This is a complete list of khans of the Ulus of Jochi, better known by its later Russian designation as the Golden Horde, in its right (west) wing and left (east) wing divisions known problematically as the Blue Horde and White Horde, [1] and of its main successor state during a period of disintegration, known as the Great Horde. Khans of the Blue Horde are listed as the principal rulers of the Golden Horde, although many late rulers of the Golden Horde originated from the subordinate White Horde. Following the general convention, the list encompasses the period from the death of Genghis Khan in 1227 to the sack of Sarai by the Crimean Khanate in 1502. [2] The chronological and genealogical information is often incomplete and contradictory; annotation can be found in the secondary lists in the second part of the article, and in the individual articles on specific monarchs.
Western Half (Blue Horde) Ulus of Batu | Eastern Half (White Horde) Ulus of Orda | |||
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Jochi جوچى As deputy of Genghis Khan in Central and Western Asia c. 1207–1227 C.E. | ||||
Golden Horde (Ulus of Jochi, Khanate of Qipchāq or Kipchak) طلائی آردا خانان قپچاق قوم جوجی 1227–1459 C.E. | ||||
Batu Khan باتو خان As overall Khan 1227–1255 C.E. | Orda Khan آردا خان 1227–1251 C.E. | |||
Sartaq Khan سارتاق خان As overall Khan 1255–1256 C.E. | Qun Quran قن قوران 1251–1280 C.E. | |||
Ulaqchi Khan اولاقچی خان As overall Khan 1256–1257 C.E. | ||||
Berke Khan برکه خان As overall Khan 1257–1266 C.E. | ||||
Möngke Temür منگو تیمور As overall Khan 1266–1280 C.E. | ||||
Töde Möngke تودا منگو As overall Khan 1280–1287 C.E. | Köchü کوجو 1280–1302 C.E. | |||
Töle Buqa تالابغا As overall Khan 1287–1291 C.E. | ||||
Toqta تختا خان As overall Khan 1291–1312 C.E. | Buyan or Bayan Khan بیان خان 1302–1309 C.E. | |||
Muhammad Uzbeg Khan محمد ازبک خان As overall Khan 1313–1341 C.E. | Sasibuqa Khan ساسیبوقا خان c. 1310–1320 C.E. (dubious) | |||
Erzen ؟ 1320–1341 C.E. (dubious) | ||||
Tīnī Beg تینی بیگ As overall Khan 1341–1342 C.E. | ||||
Jānī Beg جانی بیگ As overall Khan 1342–1357 C.E. | Chimtay چمطائي 1344–1360 C.E. (dubious) | |||
Berdi Beg بردی بیگ As overall Khan 1357–1359 C.E. | ||||
Qulpa Khan قلپا خان As overall Khan 1359–1360 C.E. | ||||
Nawrūz Beg نوروز بیگ As overall Khan 1360 C.E. | ||||
Khiḍr Khan خضر خان ابن ساسیبوقا خان 1360–1361 C.E. | Qara Nogai 1360–1361 C.E. | |||
Tīmūr Khwāja تیمور خواجه ابن خضر خان 1361 C.E. | ||||
Ordu Malik (Ordu Shaykh) اردو ملک شیخ 1361 C.E. | ||||
Kildi Beg ؟ 1361–1362 C.E. | ||||
ʿAbdallāh Khan عبد اللہ خان ابن ازبک خان As a puppet Khan under Mamai 1362 C.E. 1st reign at Sarai | ||||
Murād مراد خان 1362 C.E. | ||||
Khayr Pūlād (Mīr Pūlād) ? 1362–1364 C.E. | Tughluq Tīmūr 1363–c. 1365 C.E. | |||
ʿAzīz Shaykh عزیز شیخ 1364–1367 C.E. | Mubārak Khwāja مبارک خواجہ c. 1365–1369 C.E. | |||
ʿAbdallāh Khan عبد اللہ خان ابن ازبک خان As a puppet Khan under Mamai 1367–1368 C.E. 2nd reign at Sarai | ||||
Ūljāy Tīmūr تیمور 1368 C.E. | ||||
Haṣan Beg حسن بیگ 1368–1369 C.E. | ||||
ʿAbdallāh Khan عبد اللہ خان ابن ازبک خان As a puppet Khan under Mamai 1369 C.E. 3rd reign at Sarai | Qutluq Khwāja 1369–1370 C.E. | |||
Urus Khan عروس خان 1369–1370 C.E. | ||||
Tūlūn Beg Khānum ؟ As a puppet Queen under Mamai 1370–1371 C.E. | ||||
Muḥammad-Sulṭān محمد بولاق As a puppet Khan under Mamai 1371–1373 C.E. 1st reign at Sarai | ||||
Urus Khan عروس خان 1373 C.E. | ||||
Hājjī Cherkes حاجی چرکس 1373–1374 C.E. | Urus Khan عروس خان 1373–1374 C.E. | |||
Īl Beg خان ایبک 1374 C.E. | ||||
Muḥammad-Sulṭān محمد بولاق As a puppet Khan under Mamai 1374 C.E. 2nd reign at Sarai | ||||
Urus Khan عروس خان 1374–1375 C.E. | ||||
Qāghān Beg غیاث الدین خاقان بیگ 1375–1377 C.E. | Urus Khan عروس خان 1375–1377 C.E. | |||
ʿArab Shāh عرب شاہ مظفر 1377–1380 C.E. | Toqtaqiya توک تکیا 1377 C.E. | |||
Tīmūr Malik تیمور ملک 1377–1379 C.E. | ||||
Tokhtamysh تختامش خان 1379–1380 C.E. | ||||
Tokhtamysh تختامش خان As Khan 1380–1395 C.E. | ||||
Quyurchuq ? 1395–1397 C.E. | ||||
Tīmūr Qutluq تیمور قتلغ ابن تیمور ملک Khan in alliance with Edigu 1397–1399 C.E. | ||||
Shādī Beg شادی بیگ ابن تیمور ملک Khan in alliance with Edigu 1399–1407 C.E. | ||||
Pūlād Khan ? Khan in alliance with Edigu 1407–1409 C.E. 1st reign at Sarai | ||||
Karīm Berdi کریم بردی ابن تختامش 1409 C.E. 1st reign at Sarai | ||||
Pūlād Khan ? Khan in alliance with Edigu 1409–1410 C.E. 2nd reign at Sarai | ||||
Tīmūr Khan تیمور خان ابن تیمور قتلغ Khan in alliance with Edigu 1410–1411 C.E. | ||||
Jalāl ad-Din Zeleni Saltan جلال الدین خان ابن تختامش 1411–1412 C.E. | ||||
Karīm Berdi کریم بردی ابن تختامش 1412–1413 C.E. 2nd reign at Sarai | ||||
Kebek قبق خان ابن تختامش 1413–1414 C.E. | ||||
Karīm Berdi کریم بردی ابن تختامش 1414 C.E. 3rd reign at Sarai | ||||
Jabbār Berdi جبار بردی خان 1414–1415 C.E. 1st reign at Sarai | ||||
Chekre چکرہ خان ابن اکمل Khan in alliance with Edigu 1415–1416 C.E. | ||||
Jabbār Berdi جبار بردی خان 1416–1417 C.E. 2nd reign at Sarai | ||||
Darwīsh درویش خان a puppet Khan of Edigu 1417–1419 C.E. | ||||
Qādir Berdi قدیر بردی خان ابن تختامش 1419 C.E. | ||||
Ḥājjī Muḥammad حاجی محمد خان ابن اغلان علی a puppet Khan of Edigu's sons 1419 C.E. | ||||
* Ulugh Muḥammad الغ محمد 1419–1421 C.E. *Dawlat Berdi دولت بردی 1419–1421 C.E. | ||||
Barāq Khan (His son Jani Beg Khan along with Kerey Khan founded the Kazakh Khanate in 1456) براق خان بن کویرچک 1421–1427 C.E. | ||||
Ulugh Muḥammad (Founded the Kazan Khanate in 1438) الغ محمد 1427–1433 C.E. | ||||
Sayyid Aḥmad I سید احمد اول 1433–1435 C.E. | ||||
Küchük Muḥammad کوچک محمد 1435–1459 C.E. | ||||
Golden Horde broke up as follows: 1438, Kazan Khanate under Ulugh Muhammad; 1441, Crimean Khanate under Hacı I Giray; Qasim Khanate (1452). The remnant, which became known as the Great Horde, was left with the steppe between the Dnieper and Yaik, the capital Sarai and a claim to represent the tradition of the Golden Horde. | ||||
Great Horde عظیم اردو 1459–1502 C.E. | ||||
Maḥmūd (Founded the Khanate of Astrakhan in 1466) محمود بن کوچک 1459–1465 C.E. | ||||
Aḥmad احمد خان 1465–1481 C.E. | ||||
Shaykh Aḥmad سید احمد ثانی 1481–1502 C.E | ||||
The Great Horde collapsed gradually and territories became independent Khanates; 1466, Astrakhan Khanate under one of Kuchuk Muhammed's sons named Mahmud bin Küchük; Tyumen Khanate (1468, later Siberia Khanate). |
This section may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards.(March 2018) |
The following is a detailed annotated list intended mainly as an index to the linked articles. It is based primarily on Baumer 2016, [3] Gaev 2002, Grigor'ev 1983, Howorth 1880, [4] Počekaev 2010, and Sabitov 2008 and 2014. Name forms, encountered in much variation and inconsistency, are standardized on the basis of Biran 1997 and Bosworth 1996.
(Chronology according to Grigor'ev 1983)
(Alternative chronology according to Sidorenko 2000)
Between 1242 and 1380 the eastern and western halves of the horde were generally separate, the dividing line being somewhere north of the Caspian, perhaps the Ural. The relation between the two is not always clear, but the rulers of the Eastern half generally recognized the superior authority of those of the Western half. In the late 14th century, the Eastern half's rulers I. and L. attempted, at times successfully, to take over the Western half. The western khans had a capital at Sarai on the lower Volga while the eastern khans had capitals or winter camps on the Syr Darya, especially Sighnaq. Most rulers of the Eastern half are poorly documented, and historiography still largely relies on the treatment by Hammer-Purgstall 1840, who had access to what are now considered unreliable sources, like versions of the account of Muʿīn-ad-Dīn Naṭanzī (earlier known as the "Anonymous of Iskandar"). What became the traditional account, therefore, relies on Naṭanzī and his derivatives to construct (through additional rationalization) a continuous succession of khans from Orda (3a/A) to Urus Khan (I) and Tokhtamysh (L). While it is clear that the traditional chronology and genealogy are very flawed, they have enjoyed a lasting and pervasive influence in historiography, appearing even in recent publications, such as Bosworth 1996 and Baumer 2016. For discussion, see Vásáry 2009.
(Chronology and genealogy according to Hammer-Purgstall 1840)
(Revised chronology and genealogy according to Vásáry 2009)
Driven by a better understanding of the coinage of Mubārak Khwāja (issued in 1366–1368, not, as previously assumed, 40 or 30 years earlier), of Naṭanzī's limitations as a source on the subject, and of more reliable sources on the chronology and genealogy of Mongol rulers, Vásáry 2009 proposed the following reconstruction, some of it already anticipated by, e.g., Gaev 2002.
(Revised chronology and genealogy according to Sabitov 2014)
Sabitov 2014 likewise established a substantial revision to the list of rulers of the Eastern half of the Golden Horde, based on the Muʿizz al-ansāb, the Tawārīḫ-i guzīdah-i nuṣrat-nāmah, and the Čingīz-Nāmah. Unlike Vásáry, Sabitov did not attempt to continue a succession of khans descended from Orda beyond what was verifiable from reliable sources, and he showed that Orda's lineage lost its authority by 1330, when Öz Beg Khan of the Western half appointed his own non-Jochid governor over the Eastern half, a member of the Kiyat clan, and the Eastern half had khans of its own again only after 1360. The list after 1330 follows Gaev 2002: 10–15 and Sabitov 2008: 286.
Following Tokhtamysh there was no longer a clear distinction between east and west. For the first twenty years power was held by descendants of Urus Khan and Tohktamysh and by the warlord Edigu. There was then a confused period, followed by several long reigns. The last khan was deposed in 1502. The Golden horde broke up as follows: before 1400: Lithuania expanded as far east as Kiev, ?: Kursk as Lithuanian vassal, c 1430: land east of the Ural held by Abul Khayr, 1438: Kazan (by T11), 1449: Crimea (family of 3c), 1452: Kasimov as Russian vassal (family of 3c), 1465: Kazakh khanate (sons of T12), 1466: Astrakhan (T15), 1480: Russia, before 1490?: Sibir. The steppe nomads then became organized as the Nogai Horde.
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Mamai was a powerful Turko-Mongol military commander in Beylerbey rank of the Golden Horde from Kiyat clan. Contrary to popular misconception, he was not a khan (king), but was a kingmaker for several khans, and dominated parts or all of the Golden Horde for almost two decades in the 1360s and 1370s. Although he was unable to stabilize central authority during the 14th-century Golden Horde war of succession known as the Great Troubles, Mamai remained a remarkable and persistent leader for decades, while others came and went in rapid succession. His defeat in the Battle of Kulikovo marked the beginning of the decline of the Horde, as well as his own rapid downfall.
Tokhtamysh was Khan (ruler) of the Golden Horde, who briefly succeeded in consolidating the Blue and White Hordes into a single polity.
Urus Khan was the eighth Khan of the White Horde and a disputed Khan of the Blue Horde; he was a direct descendant of Genghis Khan. Urus himself was the direct ancestor of the khans of the Kazakh Khanate.
Temür Qutlugh or Tīmūr Qutluq (Kypchak: تمور قوتلو; Turki and Persian: تیمور قتلغ; was Khan of the Golden Horde from 1397 to 1399.
Shādī Beg was Khan of the Golden Horde from 1399 to 1407. He was the protégé of the all-powerful beglerbeg Edigu.
Pūlād was Khan of the Golden Horde from 1407 to 1410, in the waning days of the khanate. He ruled as the protégé of the beglerbeg Edigu.
Jabbār Berdi, was the khan of the Golden Horde, reigning twice, in 1414–1415 and 1416–1417.
Jalal al-Din or Jalāl ad-Dīn was Khan of the Golden Horde in 1411–1412. He was the son of Tokhtamysh, Khan of the Golden Horde until 1395, by Ṭaghāy Beg Khatun, the daughter of Ḥājjī Beg. He is also famous for his written history of the Mongol Empire. He is also known as the Green Sultan, a false etymology based on the apparent meaning of a Slavic rendition of his name, Zeleni Saltan.
ʿAbdallāh was Khan of the Golden Horde in 1361–1370, as a protégé of the beglerbeg Mamai. While ʿAbdallāh was recognized as khan throughout the territories dominated by his patron Mamai, he was in possession of the traditional capital Sarai only intermittently, in 1362, 1367–1368, and 1369–1370.
Ghiyās̱ al-Dīn Muḥammad, also known as Muḥammad Khān was Khan of the Golden Horde in 1370/1371–1379, as a protégé of the beglerbeg Mamai. While Muḥammad-Sulṭān was recognized as khan throughout the territories dominated by his patron Mamai, he was in possession of the traditional capital Sarai only intermittently, in 1371–1373, 1374, and perhaps briefly in 1375–1376.
Qāghān Beg was Khan of the Golden Horde from 1375 to 1377. He held the traditional capital Sarai during a period of civil war among rival contenders for the throne. Throughout his reign, the westernmost portion of the Golden Horde was under the control of the beglerbeg Mamai and his puppet khan Muḥammad-Sulṭān, while the easternmost portion was under the control of Urus Khan and then his sons.
ʿArab Shāh was Khan of the Golden Horde from 1377 to 1380. He held the traditional capital Sarai during a period of civil war among rival contenders for the throne. Throughout his reign, the westernmost portion of the Golden Hode was under the control of the beglerbeg Mamai and his puppet khans, while the easternmost portion was under the control of the sons of Urus Khan and then Tokhtamysh.
Tīmūr or Temür was Khan of the Golden Horde from 1410 to 1412, in the waning days of the khanate.
Karīm Berdi was Khan of the Golden Horde on several occasions, in 1409, 1412–1413, and in 1414.
Kebek or Kepek was Khan of the Golden Horde in 1413–1414.
Qādir Berdi was briefly the khan of the Golden Horde in 1419.
Chekre was Khan of the Golden Horde from 1414 to 1416. His name is found in several renditions, including Chinggis Oghlan and possibly Berke. Information on his life and reign is very limited.
Quyurchuq was the khan of the Golden Horde in 1395–1397, appointed by Timur (Tamerlane). Information on his life and reign is very limited.
Darwīsh was Khan of the Golden Horde in 1417–1419, as the protégé of the beglerbeg Edigu. Information on his life and reign is very limited.
Ḥājjī Muḥammad was Khan of the Golden Horde from 1419 to 1423. The evidence on his reign in this confused period of civil war is limited; moreover, his name invites confusion with several contemporaries in both the medieval sources and more modern treatments; the other Muḥammads include Ulugh Muḥammad, Muḥammad Barāq, Kūchuk Muḥammad son of Tokhtamysh, and Küchük Muḥammad son of Tīmūr. In retrospect, Ḥājjī Muḥammad is significant as a precursor and ancestor of the khans of Sibir.