Qiqihar 齐齐哈尔市 Ch'i-ch'i-ha-erh, Tsitsihar | |
---|---|
Nickname: The Crane City (鹤城) | |
Coordinates(Qiqihar municipal government): 47°21′18″N123°55′06″E / 47.3549°N 123.9182°E | |
Country | People's Republic of China |
Province | Heilongjiang |
County-level divisions | 16 |
towns and townships | 156 |
villages | 1361 |
Established | 1125 |
Municipal seat | Jianhua District |
Government | |
• Type | Prefecture-level city |
• CPC Qiqihar Secretary | Sun Shen (孙珅) |
• Mayor | Li Yugang (李玉刚) |
Area | |
• Prefecture-level city | 42,205.82 km2 (16,295.76 sq mi) |
• Urban | 4,039.3 km2 (1,559.6 sq mi) |
• Metro | 970.3 km2 (374.6 sq mi) |
Elevation | 147 m (482 ft) |
Population (2020 census) [1] | |
• Prefecture-level city | 4,067,489 |
• Density | 96/km2 (250/sq mi) |
• Urban | 1,406,987 |
• Urban density | 350/km2 (900/sq mi) |
• Metro | 959,787 |
• Metro density | 990/km2 (2,600/sq mi) |
GDP | |
• Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 127 billion US$ 20.4 billion |
• Per capita | CN¥ 23,041 US$ 3,699 |
Time zone | UTC+08:00 (China Standard) |
Postal code | 161000 |
Area code | 0452 |
ISO 3166 code | CN-HL-02 |
License Plate | 黑B |
Administrative division code | 230200 |
Climate | Dwa |
Website |
Qiqihar | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chinese name | |||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 齐齐哈尔 | ||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 齊齊哈爾 | ||||||||
Postal | Tsitsihar | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Manchu name | |||||||||
Manchu script | ᠴᡳᠴᡳᡤᠠᡵ | ||||||||
Romanization | Cicigar |
Qiqihar [lower-alpha 1] is the second-largest city in the Heilongjiang province of China,in the west central part of the province. The built-up (or metro) area made up of Longsha,Tiefeng and Jianhua districts had 959,787 inhabitants,while the total population of the prefecture-level city was shrinking to 4,067,489 as of the 2020 census (5,367,003 as of 2010). [1] These are mainly Han Chinese,though the city is also home to thirty-four minorities including Manchus,Daur,and Mongols. [2]
Close to Qiqihar are numerous wetlands and the Zhalong Nature Reserve,famous in China for being home to numerous red-crowned cranes.
"Qiqihar" is a Dagur word meaning "border" or "natural pasture". [3] The name Qiqihar comes from Manchu :ᠴᡳᠴᡳᡥᠠᡵ, Möllendorff :Cicihar, Abkai :Qiqihar,IPA:/t͡ɕʰi.t͡ɕʰi.χar/.
Qiqihar is one of the oldest cities in the northeast of China. The region was originally settled by nomadic Daur and Tungus herdsmen. The city's original name was Bukui (卜奎),the Chinese transcription of a Dagur word meaning "auspicious". [4] The city's oldest mosque,the Bukui Mosque,predates the foundation of the city by seven years. [5] During the Imperial Russian eastward advance to the Pacific,Qiqihar became a major garrison center in 1674. In 1691,a stronghold was constructed in Qiqihar because the Qing government campaigned against the Mongols. [6]
Around 1700 it was a center for Russo-Chinese trade. A military depot with barracks and an arsenal was set up there,and many convicted criminals were exiled to the area. Heilongjiang Martial was domiciled in Qiqihar City in 1699. [3] Qing China had initially intended to keep the far-northern Heilongjiang province as a semi-pastoral area,separate from the wider Chinese agricultural economy,so it did not allow seasonal urban migrants,such as those from Hebei and Shandong who wished to participate in the Qiqihar fur trade,to own acres and transform the land.
After the Russian Empire seized Outer Manchuria according to the unequal treaties of Treaty of Aigun and the Convention of Peking,the Qing decided to lift the various restrictions it placed on Northeast China and on Heilongjiang residency in particular,in 1868,1878,and 1904. It enlisted Han Chinese to help to teach the local Solon people farming techniques,providing materials and tax exemptions to convert them from hunting. [7] In 1903,The completion of the Chinese Eastern Railway made Qiqihar a center for communications between China and Russia. A network of lines radiating from Qiqihar was extended into the northwestern part of Heilongjiang Province including Jiagedaqi and Manzhouli in the late 1920s.
In 1931,Japan used a false flag attack,remembered as the September 18 Incident,to justify moving its Guandong Army to capture major cities in Northeast China that month,starting with Shenyang,Changchun,then Jilin City. General Ma Zhanshan was ordered to act as Governor and Military Commander-in-chief of Heilongjiang Province on October 10,1931. General Ma declined a Japanese ultimatum to surrender Qiqihar on November 15. However,after the loss in the Jiangqiao campaign,the Japanese began their occupation of Qiqihar on November 19,1931. [8] Liaoning fell in December,and Harbin in February;the puppet Manchukuo government of the Japanese-occupied territory under General Zhang Jinghui established Qiqihar as its administrative center and of Longjiang province. Qiqihar became a major military base for Guandong Army and its economic importance also grew rapidly. During the occupation,the Imperial Japanese Army established Unit 516 in Qiqihar for research into chemical warfare. [9] A major mustard gas tank left over from the Second Sino-Japanese War buried underground was accidentally damaged in August 2003,causing 43 injuries and one death. [10]
After the defeat of Japan,the Democratic Regime Qiqihar Municipal Government was established,under the administration of Nenjiang Province. Japanese forces in Northeast China surrendered to the Soviet Union while other Japanese forces in the rest of China surrendered to the United States. [11] [12] From March to May,Soviet troops progressively withdrew from their positions,giving the People's Liberation Army more notice than the National Revolutionary Army so that the former could occupy more positions in the context of the Chinese Civil War. [13] Qiqihar was controlled by the Communists on April 24,1946,along with other important regional cities like Changchun,Jilin City,and Harbin. Qiqihar was established as the capital of Heilongjiang Province after the foundation of People's Republic of China in 1949. However,since Songjiang Province was merged into Heilongjiang Province,the provincial capital was transferred to Harbin in 1954. During the first five-year plan of China from 1951 to 1956,many factories including Beiman Special Steel Co. and China First Heavy Industries were aid-constructed by the Soviet Union in Fularji District,making Qiqihar an important center of equipment manufacturing industry in Northeast China. In 1984,Qiqihar was designated to be one of the 13 Larger Municipalities in China by the General Office of the State Council. [14]
Qiqihar City sits on a land area of 42,289 square kilometers at an altitude of 100–500 meters,with an average elevation of 146 meters.
Qiqihar is located along the middle and lower reaches of the Nen River and the hinterland of Songnen Plain,which is adjacent to the Greater Khingan Range and Hulunbuir Prairie. Bordering prefecture cities are:
The city's metro area is located 359 km (223 mi) from the provincial capital of Harbin,282 km (175 mi) from Baicheng,139 km (86 mi) from Daqing,and 328 km (204 mi) from Suihua. The total area under the city's jurisdiction is 42,289 km2 (16,328 sq mi). The region's elevation above sea level is generally between 200 and 500 m (660 and 1,600 ft). [15]
Qiqihar has a cold,monsoon-influenced,humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa),with four distinct seasons. It has long,bitterly cold,but dry winters,with a 24-hour average in January of −18.1 °C (−0.6 °F). Spring and fall are mild,but short and quick transitions. Summers are very warm and humid,with a 24-hour average in July of 23.3 °C (73.9 °F). The average annual precipitation is 415 millimetres (16.3 in),with over two-thirds of it falling from June to August. The annual mean is 4.38 °C (39.9 °F). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 56% in July to 73% in February,the city receives abundant sunshine,with 2,839 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −39.5 °C (−39 °F) to 42.1 °C (108 °F). Unusual for a place with such cold winters,it has never experienced a temperature of -40 degrees (C/F) or lower. [16]
Climate data for Qiqihar (1991–2020 normals,extremes 1951-present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 2.4 (36.3) | 12.8 (55.0) | 23.0 (73.4) | 30.9 (87.6) | 35.5 (95.9) | 40.8 (105.4) | 39.9 (103.8) | 37.5 (99.5) | 33.3 (91.9) | 26.9 (80.4) | 14.5 (58.1) | 6.9 (44.4) | 40.8 (105.4) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −11.9 (10.6) | −6.0 (21.2) | 3.1 (37.6) | 13.7 (56.7) | 21.6 (70.9) | 26.8 (80.2) | 28.5 (83.3) | 26.5 (79.7) | 21.0 (69.8) | 11.8 (53.2) | −1.0 (30.2) | −10.6 (12.9) | 10.3 (50.5) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −17.9 (−0.2) | −12.6 (9.3) | −3.2 (26.2) | 7.4 (45.3) | 15.6 (60.1) | 21.3 (70.3) | 23.8 (74.8) | 21.7 (71.1) | 15.3 (59.5) | 6.0 (42.8) | −6.0 (21.2) | −15.8 (3.6) | 4.6 (40.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −22.9 (−9.2) | −18.6 (−1.5) | −9.3 (15.3) | 1.0 (33.8) | 9.5 (49.1) | 16.0 (60.8) | 19.4 (66.9) | 17.4 (63.3) | 10.2 (50.4) | 1.0 (33.8) | −10.3 (13.5) | −20.3 (−4.5) | −0.6 (31.0) |
Record low °C (°F) | −39.5 (−39.1) | −34.5 (−30.1) | −29.4 (−20.9) | −14.0 (6.8) | −7.4 (18.7) | 1.9 (35.4) | 9.9 (49.8) | 7.2 (45.0) | −3.5 (25.7) | −16.0 (3.2) | −27.9 (−18.2) | −35.0 (−31.0) | −39.5 (−39.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 2.2 (0.09) | 3 (0.1) | 6.2 (0.24) | 19.2 (0.76) | 32.1 (1.26) | 78.6 (3.09) | 137.8 (5.43) | 93.1 (3.67) | 45.8 (1.80) | 18.4 (0.72) | 5.2 (0.20) | 5.3 (0.21) | 446.9 (17.57) |
Average precipitation days (≥0.1 mm) | 4.1 | 2.9 | 3.7 | 5.4 | 7.8 | 11.6 | 13.3 | 11.3 | 8.7 | 4.9 | 4.0 | 6.1 | 83.8 |
Average snowy days | 6.4 | 4.2 | 5.4 | 2.5 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.9 | 5.6 | 8.1 | 34.3 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 65 | 57 | 48 | 44 | 47 | 62 | 71 | 73 | 64 | 56 | 59 | 66 | 59 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 195.3 | 215.0 | 262.4 | 255.6 | 272.0 | 269.4 | 261.0 | 260.3 | 251.0 | 224.1 | 183.8 | 170.2 | 2,820.1 |
Percent possible sunshine | 70 | 74 | 71 | 62 | 58 | 57 | 55 | 60 | 68 | 68 | 67 | 65 | 65 |
Source:China Meteorological Administration [17] [18] [19] |
Qiqihar is divided into 16 divisions:7 districts ( 区 ;qū),8 counties ( 县 ;xiàn) and 1 county-level city ( 县级市 ;xiànjíshì).
Map | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
# | Name | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2010 est.) | Area (km2) | Density (/km2) [20] |
1 | Longsha District | 龙沙区 | LóngshāQū | 354,987 | 283 | 1,254 |
2 | Jianhua District | 建华区 | JiànhuáQū | 292,579 | 81 | 3,612 |
3 | Tiefeng District | 铁锋区 | Tiěfēng Qū | 331,951 | 695 | 478 |
4 | Ang'angxi District | 昂昂溪区 | Áng'ángxīQū | 80,109 | 623 | 129 |
5 | Fularji District | 富拉尔基区 | Fùlā'ěrjīQū | 256,159 | 375 | 683 |
6 | Nianzishan District | 碾子山区 | Niǎnzishān Qū | 72,151 | 290 | 249 |
7 | Meilisi Daur District | 梅里斯达斡尔族区 | MéilǐsīDáwò'ěrzúQū | 165,852 | 1,948 | 85 |
8 | Nehe City | 讷河市 | NèhéShì | 625,892 | 6,664 | 94 |
9 | Longjiang County | 龙江县 | Lóngjiāng Xiàn | 572,764 | 6,197 | 92 |
10 | Yi'an County | 依安县 | Yī'ān Xiàn | 480,035 | 3,780 | 127 |
11 | Tailai County | 泰来县 | Tàilái Xiàn | 302,027 | 4,061 | 74 |
12 | Gannan County | 甘南县 | Gānnán Xiàn | 368,734 | 4,384 | 84 |
13 | Fuyu County | 富裕县 | FùyùXiàn | 276,537 | 4,335 | 64 |
14 | Keshan County | 克山县 | Kèshān Xiàn | 403,175 | 3,632 | 111 |
15 | Kedong County | 克东县 | Kèdōng Xiàn | 264,285 | 2,083 | 127 |
16 | Baiquan County | 拜泉县 | Bàiquán Xiàn | 519,766 | 3,569 | 146 |
According to the sixth national population census,the population amounted to 5,367,003 people. [21] There are 2,720,725 men and 2,646,278 women. The population age of 0-14 was 691,722,people aged 15–64 4,238,140 and people aged 65 and older 437,141.
Qiqihar is a heavily industrialized city involved in manufacturing.
In 2009,the city's 95 large-scale equipment manufacturing enterprises,with total assets of 30.6 billion yuan,accounting for the city's industrial enterprises above designated size of 46.5% of total assets,the number of employees 5.2 million,accounting for the city's industrial enterprises above the size of 45.6% of the total number of employees. The main business income of 25.57 billion yuan,industrial added value of 8.05 billion yuan,profits of 1.96 billion yuan,1.03 billion yuan of taxes,respectively,year on year growth of 2.9%,3%,19.6% and 22.3%,accounting for the city's industrial enterprises above designated size were 40.6%,40%,44.3% and 31.7%,respectively.
Qiqihar has 23 hospitals.
Companies conducting business in Qiqihar include RT-Mart,Walmart,GOME Electrical Appliances,and Suning Commerce Group.
Since Qiqihar is a large city,numerous banks work here. Some of the banks include Bank of China,China Construction Bank,Industrial and Commercial Bank of China,and Agricultural Bank of China.
Qiqihar is very close to the Zhalong Nature Reserve. Also,there is the Longsha park.
Qiqihar is served by its own domestic airport,Qiqihar Sanjiazi Airport.
Qiqihar is well-connected in terms of railway transportation. Trains from Qiqihar Railway Station connect the city with Harbin,Beijing,Dalian,Hangzhou,Xi'an and several other major cities in China. Qiqihar Sanjiazi Airport,13 km (8.1 mi) from Qiqihar's downtown area,operates daily flights to Beijing,Guangzhou,Shanghai and other major cities in China. In the district of Ang'angxi,the Harbin-Manzhouli Railway intersects with the Qiqihar-Bei'an Railway.
The Harbin–Qiqihar intercity railway opened on 17 August 2015; [22] [23] it provides frequent high-speed service to Harbin,as well as some direct trains to Beijing. [24]
The Nen River is used to transport material.
Numerous schools exist in the city. Four elementary schools feed into 8 city or county high schools.
There are two universities:Qiqihar University and its medical school.
Harbin is the capital of Heilongjiang,China. It is the largest city of Heilongjiang,as well as being the city with the second-largest urban population and largest metropolitan population in Northeast China. Harbin has direct jurisdiction over nine metropolitan districts,two county-level cities and seven counties,and is the eighth most populous Chinese city according to the 2020 census. The built-up area of Harbin had 5,841,929 inhabitants,while the total metropolitan population was up to 10,009,854,making it one of the 100 largest urban areas in the world.
Heilongjiang is a province in northeast China. It is the northernmost and easternmost province of the country and contains China's northernmost point and easternmost point.
Jiamusi is a prefecture-level city in eastern Heilongjiang province,People's Republic of China. Located along the middle and lower reaches of the Songhua River,it faces Russia's Khabarovsk Krai across the Ussuri River and the Heilongjiang. In 2018,Jiamusi had a GDP of RMB 101.2 billion with a 4.3% growth rate. Its population was 2,156,505 at the 2020 census whom 862,555 lived in the built up area comprising 4 urban districts.
Northeast China,also historically called Manchuria or Songliao,is a geographical region of China. It usually corresponds specifically to the three provinces east of the Greater Khingan Range,namely Liaoning,Jilin,and Heilongjiang,but historically is meant to also encompass the four easternmost prefectures of Inner Mongolia west of the Greater Khingan. The heartland of the region is the Northeast China Plain,the largest plain in China,with an area of over 350,000 km2 (140,000 sq mi). It is separated from the Russian Far East to the north by the Amur,Argun,and Ussuri Rivers;from North Korea to the south by the Yalu and Tumen Rivers;and from Inner Mongolia to the west by the Greater Khingan and parts of the Xiliao River.
Jilin City is the second-largest city and former capital of Jilin province in northeast China. As of the 2020 census,3,623,713 people resided within its administrative area of 27,166.37 square kilometres (10,488.99 sq mi) and 1,895,865 in its built-up area consisting of four urban districts. A prefecture-level city,it is the only major city nationally that shares its name with its province.
Heihe is a prefecture-level city of northern Heilongjiang province,China,located on the Russian border,on the south bank of the Amur (Heilong) River,across the river from Blagoveshchensk. At the 2020 census,1,286,401 people lived in the prefecture-level city of whom 223,832 lived in the built-up area made of Aihui District.
Mudanjiang,alternately romanized as Mutankiang,is a prefecture-level city in the southeast part of Heilongjiang province,People's Republic of China. It was called Botankou under Japanese occupation. It serves as a regional transport hub with a railway junction and an international airport connecting with several major Chinese cities as well as Incheon International Airport serving Seoul. Mudanjiang is located 248 km (154 mi) from Vladivostok,Russia. In 2011,Mudanjiang had a GDP of RMB 93.48 billion with a 15.1% growth rate. In 2015,Mudanjiang had a GDP of RMB 118.63 billion.
Baicheng is a prefecture-level city in the northwestern part of Jilin province,People's Republic of China,bordering Inner Mongolia to the north and west and Heilongjiang to the east and northeast. At the 2010 census,2,033,058 people lived within its administrative area of 25,683 km2 (9,916 sq mi).
Siping,formerly Sipingjie,is a prefecture-level city in the west of Jilin province,People's Republic of China. It has a total population of 1,814,733 inhabitants,as of the 2020 census. Siping covers an area of 14,323 km2 (5,530 sq mi) and is located in the middle of the Songliao Plain,near the border with Liaoning and Inner Mongolia provinces.
Yichun is a prefecture-level city on the Songhua river in Heilongjiang province,People's Republic of China. The city is separated from Russia by the Amur River and has an international border of 246 kilometres (153 mi). At the 2010 census,Yichun has a total population of 1,148,126 while 729,202 people live in 15 districts separated by forests. The greening rate of Yichun is up to 83%. The nickname of Yichun is Lindu.
Jixi is a city in southeastern Heilongjiang Province,People's Republic of China. At the 2020 census,1,502,060 people resided within its administrative area of 22,488.47 square kilometres (8,682.85 sq mi) and 560,118 in its built-up area made up of 3 out of 6 urban districts. Jixi is on the Muling River about 30 km (19 mi) from the border with Russia's Primorsky Krai and 120 km (75 mi) from Lake Xingkai. The mayor of Jixi is Zhang Changrong (张常荣) since June 2015. The area is one of the important coal mining bases in China. A crater on asteroid 253 Mathilde was named after the city.
Suihua is a prefecture-level city in west-central Heilongjiang province,People's Republic of China,adjacent to Yichun to the east,Harbin,the provincial capital,to the south,Daqing to the west and Heihe to the north. It has 3,756,167 inhabitants at the 2020 census,of whom 698,025 lived in the built-up area made of Beilin District.
The Defense of Harbin occurred at the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War,as part of the campaign of the Invasion of Manchuria by forces of the Empire of Japan from 25 January to 4 February 1932. The Japanese took the city only after a long battle in the freezing weather against the Chinese.
The Pacification of Manchukuo was a Japanese counterinsurgency campaign to suppress any armed resistance to the newly established puppet state of Manchukuo from various anti-Japanese volunteer armies in occupied Manchuria and later the Communist Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army. The operations were carried out by the Imperial Japanese Kwantung Army and the collaborationist forces of the Manchukuo government from March 1932 until 1942,and resulted in a Japanese victory.
Hunchun is a county-level city in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture,far eastern Jilin province. It borders North Korea and Russia,has over 250,000 inhabitants,and covers 5,145 square kilometers. The site of the eastern capital of the Balhae Kingdom between 785 and 793,Donggyeong,was located here.
Songyuan is a prefecture-level city in west-central Jilin province,China.
Yilan County is a county of Heilongjiang Province,Northeast China,it is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Harbin,the capital of Heilongjiang. It is more than 240 kilometres (150 mi) to the east-northeast of central Harbin. Its county seat,which is also called Yilan,is located near the confluence of the Mudan River with the Sungari. The easternmost county-level division of Harbin City,it borders Fangzheng County to the southwest,Tonghe County to the west,as well as the prefecture-level cities of Yichun to the north,Jiamusi to the northeast,Qitaihe to the southeast,and Mudanjiang to the south.
Harbinxi (West) railway station is a railway station on the Jingha Railway and the Harbin–Dalian section of the Beijing–Harbin High-Speed Railway. It is located in Harbin,in the Heilongjiang province of China.
Yang Xin is a former Chinese politician from Heilongjiang Province. He was the Party Secretary and Mayor of Qiqihar,and prior to that Mayor of Daqing. In September 2014 Yang was investigated by the Communist Party's anti-corruption body.
Heilongjiang Crane City Football Club is an amateur Chinese football club. The team is based in Qiqihar,Heilongjiang. They played at the 15,000-capacity Hecheng Stadium in Qiqihar.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)