The following is a list of Mongol rulers.
The list of states is chronological but follows the development of different dynasties.
Before Kublai Khan announced the dynastic name "Great Yuan" in 1271, Khagans (Great Khans) of the Mongol Empire (Ikh Mongol Uls) already started to use the Chinese title of Emperor (Chinese :皇帝; pinyin :Huángdì) practically in the Chinese language since Genghis Khan (as 成吉思皇帝; 'Genghis Emperor').
With the establishment of the Yuan dynasty in 1271, the Kublaids became Yuan emperors, who took on a dual identity of Khagan for the Mongols and Huangdi for ethnic Han.
Ruler | Reign | Information |
---|---|---|
Genghis Khan | 1206 - 1227 | The first Khan of the Mongol Empire. |
Tolui Khan | 1227 - 1229 | Regent of the Mongol Empire until his brother, Ögedei became Khan. |
Ögedei Khan | September 13, 1229 - December 11, 1241 | The second Khan of the Mongol Empire. |
Töregene Khatun | 1242 - 1246 | Regent of the Mongol Empire until the election of her son, Güyük Khan. |
Güyük Khan | August 24, 1246 - April 20, 1248 | The third Khan of the Mongol Empire. |
Oghul Qaimish | 1248 - 1251 | Regent of the Mongol Empire until her death in 1251. |
Möngke Khan | July 1, 1251 - August 11, 1259 | The fourth Khan of the Mongol Empire. |
Ariq Böke | August 11, 1259 - August 12, 1264 | Claimed the title of Great Khan and fought against Kublai in the Toluid Civil War. |
Kublai Khan | December 18, 1271 - February 18, 1294 | The first emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. |
Temür Khan | May 10, 1294 - February 10, 1307 | The second emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. |
Külüg Khan | June 21, 1307 - January 27, 1311 | The third emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. |
Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan | April 7, 1311 - March 1, 1320 | The fourth emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. |
Gegeen Khan | April 19, 1320 - September 4, 1323 | The fifth emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. |
Yesün Temür | October 4, 1323 - August 15, 1328 | The sixth emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. |
Ragibagh Khan | October 1328 - November 14, 1328 | The seventh emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. |
Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür | October 16, 1328 - February 26, 1329. [1] (first reign) September 8, 1329 – September 2, 1332 (second reign) | The eighth emperor of the Yuan Dynasty |
Khutughtu Khan Kusala | February 27, 1329 - August 30, 1329 | The ninth emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. Seized the throne from Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür. |
Rinchinbal Khan | October 23, 1332 – December 14, 1332 | The tenth emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. |
Toghon Temür | July 19, 1333 – September 10, 1368 [1] | The eleventh emperor and last emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. Also the first emperor of the Northern Yuan Dynasty. |
Actual rulers of the Golden Horde (Jochid Ulus, Kipchak Khanate) were members of the House of Batu until 1361.
Ruler | Reign | Information |
---|---|---|
Batu Khan | 1227 - 1255 | The first Khan of the Golden Horde and the first Khan of its Western Half (the Blue Horde). |
Sartaq Khan | 1256 - 1257 | The second Khan of the Golden Horde and the Blue Horde. |
Ulaghchi | 1257 | The third Khan of the Golden Horde and Blue Horde. The last Khan of the Golden Horde that believed in Tengrism. |
Berke Khan | 1257 - 1266 | The fourth Khan of the Golden Horde and the Blue Horde. The first Islamic Khan of the Golden Horde and supporter of Ariq Böke in the Toluid Civil War. |
Mengu-Timur | 1266 - 1280 | The fifth Khan of the Golden Horde and the Blue Horde. |
Tode Mongke | 1280 - 1287 | The sixth Khan of the Golden Horde and the Blue Horde. |
Talabuga | 1287 - 1291 | The seventh Khan of the Golden Horde and the Blue Horde. |
Toqta | 1291 - 1312 | The eighth Khan of the Golden Horde and the Blue Horde. |
Özbeg Khan | 1313 - 1341 | The ninth Khan of the Golden Horde and the Blue Horde. |
Tini Beg | 1341 - 1342 | The tenth Khan of the Golden Horde and the Blue Horde. |
Jani Beg | 1342 - 1357 | The eleventh Khan of the Golden Horde and the Blue Horde. |
Berdi Beg | 1357 - 1359 | The twelve Khan of the Golden Horde and Blue Horde. |
Qulpa | August 1359 - February 1360 | The thirteenth Khan of the Golden Horde and Blue Horde. |
Nawruz Beg | 1360 | The fourteenth Khan of the Golden Horde and Blue Horde. |
Khiḍr Khan | 1360 - 1361 | The fifteenth Khan of the Golden Horde and Blue Horde. |
Timur Khwaja | 1361 | The sixteenth Khan of the Golden Horde and Blue Horde. |
Ordu Malik | 1361 | The seventeenth Khan of the Golden Horde and Blue Horde. |
Kildi Beg | 1361 - 1362 | The eighteenth Khan of the Golden Horde and the Blue Horde. |
Abdallāh | 1361 - 1370 | The nineteenth Khan of the Golden Horde and Blue Horde. Under the influence of Mamai. |
Tulun Beg Khanum | 1370 - 1371 | The first Queen of the Golden Horde and Blue Horde. |
Muhammad Sultan | 1370/1371 - 1379 | The twentieth Khan of the Golden Horde and Blue Horde. Under the influence of Mamai. |
Tulak | 1379 - 1380 | The twenty-first Khan of the Golden Horde and Blue Horde. Under the influence of Mamai. |
After the murder of Arpa, the regional states established during the disintegration of the Ilkhanate raised their own candidates as claimants.
Claimants from eastern Persia (Khurasan):
The Chagatai Khanate was split into two parts, the Western Chagatai Khanate and the Eastern Chagatai Khanate (Moghulistan).
From 1370 on, the Western Chagatai Khans were puppets of Timur.
Moghulistan was split into the Turpan Khanate and Yarkent Khanate in the late 15th century.
.
Khagans of the Mongols or Northern Yuan dynasty (rump state of Yuan dynasty until 1388):
Independent Khalkha Mongol Khans (before Outer Mongolia merged into the Manchu Qing dynasty):
Ruler | Photo | Seal | Reign | Information |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bogd Khan | December 29, 1911 - May 20, 1924 | The first and only Khan of the Bogd Khanate of Mongolia. Also the eighth Jebtsundamba Khutuktu. |
The Golden Horde, self-designated as Ulug Ulus, was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. With the division of the Mongol Empire after 1259, it became a functionally separate khanate. It is also known as the Kipchak Khanate or the Ulus of Jochi, and replaced the earlier, less organized Cuman–Kipchak confederation.
Mamai was a powerful Mongol military commander of the Golden Horde. Contrary to popular misconception, he was not a khan (king), but was a kingmaker for several khans, and dominated parts or all of the Golden Horde for almost two decades in the 1360s and 1370s. Although he was unable to stabilize central authority during the 14th-century Golden Horde war of succession known as the Great Troubles, Mamai remained a remarkable and persistent leader for decades, while others came and went in rapid succession. His defeat in the Battle of Kulikovo marked the beginning of the decline of the Horde, as well as his own rapid downfall.
The Ilkhanate or Il-khanate was a Mongol khanate founded in the southwestern territories of the Mongol Empire. It was ruled by the Il-Khans or Ilkhanids, and known to the Mongols as Hülegü Ulus. The Ilkhanid realm was officially known as the Land of Iran or simply Iran. It was established after Hülegü, the son of Tolui and grandson of Genghis Khan, inherited the West Asian and Central Asian part of the Mongol Empire after his brother Möngke Khan died in 1259.
The Chagatai Khanate, also known as the Chagatai Ulus, was a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate that comprised the lands ruled by Chagatai Khan, second son of Genghis Khan, and his descendants and successors. At its height in the late 13th century the khanate extended from the Amu Darya south of the Aral Sea to the Altai Mountains in the border of modern-day Mongolia and China, roughly corresponding to the area once ruled by the Qara Khitai.
The names of people, battles, and places need to be spelled as they are on other articles title and then wikified.
Ariq Böke, the components of his name also spelled Arigh, Arik and Bukha, Buka, was the seventh and youngest son of Tolui and a grandson of Genghis Khan. After the death of his brother the Great Khan Möngke, Ariq Böke claimed the title of the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire and briefly took power while his brothers Kublai and Hulagu were absent from the Mongolian Plateau. When Kublai returned for an election in 1260, rival factions could not agree, and elected both claimants, Kublai and Ariq Böke, to the throne, resulting in the Toluid Civil War that fragmented the Mongol Empire. Ariq Böke was supported by the traditionalists of the Mongol Empire, while his brother Kublai was supported by the senior princes of North China and Manchuria.
Kaidu was a grandson of the Mongol khagan Ögedei (1185–1241) and thus leader of the House of Ögedei and the de facto khan of the Chagatai Khanate, a division of the Mongol Empire. He ruled parts of modern-day Xinjiang and Central Asia during the 13th century, and actively opposed his uncle, Kublai, who established the Yuan dynasty. Medieval chroniclers often mistranslated Kadan as Kaidu, mistakenly placing Kaidu at the Battle of Legnica. Kadan was the brother of Güyük, and Kaidu's uncle.
Berke Khan was a grandson of Genghis Khan from his son Jochi and a Mongol military commander and ruler of the Golden Horde, a division of the Mongol Empire, who effectively consolidated the power of the Blue Horde and White Horde from 1257 to 1266. He succeeded his brother Batu Khan of the Blue Horde (West), and was responsible for the first official establishment of Islam in a khanate of the Mongol Empire. Following the Sack of Baghdad by Hulagu Khan, his cousin and head of the Mongol Ilkhanate based in Persia, he allied with the Egyptian Mamluks against Hulagu. Berke also supported Ariq Böke against Kublai in the Toluid Civil War, but did not intervene militarily in the war because he was occupied in his own war against Hulagu and the Ilkhanate.
The Sarbadars were a mixture of religious dervishes and secular rulers that came to rule over part of western Khurasan in the midst of the disintegration of the Mongol Ilkhanate in the mid-14th century. Centered in their capital of Sabzavar, they continued their reign until Khwaja 'Ali-yi Mu'ayyad submitted to Timur in 1381, and were one of the few groups that managed to mostly avoid Timur's famous brutality.
Alghu was the khan of the Chagatai Khanate (1260–1265/6). He was the son of Baidar and the grandson of Chagatai Khan.
The Qara'unas or Negüderi were the Mongols who settled in Afghanistan after moving from Turkestan and Mongolia.
Orghana was an Oirat princess of the Mongol Empire and Empress of the Chagatai Khanate. She was a daughter of Torolchi, chief of the Oirats and Checheyikhen, daughter of Genghis Khan. She served as regent in the name of her infant son from 1252 to 1261.
The House of Ögedei, sometimes called the Ögedeids, was an influential Mongol family and a branch of the Borjigin clan from the 12th to 14th centuries. They were descended from Ögedei, a son of Genghis Khan who succeeded his father to become the second khagan of the Mongol Empire. Ögedei continued the expansion of the Mongol Empire.
Timur, Temur, Temür, Temir, Teymur or Tömör is a masculine Turkic and Mongolic given name which literally means iron. It is a cognate of the Bosnian and Turkish name Demir. In Indonesian, timur translates to east, and symbolizes hope by the rising sun.
The Toluid Civil War was a war of succession fought between Kublai Khan and his younger brother, Ariq Böke, from 1260 to 1264. Möngke Khan died in 1259 with no declared successor, precipitating infighting between members of the Tolui family line for the title of Great Khan that escalated to a civil war. The Toluid Civil War, and the wars that followed it, such as the Berke–Hulagu war and the Kaidu–Kublai war, weakened the authority of the Great Khan over the Mongol Empire and split the empire into autonomous khanates.
The division of the Mongol Empire began after Möngke Khan died in 1259 in the siege of Diaoyu Castle with no declared successor, precipitating infighting between members of the Tolui family line for the title of khagan that escalated into the Toluid Civil War. This civil war, along with the Berke–Hulagu war and the subsequent Kaidu–Kublai war, greatly weakened the authority of the great khan over the entirety of the Mongol Empire, and the empire fractured into four khanates: the Golden Horde in Eastern Europe, the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, the Ilkhanate in Iran, and the Yuan dynasty in China based in modern-day Beijing – although the Yuan emperors held the nominal title of khagan of the empire.
The Yuan dynasty ruled over the Mongolian Plateau, including both Inner and Outer Mongolia as well as part of southern Siberia, between 1271 and 1368. The Mongolian Plateau is where the ruling Mongol Borjigin clan of the Yuan dynasty came from, thus it enjoyed a somewhat special status during the Yuan dynasty, although the capital of the dynasty had been moved from Karakorum to Khanbaliq since the beginning of Kublai Khan's reign, and Mongolia had been converted into a regular province, known as the Lingbei Province, by the early 14th century.
The Great Troubles, also known as the Golden Horde Dynastic War, was a war of succession in the Golden Horde from 1359 to 1381.