Hulunbuir 呼伦贝尔市 [a] | |
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Coordinates(Hulunbuir municipal government): 49°12′26″N119°46′16″E / 49.2072°N 119.7711°E | |
Country | People's Republic of China |
Region | Inner Mongolia |
Municipal seat | Hailar District |
Area | |
• Prefecture-level city | 263,953 km2 (101,913 sq mi) |
• Urban (2017) [1] | 252.00 km2 (97.30 sq mi) |
• Districts [1] | 1,518.9 km2 (586.5 sq mi) |
Population (2010) | |
• Prefecture-level city | 2,549,278 |
• Density | 9.7/km2 (25/sq mi) |
• Urban (2017) [1] | 349,400 |
• Urban density | 1,400/km2 (3,600/sq mi) |
• Districts [1] | 356,000 |
• Major nationalities | Han: 81.85% Mongols: 8.6% Manchu: 4.13% |
GDP [2] | |
• Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 159.6 billion US$ 25.6 billion |
• Per capita | CN¥ 63,133 US$ 10,136 |
Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
Postal code | 021000 |
Area code | 0470 |
ISO 3166 code | CN-NM-07 |
Website | www |
Hulunbuir | |||||||||
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Chinese name | |||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 呼伦贝尔 | ||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 呼倫貝爾 | ||||||||
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Mongolian name | |||||||||
Mongolian Cyrillic | Хөлөнбуйрхот | ||||||||
Mongolian script | ᠬᠥᠯᠥᠨ ᠪᠤᠶᠢᠷ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ | ||||||||
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Hulunbuir or Hulun Buir [b] is a prefecture-level city in northeastern Inner Mongolia,China. Its administrative center is located at Hailar District,its largest urban area. Major scenic features are the high steppes of the Hulun Buir grasslands,the Hulun and Buir lakes (the latter partially in Mongolia),and the Khingan range. Hulun Buir borders Russia to the north and west,Mongolia to the south and west,Heilongjiang province to the east and Hinggan League to the direct south. Hulunbuir is a linguistically diverse area:next to Mandarin Chinese,Mongolian dialects such as Khorchin and Buryat,the Mongolic language Daur,and some Tungusic languages,including Oroqen and Solon,are spoken there.
During the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912),Hulunbuir was part of Heilongjiang province. The 1858 Treaty of Aigun established today's approximate Sino-Russian border,at a great loss to Heilongjiang's territory. In 1901,the Chinese Eastern Railway linked Hulunbuir to the rest of northeast China and to Russian Far East. From 1912 to 1949,during the Republic of China (ROC) period,Hulunbuir was part of Xing'an and Heilongjiang provinces. In winter 1912,the Barga Mongol people of Hulunbuir expelled the Chinese troops and administration and proclaimed the independence of Barga (Hulunbuir);afterwards they declared allegiance to the Bogdo Khan of Mongolia;an agreement between the Russian Empire and the ROC on November 6/October 24,1915 designated Hulunbuir a "special" region under direct subordination to the Central Government of China,but in practice Russia had partial control over day-to-day administration and economy. [3] [4] In 1929,the Soviet Union broke this agreement and invaded Hulunbuir. [5] : 406 After the Japanese invasion of China,Hulunbuir became part of the Japanese puppet state Manchukuo,which was not recognized by the Chinese. In the Chinese Civil War,the Chinese Communist Party gained the support of Inner Mongol leaders like Ulanhu by promising the irredentist expansion of Inner Mongolia into areas that had majorities of Han and Manchu peoples. [6] : 90–91
After the Chinese Communist Revolution,Hulunbuir was annexed into Inner Mongolia,but the region kept economic ties to the rest of the northeast via the Chinese Eastern Railway. [7] During the Cultural Revolution,the parts of historical Manchuria inside Inner Mongolia were briefly restored to their original provinces;Hulunbuir was given back to Heilongjiang from 1969 to 1979. [7] Until October 10,2001,Hulunbuir was administered as a League. The area is 263,953 km2 (101,913 sq mi) and had a population of 2.710 million in 2004,while the gross domestic product was RMB 21.326 billion. The jurisdiction area of the city is larger than all but 8 Chinese province-level divisions (and 42 U.S. states),although the actual urban agglomeration is just a very small part of the region,and the average population density of the area is very low.
The city was once a league (盟) of Inner Mongolia,until 10 October 2001. During the Qing Dynasty,it was known in Mandarin as Hūlúnbùyǔ'ěr (simplified Chinese :呼伦布雨尔; traditional Chinese :呼倫布雨爾).
Hulunbuir is divided into 13 different county-level jurisdictions:one district,five county-level cities,four banners and three autonomous banners.
Map | ||||||
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Note:Jiagedaqi &Songling is de facto part of Oroqen Banner but subordinate to Daxing'anling Prefecture in Heilongjiang. | ||||||
Name | Mongolian | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2010) | Area (km2) | Density (/km2) |
Hailar District | ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠷᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ (Qayilar toɣoriɣ) | 海拉尔区 | Hǎilā'ěr Qū | 344,947 | 1,440 | 181 |
Jalainur District | ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠢᠳᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ (Jalainaɣur toɣoriɣ) | 扎赉诺尔区 | Zhālàinuò'ěr Qū | 97,000 | 272 | 357 |
Manzhouli City | ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤᠤᠷᠬᠣᠲᠠ (Manjuur qota) | 满洲里市 | MǎnzhōulǐShì | 152,473 | 424 | 360 |
Zalantun City | ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠨᠠᠶᠢᠯᠬᠣᠲᠠ (Jalan Ayil qota) | 扎兰屯市 | Zhālántún Shì | 366,326 | 16,800 | 21.8 |
Yakeshi City | ᠶᠠᠭᠰᠢᠬᠣᠲᠠ (Yaɣsi qota) | 牙克石市 | YákèshíShì | 352,177 | 27,590 | 12.8 |
Genhe City (Gengol City) | ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨᠭᠣᠣᠯᠬᠣᠲᠠ (Gegen Ɣool qota) | 根河市 | GēnhéShì | 110,441 | 19,659 | 5.6 |
Ergun City | ᠡᠷᠭᠦᠨᠡᠬᠣᠲᠠ (Ergün-e qota) | 额尔古纳市 | É'ěrgǔnàShì | 76,667 | 28,000 | 2.7 |
Arun Banner | ᠠᠷᠤᠨᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Arun qosiɣu) | 阿荣旗 | Āróng Qí | 278,744 | 12,063 | 23.1 |
New Barag Right Banner (Xin Barag Barun Banner) | ᠰᠢᠨᠡᠪᠠᠷᠭᠤᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Sin-e Barɣu Baraɣun qosiɣu) | 新巴尔虎右旗 | Xīnbā'ěrhǔYòu Qí | 36,356 | 25,102 | 1.4 |
New Barag Left Banner (Xin Barag Jun Banner) | ᠰᠢᠨᠡᠪᠠᠷᠭᠤᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Sin-e Barɣu Jegün qosiɣu) | 新巴尔虎左旗 | Xīnbā'ěrhǔZuǒQí | 40,258 | 22,000 | 1.8 |
Old Barag Banner (Huqin Barag Banner) | ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠴᠢᠨᠪᠠᠷᠭᠤᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Qaɣučin Barɣu qosiɣu) | 陈巴尔虎旗 | Chénbā'ěrhǔQí | 58,244 | 21,192 | 2.7 |
Oroqen Autonomous Banner | ᠣᠷᠴᠣᠨ ᠤᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Orčon-u öbertegen jasaqu qosiɣu) | 鄂伦春自治旗 | Èlúnchūn Zìzhìqí | 223,752 | 59,800 | 3.7 |
Ewenki Autonomous Banner | ᠡᠸᠡᠩᠬᠢᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Eveŋki öbertegen jasaqu qosiɣu) | 鄂温克族自治旗 | ÈwēnkèzúZìzhìqí | 134,981 | 19,111 | 7.1 |
Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner | ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠨᠳᠠᠪᠠᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠤᠷᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Morin Dabaɣ-a Daɣur öbertegen jasaqu qosiɣu) | 莫力达瓦达斡尔族自治旗 | MòlìdáwǎDáwò'ěrzúZìzhìqí | 276,912 | 10,500 | 26.4 |
Part of Oroqin Autonomous Banner is de facto subordinate to Daxing'anling Prefecture in Heilongjiang. |
Hulunbuir itself (Hailar) has an extreme humid continental climate (Köppen Dwb,Trewartha Dcbd/Dcbc). Winters are long,very dry and severe,due to the semi−permanent Siberian High,while summers are short,though very warm,and rather wet,due to the East Asian monsoon. At Hailar,the monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −25.1 °C (−13.2 °F) in January to 20.0 °C (68 °F) in July,while the annual mean is −0.96 °C (30.3 °F). With at least 55% of possible sunshine in all months and an annual total greater than 2,700 hours,sunny weather dominates year-round. Approximately 70% of the annual rainfall occurs during the three summer months.
Climate data for Hailar District,elevation 650 m (2,130 ft),(1991–2020 normals,extremes 1909-present) | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | −1.0 (30.2) | 4.3 (39.7) | 16.2 (61.2) | 29.4 (84.9) | 35.4 (95.7) | 38.8 (101.8) | 41.7 (107.1) | 39.6 (103.3) | 33.2 (91.8) | 26.2 (79.2) | 13.7 (56.7) | 2.4 (36.3) | 41.7 (107.1) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −19.8 (−3.6) | −13.7 (7.3) | −3.2 (26.2) | 9.7 (49.5) | 18.9 (66.0) | 24.9 (76.8) | 26.7 (80.1) | 24.7 (76.5) | 18.2 (64.8) | 7.9 (46.2) | −6.2 (20.8) | −17.1 (1.2) | 5.9 (42.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −25.0 (−13.0) | −20.0 (−4.0) | −9.6 (14.7) | 3.2 (37.8) | 12.0 (53.6) | 18.4 (65.1) | 20.9 (69.6) | 18.6 (65.5) | 11.4 (52.5) | 1.3 (34.3) | −11.8 (10.8) | −22.0 (−7.6) | −0.2 (31.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −29.2 (−20.6) | −25.3 (−13.5) | −15.5 (4.1) | −2.9 (26.8) | 4.9 (40.8) | 11.8 (53.2) | 15.4 (59.7) | 13.1 (55.6) | 5.5 (41.9) | −3.9 (25.0) | −16.3 (2.7) | −26.2 (−15.2) | −5.7 (21.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | −42.9 (−45.2) | −42.3 (−44.1) | −37.2 (−35.0) | −21.6 (−6.9) | −11.1 (12.0) | 0.0 (32.0) | 5.3 (41.5) | 1.1 (34.0) | −7.9 (17.8) | −23.9 (−11.0) | −38.0 (−36.4) | −42.8 (−45.0) | −42.9 (−45.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 3.9 (0.15) | 3.6 (0.14) | 5.9 (0.23) | 13.8 (0.54) | 24.9 (0.98) | 53.3 (2.10) | 96.5 (3.80) | 78.6 (3.09) | 35.7 (1.41) | 16.8 (0.66) | 6.7 (0.26) | 6.9 (0.27) | 346.6 (13.63) |
Average precipitation days (≥0.1 mm) | 6.3 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 5.3 | 7.6 | 11.9 | 13.9 | 12.1 | 8.7 | 6.4 | 6.8 | 8.5 | 96.8 |
Average snowy days | 8.8 | 6.7 | 7.0 | 5.4 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.6 | 5.2 | 9.5 | 11.6 | 56 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 75 | 75 | 68 | 50 | 45 | 57 | 66 | 68 | 62 | 61 | 72 | 77 | 65 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 154.5 | 191.8 | 250.7 | 244.0 | 264.5 | 269.1 | 260.1 | 248.1 | 223.0 | 197.3 | 156.5 | 131.5 | 2,591.1 |
Percent possible sunshine | 57 | 66 | 67 | 59 | 56 | 56 | 54 | 56 | 60 | 60 | 58 | 52 | 58 |
Source:China Meteorological Administration [8] [9] [10] all-time extreme temperature [11] |
Ethnic group | Population in 2000 | Share |
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Han | 2,199,645 | 81.85% |
Mongols | 231,276 | 8.6% |
Daur | 111,053 | 4.13% |
Hui | 70,287 | 2.62% |
Evenks | 30,950 | 1.15% |
Oroqen | 8,355 | 0.31% |
Russians | 4,741 | 0.18% |
Airports include:
Hailar District, formerly a county-level city, is an urban district that serves as the seat of the prefecture-level city Hulunbuir in northeastern Inner Mongolia, China. Hulunbuir, due to its massive size, is a city in administrative terms only, being mainly grassland and rural.
Zalantun or Zhalantun, is a city and administrative division of Hulunbuir Prefecture-level city, Inner Mongolia, China. It is in the northeastern part of Inner Mongolia, in the southeastern foothills of the Greater Khingan mountains, bordering Heilongjiang province to the east. It is an area which has a number of forests and streams, as well as the Yalu River, not to be confused with the Yalu River on the Sino-Korean border. It is known for its hunting and fishing.
Ulanqab or Ulan Chab is a region administered as a prefecture-level city in south-central Inner Mongolia, China. Its administrative centre is in Jining District, which was formerly a county-level city. It was established as a prefecture-level city on 1 December 2003, formed from the former Ulanqab League. The Ulanqab Stadium is located in the city.
The Hinggan League is a prefecture-level subdivision of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. It borders Hulun Buir to the north, the Republic of Mongolia and Xilingol League to the west, Tongliao to the south and the provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang to the east. The name is derived from the Greater Khingan mountain range that crosses the league from the northwest to the southeast.
Tongliao is a prefecture-level city in eastern Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. The area is 59,535 square kilometres (22,987 sq mi) and as of the 2020 census, its population was 2,873,168. However, the city proper made of Horqin district, had 921,808 inhabitants. The city was the administrative centre of the defunct Jirem League.
Ewenki Autonomous Banner or Evenk Autonomous Banner is an autonomous banner that lies on the border between northwestern Greater Khingan and Hulun Buir grasslands and directly south of the urban district of Hailar in the prefecture-level city of Hulunbuir, China. The autonomous banner has an area of 19,111 km2 (7,379 sq mi), and a population of 136,832 as of 2019. The banner's seat of government is the town of Bayan Tohoi. The most populous town in the banner is Dayan, which was once Dayan Mining Area as an administrative division and is now the main part of an industrial district also named Dayan Mining Area, has an area of 443 square kilometres (171 sq mi) and a population of about 73,000.
Oroqen Autonomous Banner is an autonomous banner that lies directly south of the urban district of Hailar in the prefecture-level city of Hulunbuir. It covers an area of 60,378 square kilometres (23,312 sq mi). As of the 2010 census, there were 223,752 inhabitants with a population density of 4.84 inhabitants per km2.
Bayannur or Bayannao'er is a prefecture-level city in western Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. Until 1 December 2003, the area was called Bayannur League.
Urad Rear Banner is a banner of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. It is located in the west of the region, 44 kilometres (27 mi) northwest of the city of Bayan Nur, which administers this banner, and borders the Republic of Mongolia's Ömnögovi Province to the north. The banner has a total area of 24,925 km2 (9,624 sq mi) and in 2020 had a population of 53,946. It is located in the prefectural-level municipality of Bayannur city. The capital is moved to the town of Bayan Bulag. This Banner division is also home to the Upper Cretaceous Bayan Mandahu Formation.
Bairin Right Banner is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City, 143 kilometres (89 mi) to the south-southeast. Baarin Mongols live here. The distinct Mongolian dialect of this region is Baarin Mongolian.
Horqin Left Middle Banner, formerly known as Darhan Banner, is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia, China, bordering Jilin province to the east. It is under the administration of Tongliao City, 101 kilometres (63 mi) to the southwest. The local Mongolian dialect is Khorchin Mongolian.
Horqin Left Rear Banner is a banner of southeastern Inner Mongolia, China, bordering Liaoning province to the south. It is under the administration of Tongliao City, 75 kilometres (47 mi) to the north and its banner seat is the town of Ganjig. The local Mongolian dialect is Khorchin Mongolian.
New Barag Left Banner is a banner of Inner Mongolia, China, bordering Mongolia to the south. It is under the administration of Hulunbuir City.
Old Barag Banner is a banner of northeastern Inner Mongolia, China. It is located 28 kilometres (17 mi) from Hailar District, the administrative centre of Hulunbuir City, which administers this banner.
Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner, often abbreviated in official documents as Mo Banner, is one of three autonomous banners in Inner Mongolia, China, created for the Daur people. It lies on the Nen River, borders Heilongjiang province to the east, south and southwest and is under the administration of Hulunbuir City. The autonomous banner spans an area of approximately 10,400 square kilometres (4,000 sq mi), and has a total population of 316,398 as of 2019.
Sonid Right Banner is a banner of Inner Mongolia, China, bordering Dornogovi Province of Mongolia to the northwest. It is under the administration of Xilingol League. Sunud Mongols inhabit it.
Bordered Yellow Banner, alternatively Xianghuang Banner in Chinese or Hobot Xar Banner in Mongolian, is a banner of Inner Mongolia, China. It is under the administration of Xilin Gol League.
Plain and Bordered White Banner, alternatively Zhengxiangbai Banner in Chinese or Xulun Hobot Qagan Banner in Mongolian, is a banner of Inner Mongolia, China, bordering Hebei province to the south. It is under the administration of Xilin Gol League.
Merse was an Inner Mongolian politician, best known as a founder of the Inner Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (IMPRP). He was a Daur from a noble family native to Hulunbuir.
Zhalantun Chengjisihan Airport is an airport that serves the city of Zalantun in Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, China. It is located near Chengjisihan Town, 14.2 kilometres (8.8 mi) from the city center. The airport opened in December 2016.
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