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The Katagans are a medieval Mongol tribe related to Genghis Khan. [1] In the period of Mongol conquest and assimilation with enslaved by Turkic tribes played its role in the ethnogenesis of modern Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Karakalpaks, Uzbeks, Buryats, Uyghurs and others.[ citation needed ]
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The Katagan (Hatagin) Mongol tribe is said to originate from Buha-Hatagi – the eldest son of Mongol mother Alan Gua. The Katagan tribe came to Transoxania together with the son of Genghis Khan, Chagatay, and played a significant role in the political history and ethnogenesis of many modern Turkic peoples. [2]
The Katagans are referred to in the works of Rashid ad Din, namely in his historical ethnographic work Jami' al-tawarikh written in the early 14th century.
According to The Secret History of the Mongols , the origin of Katagans is the following: [3]
Some sources speak of the Katagans as being part of the Uzbek tribes in the mid-16th century. [4] The Katagans are mentioned in the lists of 92 Uzbek tribes. [5]
Muhammad Yar Arab Katagan, a famous descendant of the Uzbek Katagan tribe, was a 16th-century historian and the author of Musahhir al-bilad ('The conquest of lands') in Persian on the history of the Shaybanids. Uzbek Katagans used to live in the territories of Horzem, Tashkent, Surhandaryinsk, and Kashkadayin regions and in the Fergana Region of Uzbekistan. The Katagans used to live in the territories of Tajikistan and Afghanistan as well. According to the 2010 census in Tajikistan, there were 7601 Katagans living there. According to historical data, in the 1640s, the Katagans were one of the strong tribes living in Balha and partly in Kunduz, Afghanistan. During the Ashtarhanid era, the Balha region was given to the Katagans as a nomad camp. At the same time, the Katagans formed a strong political alliance.[ with whom? ] In the beginning of the 17th century during the reign of Muhmudbyi, Balh and Badakhshan became known as the land of the Katagans.
In the 19th century, numerous Uzbek Katagans lived in Kunduz, Afghanistan. Katagans in Kunduz and Tash-kurgan were considered to be the descendants of 16 sons, each of whom was descended from separate clans. Five sons were from one mother – the Besh Bola group. The other 11 sons were from a different mother – the Chegun group. Besh Bola was divided into the following clans: Kesamir, Djung, Katagan, Luhan, Tas, Munas. The Munas were divided into Chuchugar, Chechka, Yugul, Sirug, Temuz, Burka, Berdja. The Chegun consisted of Murad, Basuz, Ssiri Katagan, Churag, Djuduba, Katagan Kurasi, Murad Shaih, Adjigun, Kin, Kudagun, and Semiz. [6]
The Uzbek Katagans of southern Uzbekistan speak the Kipchak and Karluk-Chigil dialects of the Uzbek language, which is evidenced by ethnolinguistic research. [7] The Tohchi Katagans that used to live in the Surhan-Sherabad oasis speak the Karluk-Chigil dialect of with "yi" later, such as Turks and Karluks. [8] [ clarification needed ]
According to Mukhamedzhan Tynyshpaev, the Katagans made Tursun Khan, the ruler of Tashkent, the major power of Kazakh Khan, who was defeated in war in 1628 by another Kazakh Khan, Esim Kham. Afterwards, the numerous and powerful Katagan tribe split into several: one part which kept the title Chanyshqyly became part of the Kazakhs Elder Zhuz; other parts of Katagan became part of the Uzbeks, Karakalpaks and Kyrgyzs.
According to Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur in "Shedjere-iy Türk", the Kazakh Katagans were destroyed in 1628 with the assassination of Tursun Khan. The ease of their destruction is explained by the fact that most of the tribe left for Kashgaria at the end of the 16th century, the time of Yarkent Khanate's Abdul Karim Khan's rule. They thus became few in number and very vulnerable. The Katagans who migrated to Kashgaria were headed by Ghazi Sultan, who was given the Kargarlyk land by the Khan of Yarkent. His descendants held state positions later on and the Katagans assimilated with the local Uyghurs.
From Tynyshpaev's work "Kyrgyz-Kazakhs of XVII and XVIII centuries" (addition to materials about the history of the Kyrgyz-Kazakh people):
In 1627, the historian Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur fled Khiva from his brother Asfendiar and was received by Esim, who lived in the mountains of Turkestan. Three months later, another Kazakh Khan, Tursun, who owned Tashkent, arrived. Esim handed an honorary refugee over to Tursun, with whom Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur moved to Tashkent. Further, Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur reports that two years later Esim Khan attacked Tursun Khan and "killed him and killed the Katagans".[ This quote needs a citation ]
Traditions that have survived among the clan of the Chanyshqyly in the Tashkent district state that their Khan was once Tursun, who was killed by Esim. After that, most of the Katagans fled to Bukhara, and the remaining ones began to be named after the branch of the Chanyshqyly Katagans.
Chokan Valikhanov, speaking about the Elder Zhuz of Kazakh, notes:
Katagans are the most ancient people living in the south of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. At the beginning of the 17th century. they formed the main support force of the ruler of Tashkent – Tursun Khan, and in the middle of the 17th century, part of them became part of the Uzbek people, and the other part was part of the Kazakh Chanyshqy tribe. [9]
The history of the Kyrgyz people and the land now called Kyrgyzstan goes back more than 3,000 years. Although geographically isolated by its mountainous location, it had an important role as part of the historical Silk Road trade route. Turkic nomads, who trace their ancestry to many Turkic states such as the First and Second Turkic Khaganates, have inhabited the country throughout its history. In the 13th century, Kyrgyzstan was conquered by the Mongols; subsequently it regained independence but was invaded by Kalmyks, Manchus, and Uzbeks. In 1876, it became part of the Russian Empire, remaining in the USSR as the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic after the Russian Revolution. Following Mikhael Gorbachev's democratic reforms in the USSR, in 1990 pro-independence candidate Askar Akayev was elected president of the SSR. On 31 August 1991, Kyrgyzstan declared independence from Moscow, and a democratic government was subsequently established.
Uzbekistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia. It is itself surrounded by five landlocked countries: Kazakhstan to the north; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast; Tajikistan to the southeast; Afghanistan to the south, Turkmenistan to the south-west. Its capital and largest city is Tashkent. Uzbekistan is part of the Turkic languages world, as well as a member of the Organization of Turkic States. While the Uzbek language is the majority spoken language in Uzbekistan, Russian is widely used as an inter-ethnic tongue and in government. Islam is the majority religion in Uzbekistan, most Uzbeks being non-denominational Muslims. In ancient times it largely overlapped with the region known as Sogdia, and also with Bactria.
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