Hailar 海拉尔区 • ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ | |
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Coordinates(Hailar District government): 49°14′05″N119°49′28″E / 49.2347°N 119.8245°E | |
Country | China |
Autonomous region | Inner Mongolia |
Prefecture-level city | Hulunbuir |
District seat | Zhengyang Subdistrict |
Area | |
• Total | 1,319.8 km2 (509.6 sq mi) |
Elevation | 614 m (2,014 ft) |
Population (2020) [2] | |
• Total | 365,012 |
• Density | 280/km2 (720/sq mi) |
Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
Postal code | 021000 |
Area code | 0470 |
Website | www |
Hailar District | |||||||
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Chinese name | |||||||
Traditional Chinese | 海拉爾區 | ||||||
Simplified Chinese | 海拉尔区 | ||||||
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Mongolian name | |||||||
Mongolian Cyrillic | ХайлаарДүүрэг | ||||||
Mongolian script | ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠷᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ | ||||||
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Hailar District,formerly a county-level city,is an urban district that serves as the seat of the prefecture-level city Hulunbuir in northeastern Inner Mongolia,China. [1] Hulunbuir,due to its massive size,is a city in administrative terms only,being mainly grassland and rural.
Long known as the "Pearl of the Grasslands",Hailar acts as a gateway between China and Russia. The district spans an area of 1,319.8 square kilometers, [1] and has an estimated population of 365,000 as of 2010. [2] The district serves as a regional center for commerce,trade,and transportation.
Hailar was founded as a Chinese fort in 1734,and during the administration of the Republic of China,it was the capital city of Xing'an Province. It was a center of agricultural production on the historical Chinese Eastern Railway. Once known as Hulun,Hailar today is a relatively small,but thriving modern industrial city of around 300,000,its population having soared from an estimated 20,000 in the mid-20th century.
After the Mukden Incident in 1931,Japan invaded China's northeastern provinces and established the puppet state of Manchukuo. Hailar Fortress,a huge underground Japanese fortress,was completed in 1937 by forced Chinese laborers. The Kwantung Army garrisoned in Manchukuo built the fortress complex as one of biggest Japanese fortifications in Manchukuo. Some of the fiercest fighting of the Soviet–Japanese War in August 1945 took place around Hailar. Prisoners of war and civilians were massacred by the Kwantung Army in August 1945 during the final month of World War II. [3] [4] The World Anti-fascist War Hailar Memorial Park,a museum and war memorial,is built on the site of the Hailar Fortress,parts of the fortress tunnels are open for public viewing. [4]
Hulunbeier Hailar Airport serves the city,with flights to Beijing and Shenyang amongst others. Hailar's railway station is the penultimate major station before Manzhouli,the port city that stands close to the Russian border. It is on the famous Western line of the Trans-Siberian express route and China National Highway 301. Trains to Harbin take about 12 hours,and 27 to Beijing. Hailar has a frequent series of buses that cover the town.
Hailar is located in close proximity to the Greater Xing'an Mountains,and has an elevation ranging from 603.0 to 776.6 m (1,978.3 to 2,547.9 ft). [1] Of the city's 1,319.8 square kilometers,28 square kilometers (or 2.12%) of the district is urban. [1]
Hailar is divided into 7 subdistricts and 2 towns: [2] [5]
Name | Simplified Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Mongolian (Hudum Script) | Mongolian (Cyrillic) | Administrative division code |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subdistricts | |||||
Zhengyang Subdistrict | 正阳街道 | Zhèngyáng Jiēdào | ᠵᠧᠩᠶᠠᠩᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ | Женянзээлгудамж | 150702001 |
Jiankang Subdistrict | 健康街道 | Jiànkāng Jiēdào | ᠵᠢᠶᠠᠨᠺᠠᠩᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ | Жаанканзээлгудамж | 150702002 |
Kaoshan Subdistrict | 靠山街道 | Kàoshān Jiēdào | ᠺᠣᠤᠱᠠᠨᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ | Коошинзээлгудамж | 150702003 |
Shengli Subdistrict | 胜利街道 | ShènglìJiēdào | ᠱᠧᠩᠯᠢᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ | Шенлизээлгудамж | 150702004 |
Hulun Subdistrict | 呼伦街道 | Hūlún Jiēdào | ᠬᠥᠯᠥᠨᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ | Гүүлэнзээлгудамж | 150702005 |
Jianshe Subdistrict | 建设街道 | JiànshèJiēdào | ᠵᠢᠶᠠᠨᠱᠧᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ | Жааншезээлгудамж | 150702007 |
Dongshan Subdistrict | 东山街道 | Dōngshān Jiēdào | ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠᠳ᠋ᠠᠬᠢᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ | Зүүнуулдаахьзээлгудамж | 150702008 |
Towns | |||||
Hag Town | 哈克镇 | HākèZhèn | ᠬᠠᠭᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ | Хагбалгас | 150702100 |
Fendou Town | 奋斗镇 | Fèndòu Zhèn | ᠹᠧᠨᠳ᠋ᠧᠦᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ | Фендуйбалгас | 150702101 |
Hailar has a dry-winter humid continental climate (Köppen Dwb). Winters are long,very dry and severe,due to the semi−permanent Siberian High,while summers are short,though very warm,and rather wet,due to the East Asian monsoon. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −24.8 °C (−12.6 °F) in January to 20.4 °C (68.7 °F) in July,while the annual mean is −0.40 °C (31.3 °F). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 55% in December to 69% in February,sunshine is abundant year-round,and the annual total is 2,719 hours. More than two-thirds of the annual rainfall occurs during the three summer months. The Mohe-Huma-Hailar triangle between northern Heilongjiang and Northeastern Inner Mongolia,which is almost equivalent to China's subarctic climate zone,suffers the most severe cold winter in China. Hailar's extreme temperatures ranges from −48.2 to 37.7 °C (−54.8 to 99.9 °F).[ citation needed ]
Climate data for Hailar District (1991–2020 normals,extremes 1909-present) | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | −1.0 (30.2) | 4.3 (39.7) | 16.2 (61.2) | 29.4 (84.9) | 35.4 (95.7) | 38.8 (101.8) | 39.5 (103.1) | 39.6 (103.3) | 33.2 (91.8) | 26.2 (79.2) | 13.7 (56.7) | 2.4 (36.3) | 39.6 (103.3) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −19.8 (−3.6) | −13.7 (7.3) | −3.2 (26.2) | 9.7 (49.5) | 18.9 (66.0) | 24.9 (76.8) | 26.7 (80.1) | 24.7 (76.5) | 18.2 (64.8) | 7.9 (46.2) | −6.2 (20.8) | −17.1 (1.2) | 5.9 (42.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −25.0 (−13.0) | −20.0 (−4.0) | −9.6 (14.7) | 3.2 (37.8) | 12.0 (53.6) | 18.4 (65.1) | 20.9 (69.6) | 18.6 (65.5) | 11.4 (52.5) | 1.3 (34.3) | −11.8 (10.8) | −22.0 (−7.6) | −0.2 (31.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −29.2 (−20.6) | −25.3 (−13.5) | −15.5 (4.1) | −2.9 (26.8) | 4.9 (40.8) | 11.8 (53.2) | 15.4 (59.7) | 13.1 (55.6) | 5.5 (41.9) | −3.9 (25.0) | −16.3 (2.7) | −26.2 (−15.2) | −5.7 (21.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | −42.9 (−45.2) | −42.3 (−44.1) | −37.2 (−35.0) | −21.6 (−6.9) | −11.1 (12.0) | 0.0 (32.0) | 5.3 (41.5) | 1.1 (34.0) | −7.9 (17.8) | −23.9 (−11.0) | −38.0 (−36.4) | −42.8 (−45.0) | −42.9 (−45.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 3.9 (0.15) | 3.6 (0.14) | 5.9 (0.23) | 13.8 (0.54) | 24.9 (0.98) | 53.3 (2.10) | 96.5 (3.80) | 78.6 (3.09) | 35.7 (1.41) | 16.8 (0.66) | 6.7 (0.26) | 6.9 (0.27) | 346.6 (13.63) |
Average precipitation days (≥0.1 mm) | 6.3 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 5.3 | 7.6 | 11.9 | 13.9 | 12.1 | 8.7 | 6.4 | 6.8 | 8.5 | 96.8 |
Average snowy days | 8.8 | 6.7 | 7.0 | 5.4 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.6 | 5.2 | 9.5 | 11.6 | 56 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 75 | 75 | 68 | 50 | 45 | 57 | 66 | 68 | 62 | 61 | 72 | 77 | 65 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 154.5 | 191.8 | 250.7 | 244.0 | 264.5 | 269.1 | 260.1 | 248.1 | 223.0 | 197.3 | 156.5 | 131.5 | 2,591.1 |
Percent possible sunshine | 57 | 66 | 67 | 59 | 56 | 56 | 54 | 56 | 60 | 60 | 58 | 52 | 58 |
Source:China Meteorological Administration [6] [7] [8] |
Hailar is a multi-ethnic town,with notable Han,Mongolian,Hui,Daur,Evenki,Russian populations. [2] As such,signs are usually bilingual and Mongolian influence pervades in songs played on shop CD players,domes on buildings and the everyday speech of some locals.
Composer Vladimir Ussachevsky was born in Hailar,as well as leading news anchor Bai Yansong; [9] the folk metal band Nine Treasures also originated in Hailar. [10]
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Oroqen Autonomous Banner is an autonomous banner that lies directly south of the urban district of Hailar in the prefecture-level city of Hulunbuir. It covers an area of 60,378 square kilometres (23,312 sq mi). As of the 2010 census,there were 223,752 inhabitants with a population density of 4.84 inhabitants per km2.
Yakeshi is a county-level city of Hulunbuir,Inner Mongolia,China.
Hulunbeier Hailar Airport is an international airport serving Hailar District of Hulunbuir,a prefecture-level city of Inner Mongolia,China. The airport was formerly called Hailar Dongshan Airport (海拉尔东山机场) until it was renamed on 1 January 2011.
Hulan District is one of nine districts of the prefecture-level city of Harbin,the capital of Heilongjiang Province,Northeast China. It covers part of the northeastern suburbs. The district was approved to establish from the former Hulan County (呼兰县) by the Chinese State Council on February 4,2004. It borders Bayan County to the east,Bin County to the southeast,Daowai District to the south,and Songbei District to the southwest,as well as the prefecture-level city of Suihua to the northwest.
Urad Front Banner is a banner of Inner Mongolia,China. It is located in the west of the region,situated on the northern (left) bank of the Yellow River,on the Ordos Loop,and in between the cities of Bayan Nur and Baotou. Administratively,it is part of Bayan Nur City,and has a total area of 7,476 square kilometres (2,886 sq mi) and in 2020 had 257,826 inhabitants.
Urad Middle Banner is a banner of Inner Mongolia,China. It is located in the west of the region,and administratively is part of Bayan Nur City. It has a total area of 22,606 square kilometres (8,728 sq mi) and in 2020 had a population of 112,159.
Ergun,formerly Ergun Right Banner,is a county-level city in Hulunbuir,Inner Mongolia,containing the autonomous region's northernmost point. The city has an area of 28,958 square kilometres (11,181 sq mi),and a population of 79,155 as of the 2019.
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Ar Horqin Banner is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia,China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City,about 200 kilometres (120 mi) to the south-southwest. The banner lies on China National Highway 303,running from Ji'an,Jilin to Xilinhot,Inner Mongolia. The Mongolian dialect spoken in Ar Khorchin is not Khorchin,as the name suggests,but Baarin.
Ongniud Banner is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia,China. It is under the administration of Chifeng City,76 kilometres (47 mi) to the south-southwest. Yulong Shahu Scenic Area is located about 25 km north of Ongniud town. The south of Ongniud Banner is arable land with grassy hills. The north east half is predominantly grassland and desert.
Jarud Banner is a banner of eastern Inner Mongolia,China. It is under the administration of Tongliao City,150 kilometres (93 mi),and the China National Highway 304 passes through the area.
New Barag Left Banner is a banner of Inner Mongolia,China,bordering Mongolia to the south. It is under the administration of Hulunbuir City.
Old Barag Banner is a banner of northeastern Inner Mongolia,China. It is located 28 kilometres (17 mi) from Hailar District,the administrative centre of Hulunbuir City,which administers this banner.
Dalad Banner is a banner of western Inner Mongolia,China,lying on the southern (right) bank of the Yellow River. It is under the administration of Ordos City,although it is closer to the city of Baotou,33 kilometres (21 mi) to the north-northwest.
Abag Banner is a county of Inner Mongolia,China. It is under the administration of Xilingol League. Abag Mongols live here. The local dialect has variously been classified as Chakhar or Khalkha.
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