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Mongolian Plateau | |||||||||
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1903 topographic map of the Qing dynasty depicting the Mongolian Plateau | |||||||||
Chinese name | |||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 蒙古高原 | ||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 蒙古高原 | ||||||||
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Mongolian name | |||||||||
Mongolian Cyrillic | Монголынтэгшөндөрлөг | ||||||||
Mongolian script |
The Mongolian Plateau is an inland plateau in East Asia that lies between 37°46′-53°08′N and 87°40′-122°15′E[ citation needed ] and has an area of approximately 3,200,000 square kilometers (1,200,000 sq mi).[ citation needed ] It is bounded by the Greater Hinggan Mountains in the east,the Yin Mountains to the south,the Altai Mountains to the west,and the Sayan and Khentii mountains to the north. [1] The plateau includes the Gobi Desert as well as dry steppe regions. It has an elevation of roughly 1,000 to 1,500 meters (3,300 to 4,900 ft),with the lowest point in Hulunbuir and the highest point in the Altai. [1]
Politically,the plateau spans all of Mongolia,along with parts of China and Russia. Inner Mongolia and parts of the Dzungarian basin in Xinjiang encompass the Chinese portion of the plateau. In Russia,the plateau forms Transbaikal,part of Buryatia,and the southern Irkutsk Oblast. The Mongolian Plateau comprises the majority of the area known as the Mongol heartland.
The average elevation of the Mongolian Plateau ranges from 915 to 1,525 meters (3,002 to 5,003 ft) above sea level. [2] The highest point in the plateau is found in Tavan Bogd at 4,374 meters (14,350 ft) above sea level. [3]
The ecology of Mongolia is complex,having varying regions of highland and lowland areas. Grazing species such as yaks,Przewalski's horses,domesticated sheep,saiga antelope,Siberian ibex and Argali are common. Predator species include the Eurasian lynx,snow leopards,Corsac foxs as well as carnivorous birds such as the bearded vulture,saker falcon,and the cinereous vulture. Marmots are common throughout the region including the Tarbagan marmot with large parts of its range located in the Mongolian plateau. [4]
The plateau was inhabited and conquered by various groups,including (chronologically) the Xiongnu,Xianbei,Göktürks,Tang dynasty,Liao dynasty,Mongol Empire,Yuan dynasty,Northern Yuan dynasty,and Qing dynasty.
Between 1980 and 2010,rising global temperatures and direct human activity (particularly the use of lake water for mining and agriculture) have contributed to a significant loss of lake surface area across the Plateau. Qagaan Nurr and XinKai Lake have shrunk by two-thirds of their surface area during that time,while others (including Huangqihai Lake and Naiman Xihu) have dried up entirely. Some exceptions,such as East Juyan Lake and Had Paozi,have grown,but overall the average total surface area of lakes in the region has shrunk by 30%. [5] [6] The region also suffers from a high rate of desertification. [7]
Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia,located between China and Russia. The terrain is one of mountains and rolling plateaus,with a high degree of relief. The total land area of Mongolia is 1,564,116 square kilometres. Overall,the land slopes from the high Altai Mountains of the west and the north to plains and depressions in the east and the south. The Khüiten Peak in extreme western Mongolia on the Chinese border is the highest point. The lowest point is at 560 m (1,840 ft),is the Hoh Nuur or lake Huh. The country has an average elevation of 1,580 m (5,180 ft).
The Altai Mountains,also spelled Altay Mountains,are a mountain range in Central and East Asia,where Russia,China,Mongolia,and Kazakhstan converge,and where the rivers Irtysh and Ob have their headwaters. The massif merges with the Sayan Mountains in the northeast,and gradually becomes lower in the southeast,where it merges into the high plateau of the Gobi Desert. It spans from about 45°to 52°N and from about 84°to 99°E.
Lake Zaysan or Zaisan,also known by other names in other languages,is a freshwater lake in Tarbagatay District,East Kazakhstan Region,Kazakhstan. It is the largest lake in the region. The lake is generally frozen from the beginning of November to the end of April,but still has an abundance of fish.
Ningxia,officially the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,is an autonomous region in Northwestern China. Formerly a province,Ningxia was incorporated into Gansu in 1954 but was later separated from Gansu in 1958 and reconstituted as an autonomous region for the Hui people,one of the 56 officially recognised nationalities of China. Twenty percent of China's Hui population lives in Ningxia.
The proto-Mongols emerged from an area that had been inhabited by humans as far back as 45,000 years ago during the Upper Paleolithic. The people there went through the Bronze and Iron Ages,forming tribal alliances,peopling,and coming into conflict with early polities in the Central Plain.
The Tuvans or Tyvans are a Turkic ethnic group indigenous to Siberia that live in Tuva,Mongolia,and China. They speak the Tuvan language,a Siberian Turkic language. In Mongolia,they are regarded as one of the Uriankhai peoples.
Qinghai Lake is the largest lake in China. Located in an endorheic basin in Qinghai Province,to which it gave its name,Qinghai Lake is classified as an alkaline salt lake. The lake has fluctuated in size,shrinking over much of the 20th century but increasing since 2004. It had a surface area of 4,317 km2 (1,667 sq mi),an average depth of 21 m (69 ft),and a maximum depth of 25.5 m (84 ft) in 2008.
The Hexi Corridor,also known as the Gansu Corridor,is an important historical region located in the modern western Gansu province of China. It refers to a narrow stretch of traversable and relatively arable plain west of the Yellow River's Ordos Loop,flanked between the much more elevated and inhospitable terrains of the Mongolian and Tibetan Plateaus.
Zhangjiakou,also known as Kalgan and by several other names,is a prefecture-level city in northwestern Hebei province in Northern China,bordering Beijing to the southeast,Inner Mongolia to the north and west,and Shanxi to the southwest. By 2020,its population was 4,118,908 inhabitants on 36,861.56 square kilometres (14,232.33 sq mi),divided into 17 Counties and Districts. The built-up area made of Qiaoxi,Qiaodong,Chongli,Xuanhua,Xiahuayuan Districts largely being conurbated had 1,413,861 inhabitants in 2020 on 5,266 km2 (2,033 sq mi).
The Badain Jaran Desert is a desert in China which spans the provinces of Gansu,Ningxia and Inner Mongolia. It covers an area of 49,000 square kilometers. By size it is the third largest desert in China.
Uriankhai is a term of address applied by the Mongols to a group of forest peoples of the North,who include the Turkic-speaking Tuvans and Yakuts,while sometimes it is also applied to the Mongolian-speaking Altai Uriankhai. The Uriankhai included the western forest Uriankhai tribe and the Transbaikal Uriankhai tribe,with the former recorded in Chinese sources as Chinese:兀良哈;pinyin:Wùliánghā). It is also the origin of the Korean term "olangkae",오랑캐,meaning barbarian.
The Mongolian-Manchurian grassland,also known as the Mongolian-Manchurian steppe or Gobi-Manchurian steppe,in the temperate grassland biome,is an ecoregion in East Asia covering parts of Mongolia,the Chinese Autonomous region of Inner Mongolia,and Northeast China.
The Yenisei Kyrgyz,were an ancient Turkic-speaking people who dwelled along the upper Yenisei River in the southern portion of the Minusinsk Depression from the 3rd century BCE to the 13th century CE. The heart of their homeland was the forested Tannu-Ola mountain range,in modern-day Tuva,just north of Mongolia. The Sayan Mountains were also included in their territory at different times. The Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate existed from 538 to 1219 CE;in 840,it took over the leadership of the Turkic Khaganate from the Uyghurs,expanding the state from the Yenisei territories into Central Asia and the Tarim Basin.
The tarbagan marmot is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae. It is found in China,northern and western Mongolia,and Russia. In the Mongolian Altai Mountains,its range overlaps with that of the Gray marmot. The species was classified as endangered by the IUCN in 2008.
The Gobi Desert is a large,cold desert and grassland region located in northern China and southern Mongolia. It is the sixth largest desert in the world. The name of the desert comes from the Mongolian word gobi,used to refer to all of the waterless regions in the Mongolian Plateau;in Chinese,gobi is used to refer to rocky,semi-deserts such as the Gobi itself rather than sandy deserts.
Various nomadic empires,including the Xiongnu,the Xianbei state,the Rouran Khaganate (330–555),the First (552–603) and Second Turkic Khaganates (682–744) and others,ruled the area of present-day Mongolia. The Khitan people,who used a para-Mongolic language,founded an empire known as the Liao dynasty (916–1125),and ruled Mongolia and portions of North China,northern Korea,and the present-day Russian Far East.
Barkol Kazakh Autonomous County is a part of Hami Prefecture in Xinjiang and has an area of 38,445.3 km2 (14,843.8 sq mi). It forms part of the China–Mongolia border on the county's north,while bordering Yizhou District to the south,Yiwu County to the east and Changji's Mori Kazakh Autonomous County to the west.
The wildlife of Mongolia consists of flora,fauna and funga found in the harsh habitats dictated by the diverse climatic conditions found throughout the country. In the north,there are salty marshes and fresh-water sources. The centre has desert steppes. In the south,there are semi deserts as well as the hot Gobi Desert in the south,the fifth-largest desert in the world.
The Altai-Sayan region is an area of Inner Asia proximate to the Altai Mountains and the Sayan Mountains,near to where Russia,China,Mongolia and Kazakhstan come together. This region is one of the world centers of temperate plant diversity. Its biological,landscape,historical,cultural and religious diversity is unique. 3,726 species of vascular plants are registered in the region including 700 threatened or rare species,317 of which are endemic;fauna consists of 680 species,6% of which are endemic. Its ecosystem is comparatively unchanged since the last ice age,and it is the host of endangered species that include the saiga,nerpa,and snow leopard. It is the focus of ongoing international and regional environmental conservation initiatives.
This article summarizes the History of the eastern steppe,the eastern third of the Eurasian Steppe,that is,the grasslands of Mongolia and northern China. It is a companion to History of the central steppe and History of the western steppe. Most of its recorded history deals with conflicts between the Han Chinese and the steppe nomads. Most of the sources are Chinese.