Politicsportal |
The Constitution of Mongolia adopted in 1992 states that the President of Mongolia is the "head of state and embodiment of the unity of the Mongolian people". [1]
Mongolia declared its independence from the Qing dynasty during the Mongolian Revolution of 1911, [lower-alpha 1] under the Bogd Khan (the 8th Jebtsundamba Khutuktu). From 1911 to 1924, during the Bogd Khanate of Mongolia, the head of state of Mongolia was nominally the Bogd Khan. During 1924 to 1992, during the Mongolian People's Republic, the official title of the head of state underwent several changes, including Chairman of the State Great Khural, Chairman of the Presidium of the State Little Khural, Chairman of the Presidium of the State Great Khural, and finally, Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Great Khural.
(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)
Bogd Khanate of Mongolia (1911–1924) | ||||||
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Reign | Religious title | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reign start | Reign end | Duration | ||||
Khagan of Mongolia | ||||||
1 | Bogd Khan (1869–1924) | 29 December 1911 | 20 May 1924 † | 12 years, 143 days | The 8th Jebtsundamba Khutuktu | |
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Political party | ||
Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||
Acting Head of State | ||||||
– | Balingiin Tserendorj (1868–1928) Acting | 20 May 1924 | 28 November 1924 | 192 days | MPP | |
Mongolian People's Republic (1924–1992) | ||||||
Chairman of the State Great Khural | ||||||
2 | Navaandorjiin Jadambaa (1900–1939) | 28 November 1924 | 29 November 1924 | 1 day | MPP | |
Chairman of the Presidium of the State Little Khural | ||||||
3 | Peljidiin Genden (1892–1937) | 29 November 1924 | 15 November 1927 | 2 years, 351 days | MPP | |
4 | Jamtsangiin Damdinsüren (1898–1938) | 16 November 1927 | 23 January 1929 | 1 year, 68 days | MPP | |
5 | Khorloogiin Choibalsan (1895–1952) | 24 January 1929 | 27 April 1930 | 1 year, 93 days | MPP | |
6 | Losolyn Laagan (1887–1940) | 27 April 1930 | 2 July 1932 | 2 years, 66 days | MPP | |
7 | Anandyn Amar (1886–1941) | 2 July 1932 | 22 March 1936 | 3 years, 264 days | MPP | |
8 | Dansranbilegiin Dogsom (1884–1941) | 22 March 1936 | 9 July 1939 | 3 years, 109 days | MPP | |
Vacant (9 July 1939 – 6 July 1940) | ||||||
9 | Gonchigiin Bumtsend (1881–1953) | 6 July 1940 | 6 July 1951 | 11 years, 362 days | MPP | |
Chairman of the Presidium of the State Great Khural | ||||||
(9) | Gonchigiin Bumtsend (1881–1953) | 6 July 1951 | 23 September 1953 † | 2 years, 79 days | MPP | |
– | Sükhbaataryn Yanjmaa (1893–1963) Acting | 23 September 1953 | 7 July 1954 | 287 days | MPP | |
10 | Jamsrangiin Sambuu (1895–1972) | 7 July 1954 | 7 July 1960 | 6 years | MPP | |
Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Great Khural | ||||||
(10) | Jamsrangiin Sambuu (1895–1972) | 7 July 1960 | 21 May 1972 † | 11 years, 319 days | MPP | |
– | Tsagaanlamyn Dügersüren (1914–1986) Acting | 21 May 1972 | 29 June 1972 | 39 days | MPP | |
– | Sonomyn Luvsan (1912–1986) Acting | 29 June 1972 | 11 June 1974 | 1 year, 317 days | MPP | |
11 | Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal (1916–1991) | 11 June 1974 | 23 August 1984 | 10 years, 73 days | MPP | |
– | Nyamyn Jagvaral (1919–1987) Acting | 23 August 1984 | 12 December 1984 | 111 days | MPP | |
12 | Jambyn Batmönkh (1926–1997) | 12 December 1984 | 21 March 1990 | 5 years, 99 days | MPP | |
13 | Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat (born 1942) | 21 March 1990 | 3 September 1990 | 166 days | MPP | |
President of the Mongolian People's Republic | ||||||
(13) | Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat (born 1942) | 3 September 1990 | 12 February 1992 | 1 year, 162 days | MPP | |
Mongolia (1992–present) | ||||||
President | ||||||
(13) | Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat (born 1942) | 12 February 1992 | 20 June 1997 | 5 years, 128 days | MPP MSDP | |
14 | Natsagiin Bagabandi (born 1950) | 20 June 1997 | 24 June 2005 | 8 years, 4 days | MPP | |
15 | Nambaryn Enkhbayar (born 1958) | 24 June 2005 | 18 June 2009 | 3 years, 359 days | MPP | |
16 | Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj (born 1963) | 18 June 2009 | 10 July 2017 | 8 years, 22 days | Democratic | |
17 | Khaltmaagiin Battulga (born 1963) | 10 July 2017 | 25 June 2021 | 3 years, 350 days | Democratic | |
18 | Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh (born 1968) | 25 June 2021 | Incumbent | 2 years, 272 days | MPP |
The politics of Mongolia takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential multi-party representative democracy. Executive power is exercised by the prime minister, who is the head of government, and the Cabinet. The president is the head of state, but holds limited authority over the executive branch of the government, unlike full presidential republics like the United States. Legislative power is vested in parliament. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
The Tuvan People's Republic or TPR; known as the Tannu Tuva People's Republic until 1926, was a partially recognized state that existed between 1921 and 1944. It was formally a socialist republic and de facto a Soviet puppet state. The TPR was located in Tuva, covering the same territory, north-west of Mongolia, as was the previous 1914–1921 Tuvan protectorate of the former Russian Empire, and is now the Tuva Republic, an administrative part of Russia.
The Mongolian People's Republic was a socialist state that existed from 1924 to 1992, located in the historical region of Outer Mongolia in China. It was officially recognized as independent by the National Government of China in 1946. Until 1990, it was a one-party state ruled by the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party, and maintained close political and economic ties with the Soviet Union, as part of the Eastern Bloc.
The Mongolian People's Party (MPP) is a social democratic political party in Mongolia. It was founded as a communist party in 1920 by Mongolian revolutionaries and is the oldest political party in Mongolia. The party played an important role in the Mongolian Revolution of 1921, which was inspired by the Bolsheviks' October Revolution. Following independence, it governed Mongolia as a one-party socialist state. The party changed its name to the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) and joined the Communist International in 1924 and served as a sole-ruling party of the Mongolian People's Republic.
The prime minister of Mongolia is the head of government of Mongolia and heads the Mongolian cabinet. The prime minister is appointed by the Mongolian parliament or the State Great Khural, and can be removed by the parliament with a vote of no confidence.
Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat is a Mongolian political figure and a current member of the Constitutional Court of Mongolia. He served as a president of Mongolia from 1990 to 1997 first as Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Great Khural in 1990 then, as the President of the Mongolia from 1990 to 1997, he is the first President of Mongolia to be elected by direct popular vote.
Gonchigiin Bumtsend was a Mongolian revolutionary who held several high level positions within the Mongolian government in the 1940s and early 1950s. He was Chairman of the Presidium of the State Little Khural of the Mongolian People's Republic from July 1940 until his death, 1953.
The president of Mongolia is the executive head of state of Mongolia. The current president is Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh.
The State Great Khural is the unicameral parliament of Mongolia. It is located in the Government Palace.
Miyegombyn Enkhbold is a Mongolian politician who was Prime Minister of Mongolia from January 2006 to November 2007 and Deputy Prime Minister from 2007 to 2012. He has been Chairman of the State Great Khural, the Mongolian parliament,from 2016 to 2019.
Bogd Khan was the khan of the Bogd Khaganate from 1911 to 1924, following the state's de facto independence from the Qing dynasty of China after the Xinhai Revolution. Born in Tibet, he was the third most important person in the Tibetan Buddhist hierarchy as the 8th Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, below only the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama, and therefore also known as the "Bogdo Lama". He was the spiritual leader of Outer Mongolia's Tibetan Buddhism. His wife Tsendiin Dondogdulam, the Ekh Dagina, was believed to be a manifestation of White Tara.
Balingiin Tserendorj titles Khicheengui Said (Хичээнгүй Сайд, Diligent/Earnest Minister); Khicheengui Gün, was a prominent Mongolian political figure of the early 20th century who served as the first Prime Minister of the People's Republic of Mongolia from 1924 until his death in 1928. Between 1913 and 1924 he held several high-ranking positions within a succession of Mongolian governments including; the Bogd Khaanate (1911–1924), the Chinese occupation (1919-1921), and the puppet regime under Roman Ungern von Sternberg (1921).
Dansranbilegiin Dogsom was a prominent Mongolian revolutionary leader and post-Revolution political figure in Mongolian People's Republic. He served as Chairman of the Presidium of the State Little Khural of the Mongolian People's Republic from 1936 until he was purged in 1939.
Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren, full title: Sain Noyon Khan Namnansüren, was a powerful hereditary prince and prominent early 20th-century Mongolian independence leader. He served as the first prime minister of Mongolia under the Bogd Khan from 1912 until 1915, when the office of prime minister was abolished. He was subsequently appointed Minister of the Army.
The Bogd Khanate of Mongolia was the de facto government of Outer Mongolia between 1911 and 1915 and again from 1921 to 1924. By the spring of 1911, some prominent Mongol nobles including Prince Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren persuaded the Jebstundamba Khutukhtu to convene a meeting of nobles and ecclesiastical officials to discuss independence from Qing China. On 30 November 1911 the Mongols established the Temporary Government of Khalkha. On 29 December 1911 the Mongols declared their independence from the collapsing Qing dynasty following the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution. They installed as theocratic sovereign the 8th Bogd Gegeen, highest authority of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia, who took the title Bogd Khan or "Holy Ruler". The Bogd Khaan was last khagan of the Mongols. This ushered in the period of "Theocratic Mongolia", and the realm of the Bogd Khan is usually known as the "Bogd Khanate".
Sonomyn Luvsan was a prominent Mongolian politician and diplomat who was acting Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Great Khural of the Mongolian People's Republic or MPR from June 29, 1972 to June 11, 1974.
Nyamyn Jagvaral was a Mongolian politician, statesman, economist, and academician who, as First Vice-Chairmen of the Presidium of the People's Great Khural, was acting Chairman of the Mongolian People's Republic from August 23, 1984 to December 12, 1984 after the forced resignation of Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal for political and health reasons.
The Little Khural or State Little Khural was the presidium of the Mongolian People's Republic from 1924 until 1951 and then the standing legislature from 1990 to 1992.
The title Hero of the Mongolian People's Republic was the highest distinction in the Mongolian People's Republic (MPR). It was modeled on the Soviet Union's highest award, the Hero of the Soviet Union title.