Yuncheng is the southernmost prefecture-level city in Shanxiprovince,People's Republic of China. It borders Linfen and Jincheng municipalities to the north and east,and Henan (Luoyang and Jiyuan to the east,Sanmenxia to the south) and Shaanxi (Weinan) provinces to the east,south and west,respectively. As of the 2020 census,its population was 4,774,508 inhabitants (5,134,779 in 2010),of whom 928,334 (680,036 in 2010) lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of Yanhu District. One can note than Pinglu County,205,080 inhabitants in the south,is now part of Sanmenxia built-up (or metro) area.
Yuncheng is a city that was born and prospered from salt. It is named after the "City of Salt Luck".[3]
Name
Yuncheng was called the "Salt Family" in the Spring and Autumn Period. In the Han Dynasty,the salt city was named "Siyan City". Emperor Taizong of the Yuan Dynasty named Yuncheng Salt Lake "Shenghui Town" because it benefited the world. The city was built at the end of the Yuan Dynasty and was named "Phoenix City" was later renamed "Yuncheng" because of the "City of Salt Luck".[4]
History
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Yuncheng is one of the important birthplaces of Chinese civilization. The legendary Chinese ancestors such as Nuwa,Lei Zu,Chi You,Shun,and Yu all lived here. Yu established the Xia Dynasty here. During the Warring States Period,the Wei State established its capital here. Anyi,the capital of Wei,was located in Xia County,Yuncheng today.[5]
Hedong Salt Pond is the earliest salt pond developed and utilized in the world,with a mining history of more than 4,600 years. As an important strategic resource,salt ponds were the common goal of various tribes in the Central Plains of China in ancient China. From the ancient legend of the Yellow Emperor's battle with Chiyou,to the historical records of King Mu of Zhou,Emperor Cheng of Han,Emperor Zhang of Han,Emperor Taizong of Tang,Kangxi and other emperors visiting successively,the Hedong Salt Pond has been regarded as a "national treasure" by successive dynasties.[6]
In early China,[when?] it was the location of the state of Kunwu (昆吾). Yuncheng was the site of the Yuncheng Campaign (三打运城),battle between the Kuomintang army and the People's Liberation Army during Chinese civil war.
The famous general Guan Yu from the late Han dynasty was also born in this region.
Yuncheng currently has 6,205 immovable cultural relics,102 national key cultural relics protection units,and 55 wooden buildings before the Yuan Dynasty.[7]
Archaeology
In July 2022,archaeologists announced a discovery of a 2.8cm long 5.200 years old stone carving chrysalis in a semi-crypt house at the Shangguo Site in Wenxi County. Archaeologists made suppositions that this house may have belonged to the Yangshao Culture period,based on the unearthed pottery pieces. According to archaeologist Tian Jianwen,discovery of stone carving chrysalises provided significant information for the study of the silkworm culture in China.[8][9]
Administration
Yuncheng is located between 34°35′-35°49′north latitude.[10] There are 13 county-level administrative divisions under Yuncheng's jurisdiction,including 1 district,10 counties and 2 county-level cities. The Municipal executive,legislature and judiciary are in Yanhu District (盐湖区),together with the CPC and Public Security Bureau.
Yuncheng has a continental,monsoon-influenced semi-arid climate (KöppenBSk),with four distinct seasons.[11] Due to its southerly location and position to the north of the Zhongtiao Mountains,allowing for downsloping when winds are from the south,it is among the warmest locales in the province. Winters are cold and very dry,while summers are hot and humid. Monthly mean temperatures range from −0.6°C (30.9°F) in January to 27.5°C (81.5°F) in July,and the annual mean is 14.23°C (57.6°F). Over 60% of the annual rainfall occurs from June to September.The average frost-free period across the city is between 188 and 238 days. [12] With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 45% in March to 54% in May and July,the city receives 2,219 hours of bright sunshine annually,low by Shanxi standards and North China.
Climate data for Yuncheng (Yanhu District),elevation 375m (1,230ft),(1991–2020 normals,extremes 1951–2010)
Yuncheng Zhangxiao Airport It has opened 22 domestic routes including Beijing,Shanghai,Tianjin,Guangzhou,Shenzhen,Chengdu,Chongqing,Shenyang and Urumqi,transporting more than 1 million passengers annually.[18]
Taiyuan is the capital of Shanxi, China. Taiyuan is the political, economic, cultural and international exchange center of Shanxi Province. It is an industrial base focusing on energy and heavy chemicals. Throughout its long history, Taiyuan was the capital or provisional capital of many dynasties in China, hence the name Lóngchéng.
Anyang is a prefecture-level city in Henan, China. Geographical coordinates are 35° 41'~ 36° 21' north latitude and 113° 38'~ 114° 59' east longitude. The northernmost city in Henan, Anyang borders Puyang to the east, Hebi and Xinxiang to the south, and the provinces of Shanxi and Hebei to its west and north respectively. Anyang had a total population of 5,477,614 as of the 2020 census, 2,675,523 of whom lived in the built-up area made of four urban districts and Anyang and Tangyin counties, now largely agglomerated with the city proper.
Xinxiang is a prefecture-level city in northern Henan province, China.
Changzhi is a prefecture-level city in the southeast of Shanxi Province, China, bordering the provinces of Hebei and Henan to the northeast and east, respectively. Historically, the city was one of the 36 administrative areas extant under the reign of the first emperor of a unified China.
Linfen is a prefecture-level city in the southwest of Shanxi province, China, bordering Shaanxi province to the west. Linfen City is located in the southern part of Shanxi Province, with the remaining branches of Taiyue to the east and the Luliang Mountains to the west. In the middle is a vast river valley plain, with the Fen River mainstream running across the north and south, and the land on both sides is fertile.It is situated along the banks of the Fen River. It has an area of 20,275 square kilometres (7,828 sq mi) and according to the 2020 Census, a population of 3,976,481 inhabitants of which 959,198 live in the built-up area made up of Yaodu urban district. The GDP of Linfen ranked second in Shanxi Province. It was known as Pingyang (平陽) during the Spring and Autumn period. In 2006, the American Blacksmith Institute listed Linfen as one of the ten most polluted cities in the world.
Heze, formerly known as Caozhou, is the westernmost prefecture-level city in Shandong province, China, bordering Jining to the east and the provinces of Henan and Anhui to the west and south respectively.The total area is 12238.62 square kilometers and the population is 10.58 million. It governs Mudan District and Dingtao District, 2 districts and 7 counties including Caoxian, Chengwu, Shanxian, Juye, Yuncheng, Juancheng and Dongming.
Jincheng is a prefecture-level city situated in the southeast of Shanxi province, China. It shares its border with Henan province to the south and southeast. The city is recognized as an industrial hub, with coal mining being one of its key industries. The population of the entire city is estimated to be 2.2 million.
Sanmenxia is a prefecture-level city in the west of Henan Province, China. The westernmost prefecture-level city in Henan, Sanmenxia borders Luoyang to the east, Nanyang to the southeast, Shaanxi Province to the west and Shanxi Province to the north. The city lies on the south side of the Yellow River at the point where the river cuts through the Loess Plateau on its way to the North China Plain.
Shuozhou is a prefecture-level city in northern Shanxi province, China, bordering Inner Mongolia to the northwest. It is situated along the upper reaches of the Fen River. The prefecture as a whole has an area of about 10,662 km2 (4,117 sq mi) and, in 2010, a population of about 1.71 million.
Lüliang, also spelled as Lvliang or Lyuliang, is a prefecture-level city in western Shanxi province, People's Republic of China. It borders Shaanxi province across the Yellow River to the west, Jinzhong and the provincial capital of Taiyuan to the east, Linfen to the south, and Xinzhou to the north. It has a total area of 21,143 square kilometres (8,163 sq mi) and a total population of 3,398,431 inhabitants according to the 2020 Chinese census, of whom 456,355 lived in the Lishi District metropolitan area.
Ruicheng County is under the administration of the Yuncheng City, in the southwest of Shanxi province, China. It is the southernmost county-level division of Shanxi, with the Yellow River demarcating its border with the provinces of Henan to the south and Shaanxi to the west. The population as of the 2020 census is around 350,000.
Xinjiang County, formerly Jiangzhou, lies in the municipal region of Yuncheng in the southwest of Shanxi province, China.
Shenmu is a county-level city in the north of Shaanxi province, China, bordering Inner Mongolia to the northwest and Shanxi province, across the Yellow River, to the southeast. Under the administration of Yulin City, Shenmu is endowed with plentiful resources, especially coal, such as the three earth sovereigns coal fields of Huojitu, Yujialiang and Shagoupen which makes it the richest county in Shaanxi. Shenmu county is also known for the Shimao archaeological site, the largest Neolithic settlement in China, and a city with evidence of trade networks stretching from the Eurasian Steppe to Southern China.
Hejin is a county-level city of Yuncheng City, in the southwest of Shanxi province, People's Republic of China, located on the east (left) bank of the Yellow River. It borders Jishan and Wanrong counties to the east and south, Linfen to the north, and Hancheng in Shaanxi across the Yellow River to the west. As of 2002, it had a population of 360,000 residing in an area of 593 km2 (229 sq mi). The city and its surrounding area is home to abundant aluminium reserves. During the Qin dynasty, Hejin was known as Pishi County, renamed to Longmen County during the Northern Wei, and finally Hejin County in the Song dynasty. The city's name literally means "river ford", due to the need of a fording of the Yellow River at the time. In 1994, Hejin was upgraded to its present status as a county-level city.
Baiyun District is one of six urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Guiyang, the capital of Guizhou Province, China.
Baode is a county in the northwest of Shanxi province, China, bordering Shaanxi province to the west. It is under the administration of Xinzhou city, and is its westernmost county-level division.
Yanhu District is the main district of the city of Yuncheng, Shanxi province, China. Guan Yu's birthplace Xie county is located here.
Wanrong County is a county under the administration of Yuncheng City, in the southwest of Shanxi Province, China, bordering Shaanxi province to the west.
Wenxi County is a county in southwestern Shanxi province, China. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Yuncheng. As of 2020, it had a population of roughly 350,000.
Liangcheng County is a county of south-central Inner Mongolia, China, bounded by Shanxi province to the south. It is under the administration of Ulaan Chab city, and borders Fengzhen City to the east, Zhuozi County to the north, and the regional capital of Hohhot to the west.
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