Hefei is the capital of Anhui,China. A prefecture-level city,it is the political,economic,and cultural center of Anhui. Its population was 9,369,881 as of the 2020 census. Its built-up (or metro) area is made up of four urban districts plus Feidong,Feixi and Changfeng counties being urbanized,was home to 7,754,481 inhabitants.[clarification needed] Located in the central portion of the province,it borders Huainan to the north,Chuzhou to the northeast,Wuhu to the southeast,Tongling to the south,Anqing to the southwest and Lu'an to the west. A natural hub of communications,Hefei is situated to the north of Chao Lake and stands on a low saddle crossing the northeastern extension of the Dabie Mountains,which forms the divide between the Huai and Yangtze rivers.[3]
From the 8th to the 6th centuries BC,Hefei was the site of many small states,later a part of the Chu kingdom. Many archaeological finds dating from this period have been made. The name 'Hefei' was first given to the county set up in the area under the Han dynasty in the 2nd century BC.
In the 3rd century AD,the Battle of Xiaoyao Ford was fought at Xiaoyao Ford (逍遙津) in Hefei. Zhang Liao,a general of the Wei state,led 800 picked cavalry to defeat the 200,000-strong army from Wei's rival state Wu. Several decades of warring in Hefei between Wu and Wei followed this battle.
During the 4th to the 6th centuries AD,this crucial border region between northern and southern states was much fought over;its name and administrative status were consequently often changed. During the Sui (581–618) and Tang (618–907) periods,it became the seat of Lu prefecture—a title it kept until the 15th century,when it became a superior prefecture named Luzhou.
The present city dates from the Song dynasty (960–1126),the earlier Hefei having been some distance farther north. In the 10th year of Xining (熙宁,1077 AD),the taxes collected from the Luchow Prefecture were 50315 Guan,approximately 25 million today's Chinese Yuan,with a ranking of the amount of taxes was the 11th(following Kaifeng,Hangzhou,Qinzhou,Chuzhou,Chengdu,Zizhou,Xingyuan,Mianzhou,Zhenzhou,Suzhou) among all the prefectures of Song Dynasty. During the 10th century,it was for a while the capital of the independent Wu kingdom (902–938) and was an important center of the Southern Tang state (937–975).
After 1127 it became a center of the defenses of the Southern Song dynasty (1126–1279) against the Jin (Jurchen) invaders in the Jin–Song wars,as well as a flourishing center of trade between the two states. When the Chinese Republic was founded in 1911,the superior prefecture was abolished,and the city took the name of Hefei. The city was known as Luchow or Liu-tcheou[12] (庐州, pLuzhou) during the Ming and Qing dynasties (after the 14th century to the 19th century). Hefei was the temporary capital for Anhui from 1853 to 1862. It was renamed as Hefei County in 1912. Following the Chinese victory in the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1945,Hefei was made the capital of Anhui.
Before World War II,Hefei remained essentially an administrative center and the regional market for the fertile plain to the south. It was a collecting center for grain,beans,cotton,and hemp,as well as a center for handicraft industries manufacturing cloth,leather,bamboo goods,and ironware.
The construction in 1912 of the Tianjin–Pukou railway,farther east,for a while made Hefei a provincial backwater,and much of its importance passed to Bengbu. In 1932–36,however,a Chinese company built a railway linking Hefei with Yuxikou (on the Yangtze opposite Wuhu) to the southeast and with the Huai River at Huainan to the north. While this railway was built primarily to exploit the rich coalfield in northern Anhui,it also did much to revive the economy of the Hefei area by taking much of its produce to Wuhu and Nanjing.
Although Hefei was a quiet market town of only about 30,000 in the mid-1930s,its population grew more than tenfold in the following 20 years. The city's administrative role was strengthened by the transfer of the provincial government from Anqing in 1945,but much of its new growth derived from its development as an industrial city.
Hefei was designated the provincial capital in 1952.[13]:122
A cotton mill was opened in 1958,and a thermal generating plant,using coal from Huainan,was established in the early 1950s. It also became the seat of an industry producing industrial chemicals and chemical fertilizers. In the late 1950s an iron and steel complex was built. In addition to a machine-tool works and engineering and agricultural machinery factories,the city has developed an aluminum industry and a variety of light industries.
In 1978,the Chinese Academy of Sciences opened a Hefei branch.[13]:126 Several electronics institutes were moved from Beijing to Hefei in the early 1980s.[13]:126 The establishment of these educational and research and development institutions in Hefei were a foundations for its subsequent growth in innovation.[13]:126
In 1991,Hefei was one of the first Chinese cities to establish a High-Tech Industrial Zone.[13]:129
A period of rapid growth began in 2005,when Hefei party secretary Sun Jinlong initiated a strategy of industry-based city building.[13]:127 Sun prioritized the automobile,electric appliance,and equipment manufacturing sectors of the city's economy.[13]:127 The city government established a department for attracting investment and sent teams around the country to recruit businesses to Hefei.[13]:127 Sun also launched a construction program of neighborhood redevelopment,road system improvement,rail system,and a new international airport.[13]:127 Hefei's GDP grew at the highest rate of any Chinese provincial capital during Sun's tenure.[13]:127–128
Since the 2010s,Hefei has developed high-tech industries and an innovation-driven economy,[13]:129 including semi-conductors and alternative energy economic sectors.[14]:185
Geography
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Hefei is located 130 kilometres (81mi) west of Nanjing in south-central Anhui. Chao Lake, a lake 15km (9mi) southeast of the city, is one of the largest fresh water lakes in China. Though, the lake has unfortunately been polluted with nitrogen and phosphorus, in recent decades,[15] the situation is improving due to efforts by both the government and the people.
Climate
Hefei features a humid subtropical climate (KöppenCfa) with four distinct seasons. Hefei's annual average temperature is 16.6°C (61.9°F). Its annual precipitation is just slightly over 1,000 millimetres (39in), being heavier from May through August. Winters are damp and cold, with January lows dipping just below freezing and January averaging 2.8°C (37.0°F). The city sees irregular snowfalls that rarely turn significant. Occasional cold spells from Siberia that usually happen during winter months such as December, January, February. Sometimes November and March which can bring snow and heavier snowfall. (Springs are generally relatively pleasant if somewhat erratic. Summers are hot and humid, with a July average of 28.6°C (83.5°F). In the months of June, July, August, and often September, daily temperatures can reach or surpass 37°C (99°F) with high humidity levels being the norm. Autumn in Hefei sees a gradual cooling and drying. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 35 percent in March to 50 percent in August, the city receives 1,868 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −20.6°C (−5°F) on 6 January 1955, to 41.1°C (106°F) on 27 July 2017.[16]
Climate data for Hefei (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
Air quality typically diminishes in May and June when the city is blanketed by smog caused by the smoke generated as farmers outside the city burn their fields in preparation for planting the next crop.
The majority of the population in Hefei are Han Chinese. There are a comparatively small number of Hui Chinese living in the city, for whom a few mosques have been constructed. Of the more than five million people in the city, some are migrant workers from other parts of Anhui.
As of 2021, the GDP of Hefei is CN¥1,141.28 billion. The GDP per capita of the city is ¥121,187 (US$18,784), ranking within the top 20 of cities in China.[25]
As of 2023, the GDP of Hefei is CN¥1,267.38 billion.[26]
Investments and state-owned enterprises
Hefei's city government is highly engaged in business, both through state-owned enterprises and investment.[13]:128 This approach has helped drive economic growth and re-structure the cities economic base.[13]:128
In 2008, the local government spent US$3.5 billion for a controlling ownership stake in BOE Technology (Jingdongfang).[14]:185 BOE Technology subsequently grew to be one of the world's leading manufacturers of semiconductor products for telecommunications.[14]:185 It is also the world's largest manufacturer of liquid crystal displays, organic light-emitting diodes, and flexible displays.[13]:128
Also in 2008, Hefei invested heavily in iFlytek, a voice-recognition technology firm spun off from USTC.[13]:128
The local government invested heavily in NIO in order to integrate it with Hefei Changan Automobile, a legacy enterprise from the Third Front construction.[14]:185 NIO was on the brink of bankruptcy in 2020 when Hefei obtained a 25% stake in the company in exchange for RMB 7 billion.[27]:101 NIO moved its headquarters to Hefei, where the government helped it obtain loans from local banks to expand its supply chains.[27]:101 As of 2022, NIO is China's most successful electric vehicle manufacturer.[14]:184
Hefei was identified by The Economist in December 2012 as the world's No.1 fastest growing metropolitan economy.[29]
Transportation
Hefei South Railway Station
Hefei has been the provincial capital since 1945 (before it was Lihuang, which is today's Jinzhai) and is a natural center of transportation, being situated to the north of Chao Lake and standing on a low saddle crossing the northeastern extension of the Dabie Mountains, which form the divide between the Huai and Yangtze rivers. From Hefei there is easy water transport via the lake to the Yangtze River opposite Wuhu.
Rail
There are two main train stations in Hefei. The newest one is Hefei South railway station (Hefeinan station, 合肥火车南站) where most high-speed trains pass through. The alternative station is Hefei railway station (合肥火车站) which is smaller and older.
There are some small stations such as Feidong Station (肥东火车站), Feixi Station (肥西火车站), Shuijiahu Station (水家湖火车站), Chaohu Station (巢湖火车站), Chaohu East railway station (Chaohudong station; 巢湖火车东站), Hefeibeicheng Station (Hefei Northtown Station 合肥北城火车站), Lujiang Station (庐江火车站) and so on. These stations are mostly located in small towns and connect commuters with the main city.
Entrance to Hefei South Railway South Square Station
Hefei Metro is a rapid transit rail network under construction that will eventually serve both urban and rural areas of Hefei. As planned, Line 1 covers a total distance of 24 kilometres (15 miles) starting from Hefei Railway Station. It was inaugurated in December 2016.
In February 2013, Metro Line 2 also began its construction. It is being built alongside the Changjiang Dong Road, Changjiang Zhong Road and Changjiang Xi Road, which is a major passenger corridor in the east–west direction. It will pass through the city center area and connect to a transit point where passengers will be able to take the shuttle bus to Hefei Xinqiao International Airport. The Line 2 was opened on 26 December 2017.
In November 2015, Metro Line 3 construction began. Line 3 was opened on 26 December 2019. Line 3 connects the New Station Exploitative-experimental Zone and the Economic Technology Development District, from the vocational education town to the university town. In 2016, Metro Line 4 construction began. Line 4 was opened on 26 December 2021. Line 4 connects the New Station Exploitative-experimental Zone and the High Technology Development District. In 2017, Metro Line 5 construction began. The south part of Line 5 was opened on 26 December 2020. Line 5 connects Binhu New District and the Beicheng (North city) New District. The north part of Line 5 is expected to open at the end of 2022.
Alongside Line 1, Line 2, Line 3, Line 4 and Line 5, Hefei is also planning to build other 12 metro lines, 4 lines of intra-metropolitan rail transit (to Lu'an, Huainan, Lujiang and Chaohu) and 3 lines of tram and hopefully accomplish the project by 2030.
Bus
There is an extensive public bus system in the city, including eight bus rapid transit lines. There are several commuter lines which only run at designated time or having a large interval.[30]
Research
Hefei plays an important role in scientific research in China. It has seven national laboratories, second only to Beijing: The National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (Chinese:国家同步辐射实验室; pinyin:Guójiā tóngbù fúshè shíyàn shì), the Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale (Chinese:微尺度物质科学国家实验室; pinyin:Wēi chǐdù wùzhí kēxué guójiā shíyàn shì), both of which are under the University of Science and Technology of China. It also has the Institute of Solid State Physics, Institute of Plasma Physics, Institute of Intelligent Machines, High Magnetic Field Laboratory (founded in 2008), Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, all of which are under the Hefei Institutes of Physical Science which belongs to the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
The No. 105 Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, located in Hefei, is reportedly the site of the first human trials using CRISPRgenome editing, doing so in 2015.[31]
As of 2017, Hefei had 60 universities and more than 564 research institutes.[13]:126
Hefei is a world leading city for scientific research, with its ranking placed at 13th globally, 8th in the Asia-Pacific and 6th in China (behind Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Guangzhou and Wuhan), as tracked by the Nature Index in 2023.[5]
Hefei was one of the four national science centers identified in China's 14th Five-Year Plan.[13]:126
Yicheng Prison is located within the city. It was built during the 1983 "Strike Hard" campaign and was formerly Hefei Zhenxing Machine Parts Factory. On 15 June 1984, the Prov. Justice Dept. decided to change the name of the Machine Parts Factory's Internal Dept. to the Prov. Independent LRC. On 17 March 1986, the city's Party Committee and government agreed to the change. On 26 April more than 400 inmates were transferred to Hefei Shangzhangwei Farm and Baihu Farm. In February 1992 a secondary country level prison was created at the Shangzhangwei Farm. In August 1992 the Hefei City LRD level was upgraded by the government. June 1996 the prison was changed to its present name. It is currently controlled by Hefei city. It mainly houses prisoners with sentences of less than 5 years and houses up to 1000 prisoners a year. In the past 20 years, nearly 20,000 inmates have completed their sentences here. The prison mainly cultivates vegetables and rice but also cooperates with the Zhejiang Rongguang Group and produces soccer training shoes, soccer balls, tourism products, and other products.[32]
Yang Chen-Ning, (b. 1922), 1957 Nobel Physics Prize laureate, for their work on parity nonconservation of weak interaction. One of the two earliest Chinese to receive the prize.
Anhui is an inland province located in East China. Its provincial capital and largest city is Hefei. The province is located across the basins of the Yangtze and Huai rivers, bordering Jiangsu and Zhejiang to the east, Jiangxi to the south, Hubei and Henan to the west, and Shandong to the north. With a population of 61 million, Anhui is the 9th most populous province in China. It is the 22nd largest Chinese province based on area, and the 12th most densely-populated region of all 34 Chinese provincial regions. Anhui's population is mostly composed of Han Chinese. Languages spoken within the province include Lower Yangtze Mandarin, Wu, Hui, Gan and small portion of Central Plains Mandarin.
Ma'anshan, also colloquially written as Maanshan, is a prefecture-level city in the eastern part of Anhui province in Eastern China. An industrial city stretching across the Yangtze River, Ma'anshan borders Hefei to the west, Wuhu to the southwest, and Nanjing to the east. It is a satellite city in the Nanjing metropolitan area and is also a city in the Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone.
Chuzhou is a prefecture-level city in eastern Anhui Province, China. It borders the provincial capital of Hefei to the south and southwest, Huainan to the west, Bengbu to the northwest, and the province of Jiangsu to the east. According to the 2010 Chinese census, the city of Chuzhou has a registered population of 3,987,054 inhabitants, of whom 1,198,719 live in the built-up area made of two urban districts, with Lai'an County now largely being urbanized. Nevertheless, 7,260,240 persons declared to be permanent residents.
Chaohu is a county-level city of Anhui Province, China, it is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Hefei. Situated on the northeast and southeast shores of Lake Chao, from which the city was named, Chaohu is under the administration of Hefei, the provincial capital, and is the latter's easternmost county-level division.
Huainan is a prefecture-level city with 3,033,528 inhabitants as of the 2020 census in north-central Anhui province, China. It is named for the Han-era Principality of Huainan. It borders the provincial capital of Hefei to the south, Lu'an to the southwest, Fuyang to the west, Bozhou to the northwest, Bengbu to the northeast and Chuzhou to the east. Huainan is one of the core cities of Hefei Metropolitan Circle and is known for its coal industry and thermal power plants. Its built-up area made of 4 urban districts and Fengtai County largely being urbanized, was home to 1,868,944 inhabitants as of 2020. Its city flower is the Chinese rose and its city tree is the Old-World Plane Tree. It is also considered to be the hometown and birthplace of tofu.
Wuhu is a prefecture-level city in southeastern Anhui province, China. Sitting on the southeast bank of the Yangtze River, Wuhu borders Xuancheng to the southeast, Chizhou and Tongling to the southwest, Hefei City to the northwest, Ma'anshan city to the northeast, Jiangsu to the east, and is approximately 90 km (56 mi) southwest of Nanjing. With the urbanization trend in the southern part of Nanjing, a conurbation between Nanjing, Maanshan and Wuhu is in building with more than 10,660,000 inhabitants.
Huangshan is a prefecture-level city in southern Anhui Province, People's Republic of China. Huangshan means Yellow Mountain in Chinese and the city is named after the famously scenic Yellow Mountains which cover much of the city's vast geographic expanse. The prefectural city of Huangshan includes three urban districts and four counties. The urban center of Huangshan was originally the city of Tunxi and is now called Tunxi District. Locals still call the city Tunxi to distinguish the urban core from other parts of Huangshan. The population of Huangshan City As of the end of 2021, the resident population of Huangshan City was 1.332 million, with an urbanization rate of 59.25%, an increase of 0.96 percentage points over the previous year. By the end of 2021, the household population of Huangshan City will be 1,485,700, with an urbanization rate of 37.82%, an increase of 1.66 percentage points.
Baoji is a prefecture-level city in western Shaanxi province, People's Republic of China. Since the early 1990s, Baoji has been the second largest city in Shaanxi.
Yi'an District, formerly Tongling County, is a district of the city of Tongling, in the south of Anhui province, lying on the southern and eastern (right) bank of the Yangtze River. The total area is 1,113 km2 (430 sq mi). The population is 716,300.
Hankou railway station is one of the three main railway stations in the city of Wuhan, the capital of Hubei Province of the People's Republic of China. It is located within the section of the city commonly known as Hankou, several kilometers north of Hankou's historical center. Hankou Station is served by a station of the same name on Line 2 of Wuhan Metro.
Hefei–Fuzhou high-speed railway, is a dual-track, electrified, passenger-dedicated, high-speed rail line between Hefei and Fuzhou, the provincial capitals of Anhui and Fujian, respectively. It has a total length of 813 km (505 mi) and runs through Anhui, Jiangxi and Fujian province. Construction began on April 27, 2010 and the line was opened on 28 June 2015. The total cost of the line was about ¥109.8 billion. On this line, trains can reach top speeds of 300 kilometres per hour (186 mph), reducing the travel time by rail from Hefei to Fuzhou from fourteen to four hours. The railway is part of the future Beijing–Taipei high-speed rail corridor.
The Hefei railway station is a major railway station in Hefei, Anhui, China.
Tian Jun, courtesy name Dechen (德臣), was a Chinese military general, politician, and warlord during the late medieval Tang dynasty, who ruled Ningguo Circuit at its military governor (jiedushi) from 892 to his death in 903. He was a childhood friend of the major warlord Yang Xingmi the military governor of Huainan Circuit, served under Yang during various campaigns, and continued to be Yang's vassal after he became a military governor. However, he eventually became angry at Yang's refusal to support him in his own campaigns of expansion. In 903, he rebelled against Yang in conjunction with An Renyi (安仁義) the military prefect of Run Prefecture and, for some time, posed a major threat to Yang's continued rule of Huainan, but was soon defeated by Yang's officer Tai Meng (臺濛) and killed in battle.
The Hefei Institutes of Physical Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences is a large-scaled integrated research center in Hefei, China. The inception of CASHIPS involved the integration of several existing institutes that were all under the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) umbrella and situated in Hefei. Its current headquarters are located on a peninsula near Shushan Lake in the northwestern suburbs of Hefei. Apart from its 10 research units CASHIPS is also home to 21 key laboratories and research centers that belong to either CAS or are at the national or provincial level such as the Magnetic Confinement Fusion Laboratory; the National Engineering Research Center for Environmental Optical Instrumentation; the National “863” Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Optics; and the CAS Key Laboratory of Material Physics.
The Line 1 of Hefei Metro is an underground metro line in Hefei. The line began operation on 26 December 2016.
Hefeinan railway station is a railway station located in Baohe District, Hefei, Anhui, China.
Chaohu East railway station is a railway station in Chaohu, Hefei, Anhui. This station commenced services with Hefei–Fuzhou high-speed railway on June 28, 2015.
Hefei Beicheng railway station is a railway station in Hefei North City New Area, Changfeng County, Hefei, Anhui, China. The station is named after the Hefei North City New Area.
Feidong railway station is a closed railway station in Feidong County, Hefei, Anhui, China. The railway station closed on 11 October 2023 and will reopen when North Riverside high-speed railway opens.
Zhegao railway station is a railway station in Chaohu City, Hefei, Anhui, China.
↑ Inter alia: Mitchell Sr., S.A. A New Universal Atlas Containing Maps of the various Empires, Kingdoms, States and Republics Of The World. "China.Archived 2012-06-29 at the Wayback Machine " Entered 1850, Published 1853.
↑ Rana, Preetika; Marcus, Amy Dockser; Fan, Wenxin (21 January 2018). "China, Unhampered by Rules, Races Ahead in Gene-Editing Trials". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 7 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018. Later in 2016, news reports said a Chinese hospital had begun the world's first Crispr trial. In fact, it wasn't first—No. 105 Hospital of the People's Liberation Army in Hefei began testing Crispr on patients in 2015, says Liu Bo, who leads that trial.
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