 1370–1507 | 4,400,000 km2 (1405) [4] |  | Samarkand (1370–1405) Herat (1405–1507) | |||||
| Mughal Empire | 1526–1857 | 4,000,000 km2 (1700) |  | Agra (1526–1571) Fatehpur Sikri (1571–1585) Lahore (1585–1598) Agra (1598–1648) Shahjahanabad/Delhi (1648–1857) | |||||
| Other states/Khanate | |||||||||
| Khanate of Sibir | 1468–1598 |  | Chimgi-Tura/Qashliq | ||||||
| Name | Years | Area | Map | Capital |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Buryats) | 1919–1926 [5] [6] [7] [8] | In Kizhinginsky District, Buryatia | ||
| Republic of Oirat-Kalmyk | 1930 | Kalmykia | ||
 Inner Mongolian People's Republic | 1945 | Xilin Gol | Sonid | |
 Mongolia | 1911–present | 1,564,116 km2 |  | Ulanbataar |
| Name | Years | Capital | Area | Map |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| State of Buryat-Mongolia | 1917–1921 | Chita | ||
| Mongol-Buryat Autonomous Oblast | 1922–1923 | |||
| Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Oblast | 1921–1923 | |||
| Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | 1923–1958 | Ulan-Ude |  | |
| Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | 1958–1992 |  | ||
| Republic of Buryatia | 1992–present | 351,300 km2 | ||
| Agin Buryat-Mongol National Okrug | 1937–1958 | Aginskoye |  | |
| Agin-Buryat National Okrug | 1958–1977 | |||
| Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug | 1977–2008 | |||
| Agin-Buryat Okrug | 2008–present | 9,6002 | ||
| Ust-Orda Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Okrug | 1937–1958 | Ust-Ordynsky |  | |
| Ust-Orda Buryat National Okrug | 1958–1978 | |||
| Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug | 1978–2008 | |||
| Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug | 2008–present | 22,1382 | ||
| Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast | 1920–1935 1957–1958 | Astrakhan (till 1928) Elista | ||
| Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | 1935–1943 1958–1990 | Elista (Elstei) |  | |
| Kalmyk Soviet Socialist Republic | 1990–1992 | |||
| Kalmyk Republic-Halmg-Tangch | 1992–1994 | |||
| Kalmyk Republic | 1994–present | 76,100 km2 |
The Göktürks, Türks, Celestial Turks or Blue Turks were a Turkic people in medieval Inner Asia. The Göktürks, under the leadership of Bumin Qaghan and his sons, succeeded the Rouran Khaganate as the main power in the region and established the First Turkic Khaganate, one of several nomadic dynasties that would shape the future geolocation, culture, and dominant beliefs of Turkic peoples.
The Mongols are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, China, as well as Buryatia and Kalmykia republics of Russia. The Mongols are the principal member of the large family of Mongolic peoples. The Oirats and the Buryats are classified either as distinct ethno-linguistic groups or subgroups of Mongols.
The Mongolic languages are a language family spoken by the Mongolic peoples in Eastern Europe, Central Asia, North Asia and East Asia, mostly in Mongolia and surrounding areas and in Kalmykia and Buryatia. The best-known member of this language family, Mongolian, is the primary language of most of the residents of Mongolia and the Mongol residents of Inner Mongolia, with an estimated 5.7+ million speakers.
The Dzungar Khanate, also written as the Zunghar Khanate or Junggar Khanate, was an Inner Asian khanate of Oirat Mongol origin. At its greatest extent, it covered an area from southern Siberia in the north to present-day Kyrgyzstan in the south, and from the Great Wall of China in the east to present-day Kazakhstan in the west. The core of the Dzungar Khanate is today part of northern Xinjiang, also called Dzungaria.
The Rouran Khaganate, also known as Ruanruan or Juan-juan, was a tribal confederation and later state founded by a people of Proto-Mongolic Donghu origin. The Rouran supreme rulers used the title of khagan, a popular title borrowed from the Xianbei. The Rouran Khaganate lasted from the late 4th century until the middle 6th century with territories that covered all of modern day Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, as well as parts of Manchuria in Northeast China, Eastern Siberia, Xinjiang, and Kazakhstan. The Hephthalites were vassals of the Rouran Khaganate until the beginning of the 5th century, with the royal house of Rourans intermarrying with the royal houses of the Hephthalites. The Rouran Khaganate ended when they were defeated by a Göktürk rebellion at the peak of their power, which subsequently led to the rise of the Turks in world history.
The proto-Mongols emerged from an area that had been inhabited by humans as far back as 45,000 years ago during the Upper Paleolithic. The people there went through the Bronze and Iron Ages, forming tribal alliances, peopling, and coming into conflict with early polities in the Central Plain.
Khagan or Qaghan is a title of imperial rank in Turkic, Mongolic, and some other languages, equal to the status of emperor and someone who rules a khaganate (empire). The female equivalent is Khatun.
The Chagatai Khanate, also known as the Chagatai Ulus, was a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate that comprised the lands ruled by Chagatai Khan, second son of Genghis Khan, and his descendants and successors. At its height in the late 13th century the khanate extended from the Amu Darya south of the Aral Sea to the Altai Mountains in the border of modern-day Mongolia and China, roughly corresponding to the area once ruled by the Qara Khitai.
Muqan Qaghan was the second son of Bumin Qaghan and the third khagan of the Göktürks who expanded their khaganate and secured the borders against the Hephthalites, making it the biggest country ever existing at the time.
A khanate or khaganate is a type of historic polity ruled by a khan, khagan, khatun, or khanum. Khanates were typically nomadic Turkic, Mongol and Tatar societies located on the Eurasian Steppe, politically equivalent in status to kinship-based chiefdoms and feudal monarchies. Khanates and khaganates were organised tribally, where leaders gained power on the support and loyalty of their warrior subjects, gaining tribute from subordinates as realm funding. In comparison to a khanate, a khaganate, the realm of a khagan, was a large nomadic state maintaining subjugation over numerous smaller khanates. The title of khagan, translating as "Khan of the Khans", roughly corresponds in status to that of an emperor.
Nomadic empires, sometimes also called steppe empires, Central or Inner Asian empires, were the empires erected by the bow-wielding, horse-riding, nomadic people in the Eurasian Steppe, from classical antiquity (Scythia) to the early modern era (Dzungars). They are the most prominent example of non-sedentary polities.
The First Turkic Khaganate, also referred to as the First Turkic Empire, the Turkic Khaganate or the Göktürk Khaganate, was a Turkic khaganate established by the Ashina clan of the Göktürks in medieval Inner Asia under the leadership of Bumin Qaghan and his brother Istämi. The First Turkic Khaganate succeeded the Rouran Khaganate as the hegemonic power of the Mongolian Plateau and rapidly expanded their territories in Central Asia. The khaganate became the first Central Asian transcontinental empire from Manchuria to the Black Sea.
The Khitan people were a historical nomadic people from Northeast Asia who, from the 4th century, inhabited an area corresponding to parts of modern Mongolia, Northeast China and the Russian Far East.
Various nomadic empires, including the Xiongnu, the Xianbei state, the Rouran Khaganate (330–555), the First (552–603) and Second Turkic Khaganates (682–744) and others, ruled the area of present-day Mongolia. The Khitan people, who used a para-Mongolic language, founded an empire known as the Liao dynasty (916–1125), and ruled Mongolia and portions of North China, northern Korea, and the present-day Russian Far East.
The Dzungar–Qing Wars were a decades-long series of conflicts that pitted the Dzungar Khanate against the Qing dynasty and its Mongol vassals. Fighting took place over a wide swath of Inner Asia, from present-day central and eastern Mongolia to Tibet, Qinghai, and Xinjiang regions of present-day China. Qing victories ultimately led to the incorporation of Outer Mongolia, Tibet and Xinjiang into the Qing Empire that was to last until the fall of the dynasty in 1911–1912, and the genocide of much of the Dzungar population in the conquered areas.
Para-Mongolic is a proposed group of languages that is considered to be an extinct sister branch of the Mongolic languages. Para-Mongolic contains certain historically attested extinct languages, among them Khitan and Tuyuhun.
The Tuoba (Chinese) or Tabgatch, also known by other names, was an influential Xianbei clan in early imperial China. During the Sixteen Kingdoms after the fall of Han and the Three Kingdoms, the Tuoba established and ruled the Dai state in northern China. The dynasty ruled from 310 to 376 and then was restored in 386. The same year, the dynasty was renamed Wei, later distinguished in Chinese historiography as the Northern Wei. This powerful state gained control of most of northern China, supporting Buddhism while increasingly sinicizing. As part of this process, in 496, the Emperor Xiaowen changed the imperial clan's surname from Tuoba to Yuan. The empire split into Eastern Wei and Western Wei in 535, with the Western Wei's rulers briefly resuming use of the Tuoba name in 554.
The Qing dynasty in Inner Asia was the expansion of the Qing dynasty's realm in Inner Asia in the 17th and the 18th century AD, including both Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia, both Manchuria and Outer Manchuria, Tibet, Qinghai and Xinjiang.
This article summarizes the History of the eastern steppe, the eastern third of the Eurasian Steppe, that is, the grasslands of Mongolia and northern China. It is a companion to History of the central steppe and History of the western steppe. Most of its recorded history deals with conflicts between the Han Chinese and the steppe nomads. Most of the sources are Chinese.
