List of heads of former ruling families

These individuals may or may not claim titles associated with an abolished monarchy. Individuals who stake claims to monarchical titles but who are not part of former dynasties are not included. Note that a country may have multiple houses with a claim to the defunct position.

Africa

State	Head	Since	House	Claim	Succession	Abolition	Ref(s)
Burundi	Rosa Paula Iribagiza [af 1]	1 May 1977	Ntwero	Daughter of Mwami Mwambutsa IV (1915–1966).	Hereditary	1966
Central African Empire	Jean-Bédel Bokassa Jr.	3 November 1996	Bokassa	Heir apparent and son of Emperor Bokassa I (1976–1979). [af 2]		1979
Egypt	Fuad II	18 June 1953 [af 3]	Muhammad Ali	Last reigning King (1952–1953).		1953
Ethiopia	Zera Yacob Amha Selassie [af 4]	7 February 1997	Solomon [af 5]	Grandson of Emperor Haile Selassie (1930–1974).	Hereditary [af 6]	1975
	Girma Yohannes Iyasu [af 7]	1977		Grandson of Emperor Iyasu V (1913–1916). [af 8]
Libya	Muhammad bin Hasan	18 June 1992	Senussi	Grandnephew of King Idris I (1951–1969).	Hereditary	1969
Rwanda	Emmanuel Bushayija (Yuhi VI)	9 January 2017 [af 9]	Abanyiginya [af 10]	Nephew of Mwami Kigeli V Ndahindurwa (1959–1961).	Hereditary and Elective [af 11]	1961	[6]
Zanzibar	Jamshid bin Abdullah	12 January 1964 [af 12]	Al Bu Sa'id	Last reigning Sultan (1963–1964).	Hereditary	1964

Americas

State	Head	Since	House	Claim	Succession	Abolition	Ref(s)
Brazil	Bertrand	15 July 2022	Orléans-Braganza [am 1]	Great-great-grandson of Emperor Pedro II (1831–1889).	Hereditary	1889	[7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]
	Pedro Carlos	27 December 2007
Mexico	Maximilian	November 1949	Iturbide [am 2]	Great-great-great-grandson of Emperor Agustín I (1822–1823).		1867	[16]
	Carlos Felipe	6 September 2011	Habsburg-Lorraine	Great-great-grandnephew of Emperor Maximilian I (1864–1867)			[17] [18] [19] [20]

Asia

State	Head	Since	House	Claim	Succession	Abolition	Ref(s)
Afghanistan	Muhammad Zahir Khan	4 June 2024	Barakzai	Grandson of King Zahir Shah (1933–1973). [as 1]	Hereditary	1973
Burma	Soe Win	12 January 2019	Konbaung	Great-grandson of Thibaw Min (1878–1885)		1885	[21] [22]
Champasak	Keo Champhonesak	17 March 1980	Khun Lo	Grandson of last ruling King Ratsadanay (1900–1904)		1904	[23] [24]
China	Jin Yuzhang	10 April 2015	Aisin Gioro	Great-great-grandson of the Daoguang Emperor (1820–1850) Nephew of the Xuantong Emperor (1908–1912; 1932–1945)		1912 (Qing dynasty) 1945 (Manchukuo)	[25] [26]
Iran (Pahlavi)	Reza	27 July 1980	Pahlavi	Heir apparent and son of Shah Mohammad Rezā (1941–1979). [as 2]		1979
Iran (Qajar)	Mohammad Hassan Mirza II	5 May 1988	Qajar	Great-grandson of Shah Mohammad Ali (1907–1909).		1925
Iraq	Ra'ad bin Zeid	18 October 1970	Hāshim [as 3]	Relative of King Faisal II (1939–1958). [as 4]		1958
Johor-Singapore	Muhammad Shawal	31 October 1996	Bendahara-Johor	4th-great-grandson of Sultan Hussein Shah (1819–1835).		1824	[28]
Korea	Yi Won [as 5]	16 July 2005	Yi [as 6]	Great-grandson of Emperor Gojong (1897–1907). Grandnephew of Emperor Sunjong (1907–1910).		1910	[29] [30] [31] [32]
	Andrew Lee [as 7]	2022		Declared successor by Yi Seok, who is a grandson of Emperor Gojong (1897–1907) and nephew of Emperor Sunjong (1907–1910).			[33] [34] [35]
Laos	Soulivong Savang	19 September 1997 [as 8]	Khun Lo	Grandson of King Sisavang Vatthana (1959–1975).		1975
Ottoman Empire	Harun Osmanoğlu	18 January 2021	Osman	Great-grandson of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876–1909). [as 9]		1922
Ryūkyū	Mamoru Shō	30 August 1996	Shō	Great-great-grandson of King Shō Tai (1848–1879).		1879	[37]
Sarawak	Jason Desmond Anthony Brooke	27 May 2017	Brooke	Great-grandnephew of Rajah Vyner (1917–1946).		1946	[38]
Sulu	Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram	16 February 1986	Kiram	Son of Sultan Mohammed Mahakuttah Abdullah Kiram (1974–1986).		1915	[39]
Syria	Ra'ad bin Zeid	18 October 1970	Hāshim	Half-nephew of King Faisal I (1920).		1920
Vietnam	Bao Ngoc	15 March 2017	Nguyen Phuc	Eldest son of Emperor Duy Tân (1907–1916)		1945	[40]
Yemen	Ageel bin Muhammad	6 August 1996	Rassid	Eldest son of King Muhammad al-Badr (1962). [as 10]		1962

India and Pakistan

State	Head	Since	House	Claim	Succession	Abolition	Ref(s)
Alipura	Manvendra Singh		Parihar	Grandson of last ruling Rao Bahadur Raja Raghuraj Singh	Hereditary	1950	[41] [42] [43]
Alwar	Jitendra Singh	15 February 2009	Kachhwaha	Grandson of last ruling Maharaja Tej Singh Prabhakar		1949	[44]
Amb	Salahuddin Saeed Khan Tanoli		Tanoli	Grandson of last ruling Nawab Muhammad Farid Khan		1969	[45]
Bahawalpur	Nawab Salahuddin Abbasi	14 April 1988	Abbasi	Grandson of last ruling Nawab Sadeq Mohammad Khan V		1955	[46]
Balasinor	Salauddinkhan Babi	25 January 2018	Babi	Son of last ruling Nawab Muhammad Salabat Khan		1949	[47] [48]
Bamra	Nitesh Ganga Deb	1997		Grandson of last ruling Raja Bhanuganga Tribhuban Deb		1948	[49]
Baramba	Tribikram Chandra Deb Birabara Mangaraj Mahapatra	1979		Grandson of last ruling Raja Narayan Chandra Birabara Mangaraj Mohapatra			[50]
Baria	Tushar Singh	14 February 2015		Grandson of last ruling Maharawal Jaydeep Singh			[51] [52]
Baroda	Samarjitsinh Gaekwad	2012	Gaekwad	Great-grandson of last ruling Maharaja Pratap Singh Rao Gaekwad		1949	[53]
Barwani	Manvendra Singh	2007	Sisodia	Son of last ruling Maharana Devi Singh		1948	[54] [55]
Bastar	Kamal Chandra Bhanj Deo	1996	Bhanj	Grand nephew of last ruling Maharaja Pravir Chandra Bhanj Deo			[56]
Benares	Anant Narayan Singh	25 December 2000	Narayan	Son of last ruling Maharaja Vibhuti Narayan Singh			[57]
Bengal and Murshidabad	Abbas Ali Meerza	13 August 2014	Najafi	Nephew of Nawab Waris Ali Mirza		1884	[58]
Bharatpur	Vishvendra Singh	July 1995	Sinsiniwar Jat	Son of last ruling Maharaja Brijendra Singh		1947	[59]
Bhavnagar	Vijayrajsinhji Virbhadrasinhji Gohil	26 July 1994	Gohil	Grandson of last ruling Maharaja Rao Krishna Kumarsinhji Bhavsinhji		1948	[60]
Bhopal	Saif Ali Khan	2011	Mirazi Khe	Great-grandson of last ruling Nawab Hamidullah Khan		1949	[61]
Bundi	Vanshvardhan Singh	2 April 2022	Hada Chauhan				[62]
Burdwan	Saday Chand Mehtab	1984		Son of last ruling Maharaja Uday Chand Mahtab		1947	[63]
Bushahr	Vikramaditya Singh	10 July 2021		Son of last ruling Raja Virbhadra Singh		1948	[64]
Carnatic Sultanate	Muhammed Abdul Ali	4 July 1993		Son of Prince Ghulam Mohammed Abdul Khader of Arcot		1855	[65]
Chamba	Prem Singh	21 May 1971	Mosana	Son of last ruling Raja Lakshman Singh		1948	[66] [67]
Charkhari	Jayant Singh	1977	Bundela	Son of last ruling Maharaja Jayendra Singh		1947	[68]
Chhatarpur	Kunwar Vikram Singh	2006	Parmar	Grandson of last ruling Maharaja Bhavani Singh Bahadur		1950	[69] [70]
Chhota Udaipur	Jai Pratap Sinhji	2005	Chauhan	Son of last ruling Maharawal Virendrasinhji		1948	[71]
Chitral	Fateh-ul-Mulk Ali Nasir	20 October 2011	Katur	Son of last ruling Mehtar Muhammad Saif ul-Mulk Nasir		1969	[72]
Chuda	Krishnakumarsinhji	1999	Jhala	Son of last ruling Thakore Shri Dharmendrasinhji		1948	[73] [74] [75]
Danta	Riddhiraj Singh	16 July 2023	Parmar	Great-Grandson of last ruling Maharana Bhavanisinhji			[76] [77] [78]
Datia	Arunaditya Singh Judeo	April 2020	Bundela	Great-great-grandson of last ruling Maharaja Govind Singh Judeo		1950	[79] [80]
Dewas Senior	Vikram Singh Rao II Puar	19 June 2015	Puar	Grandson of last ruling Maharaja Krishnajirao III		1948	[81]
Dhenkanal	Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo	August 1965		Son of last ruling Raja Shankar Pratap Singh Dev			[82]
Dholpur	Dushyant Singh	2015	Bamraulia	Grandson of last ruling Maharaja Udaybhanu Singh		1949	[83]
Dhrangadhra	Sodhsalji Mayurdhwajsinhji	1 August 2010	Jhala	Son of last ruling Maharaja Meghrajji III		1948	[84] [85] [86]
Dhrol	Padmarajsinhji		Jadeja	Great-great-grandson of Thakore Saheb Shri Harisinhji Jaisinhji (1886-1914)			[77] [75] [87]
Dungarpur	Harshvardhan Singh	19 August 2023	Sisodia	Grandson of last ruling Maharawal Laxman Singh		1947	[88] [89]
Faridkot	Amarinder Singh Brar	2017	Brar	Grand-nephew of last ruling Maharaja Harinder Singh Brar		1948	[90] [91]
Gondal	Himanshusinhji	31 January 2022	Jadeja	Great-grandson of last ruling Maharaja Thakur Sahib Bhojrajji Bhagwatsimhji		1949	[92]
Gwalior	Jyotiraditya Scindia	2001	Scindia	Grandson of last ruling Maharaja Jivajirao Scindia		1948	[93]
Hunza	Ghazanfar Ali Khan	18 March 1976		Son of last ruling Mir Muhammad Jamal Khan		1974	[94] [95] [96] [97]
Hyderabad	Azmet Jah	14 January 2023	Asaf Jah	Great-grandson of last Nizam Osman Ali Khan		1948	[98]
	Raunaq Yar Khan	11 February 2023		Descendant of last Nizam Osman Ali Khan			[99]
Idar	Rajendra Singh	1992	Rathore	Grandson of last ruling Maharaja Himmat Singh			[100] [101]
Indore	Usha Devi Holkar	1961	Holkar	Daughter of last ruling Maharaja Yashwant Rao Holkar II			[102]
Jaipur	Padmanabh Singh	2011	Kachwaha	Great-grandson of last ruling Maharaja Man Singh II			[103]
Jaisalmer	Chaitanya Raj Singh	28 December 2020	Bhati	Great-great-grandson of last ruling Maharawal Jawahir Singh		1947	[104] [105]
Jammu and Kashmir	Karan Singh	April 1961	Dogra	Son of last ruling Maharaja Hari Singh		1952	[106]
Janjira	Shah Mahmud Khan	1 April 1972	Siddi	Son of last ruling Nawab Sidi Muhammad Khan		1948	[107]
Jasdan	Satyajitkumar Khachar	1989		Grandson of last ruling Darbar Saheb Shri Ala Khachar			[108] [109] [110]
Jashpur	Ranvijay Singh Judev	4 October 1982	Chauhan	Grandson of last ruling Raja Vijay Bushan Singh Judeo			[111]
Jhabua	Narendra Singh	2002	Rathore	Grandson of last ruling Raja Dilip Singh			[112] [113] [114]
Jhalawar	Chandrajit Singh	24 April 2004	Jhala	Grandson of last ruling Maharaj Rana Harisch Chandra Singh		1949	[115] [116]
Jind	Satbir Singh	7 September 1959	Phulkian	Grandson of last ruling Maharaja Ranbir Singh		1948	[117]
Jodhpur	Gaj Singh	26 January 1952	Rathore	Son of last ruling Maharaja Hanwant Singh		1947	[118]
Junagadh	Mohammad Ali Murtaza Khanji	20 July 2023	Babi	Great-Grandson of last ruling Nawab Muhammad Mahabat Khan III		1948	[119]
Kalahandi	Anant Pratap Deo	2 September 2019	Nagvanshis	Grandson of last ruling Maharaja Pratap Keshari Deo			[120]
Kalat	Suleman Daud	1998	Ahmadzai	Grandson of last ruling Khan Mir Ahmad Yar Khan			[121]
Kangra-Lambagraon	Aishwarya Chand Katoch	30 December 2021	Katoch			1947	[122] [123]
Kapurthala	Sukhjit Singh	1955	Ahluwalia	Grandson of last ruling Maharaja Jagatjit Singh			[124]
Karauli	Krishan Chandra Pal	1984	Jadon	Grandson of last ruling Maharaja Ganeshapal		1949	[125] [126]
Keonjhar	Dhananjay Bhanj Deo	1 December 2019	Bhanj	Grand-nephew of last ruling Raja Balabhadra Narayana Bhanja Deo		1948	[127]
Khairpur	George Ali Murad Khan	10 November 1954	Talpur	Last ruling Mir		1955	[128]
Khilchipur	Priyavrat Singh	31 July 2006	Chauhan	Grandson of last ruling Raja Yashodar Singh		1948	[69]
Kishangarh	Brajraj Singh	16 February 1971	Rathore	Son of last ruling Maharaja Sumar Singh		1947	[129]
Kolhapur	Shahu II	1983	Bhonsle	Son of last ruling Maharaja Shahaji II		1949	[130]
Kota	Ijyaraj Singh	29 January 2022	Chauhan	Grandson of last ruling Maharaja Bhim Singh II		1948	[131]
Kutch	Hanvantsinhji	28 May 2021	Jadeja	Son of last ruling Maharaja Madansinhji	[132]
Kutlehar	Budhishwar Pal	4 August 2014		Son of last ruling Raja Sahib Sri Mahendrapal	1947	[133]
Lakhtar	Balbhadrasinhji	1970	Jhala	Son of last ruling Thakore Saheb Shri Indrasinhji		[134] [135]
Las Bela	Jam Kamal Khan	3 February 2013		Grandson of last ruling Jam Ghulam Qadir Khan	1955	[136]
Limbdi	Jaideepsinhji	25 January 2020	Jhala	Son of last ruling Thakore Saheb Shri Chhatarsalji	1947	[137] [75] [87]
Loharu	Ala-uddin Ahmad Khan II	12 June 1983		Son of last ruling Nawab Amin ud-din Ahmad Khan	1947	[138]
Maihar	Akshayraj Singh		Kachhwaha		1948	[139]
Manipur	Leishemba Sanajaoba	1996		Grandson of last ruling Maharaja Bodhchandra Singh	1949	[140]
Mayurbhanj	Praveen Chandra Bhanj Deo	15 September 2000	Bhanj	Grandson of last ruling Maharaja Pratap Chandra Bhanj Deo		[141]
Mewar	Arvind Singh	19 November 1984	Sisodia	Grandson of last Maharana Bhupal Singh	1948	[142]
	Mahendra Singh
Muli	Jitendrasinhji		Parmar	Grandson of last ruling Thakore Saheb Shri Harischandrasinhji	1950	[143] [87] [144] [145]
Mysore	Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar	28 May 2015	Wadiyar	Great-grandson of last ruling Maharaja Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar	1948	[146]
Nagar	Qasim Ali Khan	2011	Maghlot	Grandson of last ruling Mir Shaukat Ali Khan	1974	[147]
Narsinghgarh	Rajyavardhan Singh	24 January 2019	Parmar	Son of titular Maharaja Bhanu Prakash Singh	1948	[148]
Nawanagar	Shatrusalyasinhji	3 February 1966	Jadeja	Son of last ruling Maharaja Digvijaysinhji		[149] [150]
Nilgiri	Jayant Chandra Mardaraj Harichandan	30 May 2001	Bhanj			[151] [152] [153]
Oudh	Sahibzada Shahanshah Mirza	28 January 2022	Awadh	Great-Great-Grandson of Wajid Ali Shah	1859	[154] [155]
Panna	Chhatrasal II	29 January 2023	Bundela	Great-great-grandson of last ruling Maharaja Yadvendra Singh Judeo	1950	[156] [157] [158]
Pataudi	Saif Ali Khan	22 September 2011	Pataudi	Grandson of last ruling Nawab Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi	1948	[159]
Patialia	Amarinder Singh	June 1974	Phulkian	Son of last Maharaja Yadavindra Singh		[160]
Patna	Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo	2004	Chauhan	Grandson of last ruling Maharaja Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo		[161]
Phaltan	Ramraje Pratapsinh	2004	Naik Nimbalkar	Grandson of last ruling Raja Shrimant Sir Malojirao Naik-Nimbalkar		[162]
Pratapgarh	Jai Singh Sisodia	29 November 2017	Sisodia	Grandson of last ruling Maharawat Ram Singh Sisodia	1949	[163]
Pudukkottai	R. Rajagopala Tondaiman	16 January 1997	Tondaiman	Nephew of last ruling Raja Rajagopala Tondaiman	1948	[164] [165]
Puri/Khurda Kingdom	Dibyasingha Deba	7 July 1970	Bhoi	Grandson of last colonial-era Gajapati Maharaja Ramchandra Deva IV	1947	[166] [167] [168]
Raghogarh	Digvijaya Singh	1967		Son of last ruling Raja Balbhadra Singh	1947	[70] [169]
Rajkot	Mandhatasinhji Jadeja	27 September 2018	Jadeja	Grandson of last ruling Thakore Saheb Pradyumansinhji Lakhajirajsinhji	1948	[170]
Rajpipla	Raghubir Singh	2 February 1963	Gohil	Grandson of last ruling Maharana Vijaysinhji	1948	[171]
Rampur	Muhammad Kazim Ali Khan	5 April 1992	Rohilla	Grandson of last ruling Nawab Raza Ali Khan	1947	[172]
Rewa	Pushparaj Singh	20 November 1995	Baghel	Son of last ruling Maharaja Martand Singh		[173] [174]
Sachin	Mohomad Reza Khan		Siddi	Descendant of last ruling Nawab Sidi Mohammad Haydar Khan	1948	[175] [176] [177]
Sailana	Vikram Singh	1990	Rathore	Grandson of last ruling Raja Dileep Singh		[178] [179]
Santrampur	Paranjay Aditya Sinhji	1991	Parmar	Son of Maharana Krishna Kumar Sinhji	1950	[180] [181] [182]
Sikkim	Wangchuk Namgyal	29 January 1982	Namgyel	Son of Chogyal Palden Thondup Namgyal (1963–1975).	1975	[183]
Sirmur	Lakshyaraj Prakash	May 2013	Prakash	Great-grandson of last ruling Maharaja Rajendra Prakash	1948	[184]
Sirohi	Raghuveer Singh	1998	Chauhan		1949	[185]
Surguja	T. S. Singh Deo	2001	Raksel	Great-grandson of last ruling Maharaja Ramanuj Saran Singh Deo	1948	[186] [111]
Talcher	Rajendra Chandra Deb		Kachhwaha			[187] [188]
Tehri Garhwal	Manujendra Shah Sahib Bahadur	7 January 2007	Parmar	Son of last ruling Maharaja Manabendra Shah	1949	[189]
Thanjavur	Babaji Rajah Bhonsle Chattrapathi	1985	Bhonsle	6th generation descendant of Raja Serfoji II (1787–1832)	1855	[190] [191] [192] [193]
Tigiria	Bir Pratap Singh Deo	1 December 2015		Son of last ruling Raja Brajraj Mahapatra	1948	[194]
Tonk	Aftab Ali Khan	4 September 1994	Salarzai		1949	[195]
Travancore	Moolam Thirunal Rama Varma	16 December 2013	Venad Swaroopam	Nephew of last ruling Maharaja Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma	1949	[196]
Tripura	Pradyot Bikram Manikya Deb Barma	28 November 2006	Manikya	Son of last ruling Maharaja Kirit Bikram Kishore Deb Barman		[197]
Vijayanagara Empire	Krishnadevaraya		Aravidu	19th generation descendant of last ruling emperor	1646	[198] [199]
Wadhwan	Chaitanya Dev Sinhji		Jhala	Grandson of last ruling Thakur Sahib Joravar Sinhji	1948	[200] [201] [202]
Wankaner	Kesridevsinh Jhala	4 April 2021		Great-grandson of last ruling Maharana Raj Sahib Amarsinhji Banesinhji	1947	[203]

Nepal

Nepal's numerous small monarchies were collectively abolished by the federal government on 7 October 2008. At the time, the thrones of both Salyan and Jajarkot had been vacant since the deaths of Rajas Gopendra Bahadur and Prakash Bikram respectively (both in 2003), and have remained vacant.

State	Head	Since	House	Claim	Succession	Abolition	Ref(s)
Nepal	Gyanendra	28 May 2008 [as 11]	Shah [as 12]	Last reigning Maharajdhiraja (2001–2008).	Hereditary	2008	[204]
Bajhang	Vinod Bahadur	7 October 2008 [as 13]		Last reigning Raja (1989–2008).	Hereditary [as 14]		[205]

South Yemen

State	Head	Since	House	Claim	Succession	Abolition	Ref(s)
Qu'aiti	Ghalib II	17 September 1967	al-Qu'aiti	Last ruling Sultan (1966–1967)	Hereditary	1967	[206] [207] [208]

Thailand

State	Head	Since	House	Claim	Succession	Abolition	Ref(s)
Chiang Mai	Wongsak Na Chiangmai	1989	Thipphachak	Grandson of Kaew Nawarat (1910–1939), the last King of Lan Na and Prince Ruler of Chiang Mai	Hereditary	1939	[209]
Lamphun  [ th ]	Watthanan Na Lamphun	21 February 1995		Grandson of last Prince Ruler Chakkham Khachonsak (1911–1943)		1943	[210] [211] [212]

Europe

Source ^[213]

State	Head	Since	House	Claim	Succession	Abolition	Ref(s)
Achaea	Constantine	2017	Zaccaria de Damalà	Direct male line descendant of the last two Princes of Achaea, Centurione II Zaccaria (1404 – 1432) and John Asen Zaccaria (1453 – 1454).	Hereditary	1432/1454	[214]
Albania	Leka	30 November 2011	Zogu	Grandson of King Zog I (1928–1939).		1939 de facto 1944 de jure
Austria-Hungary (more)	Karl	4 July 2011 [eu 1]	Habsburg-Lorraine [eu 2]	Grandson of Emperor and King Charles I & IV (1916–1918). [eu 3]		1918	[215]
Bulgaria	Simeon II	15 September 1946 [eu 4]	Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry [eu 5]	Last reigning Tsar (1943–1946).		1946
Finland	Philipp	23 May 2013	Hesse	Great-grandson of King-elect Frederick Charles (1918).		1919	[216] [217] [218]
France (Legitimist)	Louis Alphonse	30 January 1989	Bourbon [eu 6]	9th-great-grandson of King Louis XIV (1643–1715).		1830	[219]
France (Orléanist-Unionist)	Jean	21 January 2019	Orléans [eu 7]	4th-great-grandson of King Louis Philippe I (1830–1848).		1848	[220] [221]
France (Bonapartist)	Charles Napoléon	3 May 1997 [eu 8]	Bonaparte	Great-grandnephew of Emperor Napoleon III (1852–1870).		1870	[222] [223]
	Jean Christophe			Great-great-grandnephew of Emperor Napoleon III (1852–1870).
Georgia	David	16 January 2008	Mukhrani [as 15]	13th-great-grandson of King Constantine II (1478–1505).		1801
	Nugzar	13 August 1984	Gruzinsky [as 15]	Great-great-great-grandson of King George XII (1798–1800).
Greece	Pavlos	10 January 2023	Glücksburg [eu 9]	Son and heir apparent of King Constantine II (1964–1973).		1973
Lithuania	Inigo	9 February 1991	Urach [224]	Grandson of King Mindaugas II (1918).		1918	[225]
Montenegro	Nicholas	24 March 1986	Petrović-Njegoš	Great-grandson of King Nicholas I (1910–1918).		1918
Portugal	Duarte Pio	24 December 1976	Braganza [eu 10]	Great-grandson of King Miguel I (1828–1834).		1910
Romania	Margareta [eu 11]	5 December 2017	Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen [eu 12]	Daughter of King Michael I (1927–1930 and 1940–1947).		1947	[226]
	Paul-Philippe	27 January 2006		Grandson of King Carol II (1930–1940).
Russia	Maria Vladimirovna	21 April 1992	Romanov [eu 13]	Great-great-granddaughter of Emperor Alexander II (1855–1881). [eu 14] Recognised by Russian Orthodox Church. [227]		1917
	Karl Emich	1 June 2013		Great-great-great-grandson of Emperor Alexander II (1855–1881).
	Alexis Andreevich	28 November 2021		Great-great-great-grandson of Emperor Nicholas I (1825–1855). [eu 14]
Serbia	Alexander	3 November 1970	Karađorđević	Great-grandson of King Peter I (1903–1918)		1918
Yugoslavia				Son and heir apparent of King Peter II [eu 15] (1934–1945)		1945

Germany

See also: Mediatised houses

Source ^[213]

State	Head	Since	House	Claim		Abolition	Ref(s)
Empire
Germany	Georg Friedrich	26 September 1994	Hohenzollern	Great-great-grandson of Kaiser Wilhelm II (1888–1918).	Hereditary	1918	[228] [229]
Kingdoms
Bavaria	Franz	8 July 1996	Wittelsbach	Great-grandson of King Ludwig III (1913–1918). Also heir to the Jacobite succession. [230]	Hereditary	1918
Hanover	Ernst August	9 December 1987	Hanover [eu 16]	Great-great-grandson of King Georg V (1851–1866).		1866	[231]
Prussia	Georg Friedrich	26 September 1994	Hohenzollern	Great-great-grandson of King Wilhelm II (1888–1918).		1918
Saxony	Daniel [ citation needed ]	29 March 2022	Wettin [eu 17]	Great-great-grandson of King Frederick Augustus III (1904–1918).		1918
	Alexander	23 July 2012		Great-grandson of King Frederick Augustus III (1904–1918).
Württemberg	Wilhelm [ citation needed ]	7 June 2022	Württemberg	Relative of King William II (1891–1918).		1918
Grand Duchies
Baden	Bernhard [ citation needed ]	29 December 2022	Zähringen	Great-great-great-grandson of Grand Duke Leopold I (1830–1852).	Hereditary	1918
Hesse and by Rhine	Donatus	23 May 2013	Hesse	Relative of Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig (1892–1918).		1918
Mecklenburg-Strelitz	Borwin	26 January 1996	Mecklenburg [eu 18]	Great-great-great-grandson of Grand Duke Georg (1816–1860).		1918
Oldenburg	Christian	20 September 2014	Holstein-Gottorp [eu 19]	Great-grandson of Grand Duke Frederick Augustus II (1900–1918).		1918
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach	Michael	14 October 1988	Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach [eu 5]	Grandson of Grand Duke William Ernest (1901–1918).		1918
Duchies
Anhalt	Eduard	9 October 1963	Ascania	Son of Duke Joachim Ernst (1918).	Hereditary	1918
Brunswick	Ernst August	9 December 1987	Hanover [eu 16]	Grandson of Duke Ernst August (1913–1918).		1918
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha	Andreas	23 January 1998	Saxe-Coburg and Gotha [eu 5]	Grandson of Duke Charles Edward (1900–1918).		1918	[232]
Saxe-Meiningen	Konrad	4 October 1984	Saxe-Meiningen [eu 5]	Great-grandson of Duke Georg II (1866–1914).		1918
Schleswig-Holstein	Friedrich Ferdinand[ citation needed ]	27 September 2023	Glücksburg [eu 9]	Great-great-great-grandnephew of Duke Christian IX (1863–1864).		1866
Principalities
Hohenzollern [eu 20]	Karl Friedrich	16 September 2010	Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen [eu 21]	Great-great-grandson of Prince Karl Anton (1848–1849).	Hereditary	1850	[233]
Lippe	Stephan	20 August 2015	Lippe	Grandson of Prince Leopold IV (1905–1918).		1918
	Friedrich Wilhelm	15 June 1990		Grandnephew of Prince Leopold IV (1905–1918).
Reuss [eu 22]	Heinrich XIV	20 June 2012	Reuss	Relative of Prince Heinrich XXVII (1913–1918). [eu 23]		1918
Schaumburg-Lippe	Alexander	28 August 2003	Lippe	Grandnephew of Prince Adolf II (1911–1918).		1918	[234]
Waldeck and Pyrmont	Carl-Anton	16 December 2024	Waldeck	Great-grandson of Prince Friedrich (1893–1918).		1918	[235]

Italy

Source ^[213]

Until the mid-nineteenth century, the Italian peninsula comprised a number of states, some of which were monarchies. During the Italian unification, the monarchs of such agglomerated states lost their sovereignty and their titles became purely ceremonial. The resultant throne of the Kingdom of Italy was held by the former king of Sardinia.

State	Head	Since	House	Claim	Succession	Abolition	Ref(s)
Italy	Aimone	1 June 2021	Savoy	Great-great-great-grandson of King Victor Emmanuel II (1861–1878).	Hereditary	1946	[236] [237]
	Emanuele Filiberto	3 February 2024		Grandson of King Umberto II (1946).
Pre-unification
Modena	Lorenzo	7 February 1996	Austria-Este [eu 2]	Great-grandnephew of Franz Ferdinand, adopted heir of Duke Francis V (1846–1859).	Hereditary	1859	[238]
Parma	Carlos	18 August 2010	Bourbon-Parma [eu 7]	Great-grandson of Duke Robert I (1854–1859). Also one of the contested heirs to the Carlist succession. [239]		1859	[240] [241]
/ Tuscany	Sigismondo	18 June 1993	Habsburg-Lorraine	Great-great-grandson of Grand Duke Ferdinand IV (1859).		1859	[242]
	Ottaviano	2001	Medici (di Ottajano)	Collateral descendant of Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine (1667–1743), last direct dynast of the main branch of the Medici family.		1737	[243]
Two Sicilies	Pedro	5 October 2015	Bourbon-Two Sicilies [eu 24]	Great-great-great-grandson of King Ferdinand II (1830–1859).		1861
	Carlo	20 March 2008		Great-great-grandson of King Ferdinand II (1830–1859).

Oceania

State	Head	Since	House	Claim	Abolition	Ref(s)
Hawaiʻi	Quentin Kawānanakoa	29 July 1997	Kawānanakoa [oc 1]	Great-grandson of David Kawānanakoa, heir apparent of Queen Liliʻuokalani (1891–1893).	1895
	Owana Salazar [oc 2]	19 September 1988	Laʻanui [oc 3]	5th-great-granddaughter of Kalokuokamaile, half-brother of King Kamehameha I (1795–1819).
	Edmund Keliʻi Silva Jr. [248]	22 November 2002	Kekaulike	Descendant of Kamehamehanui Aiʻlūʻau (died 1765)		[249] [250]
	Darrick Lane Baker	2016	Kalākaua	Descendant of Kamakahelei (died 1794); Relative of Queen Liliʻuokalani (1891–1893).		[251]
Tahiti	Léopold Pōmare [oc 4]		Pōmare	Descendant of Queen Pōmare IV (1827–1877).	1880	[252]
	Teriʻihinoiatua Joinville Hinoiariki Pōmare XI [253]	19 April 2023		Adopted member of the Pōmare family.	1880	[254]

See also

• Abolition of monarchy
• List of current non-sovereign monarchs
• List of last scions
• List of usurpers
• Monarchism

Notes

Africa

1. As the last living sister and daughter of the last and second-to-last kings respectively, Princess Rosa Paula Iribagiza is considered the head of the royal household. According to the relevant laws of succession, however, the crown must pass to a male member of the family.
2. Jean-Bédel Bokassa was Crown Prince of the Central African Empire from its inception on 4 December 1976 until its abolition on 20 September 1979.
3. Fuad II previously reigned as King of Egypt and the Sudan during his infancy, from 26 July 1952 until the monarchy's official abolition in 1953. He reigned in absentia, and under a regent.
4. Designated heir presumptive by his grandfather the Emperor on 14 April 1974. Confirmed as heir apparent by his father Amha Selassie I on 6 April 1988. He has used the title of crown prince since 7 April 1989, when his father was proclaimed emperor-in-exile. He is recognised as heir to the throne by the Imperial Crown Council.
5. The Solomonic dynasty of Ethiopia claims descent from King Solomon of Israel, who belonged to the House of David. Both of the current claimants are from the House of Shoa, which represents the junior branch of the dynasty.
6. According to the 1955 Constitution, ^[1] the Emperor designated his successor from members of his own family, with the rule of primogeniture preferred but not necessarily followed. Candidates for the succession must be descendants of the Solomonic dynasty, in the male or female line. They must also be practising members of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, and their candidature must be approved by the Imperial Crown Council. If the Emperor has no direct descendants, or if the crown prince is unable to perform his dynastic duties, the Crown Council selects the successor from amongst the members of the Solomonic dynasty.
7. Lij Girma claims that all governments in Ethiopia since the 1916 deposition of his grandfather are illegitimate, and as such, as the seniormost descendant of Iyasu V, he claims to be the nation's rightful monarch.
8. Iyasu V was heir apparent of Menelik II and succeeded as Emperor upon the latter's death, but was never crowned. His reign was terminated with the sanction of the Church following allegations of conversion to Islam.
9. Emmanuel Bushayija was chosen on 9 January 2017 ^[2] to succeed his paternal uncle Kigeli V Ndahindurwa, who was deposed on 28 January 1961. ^[3]
10. The royal Abanyiginya clan of Tutsis. ^[4]
11. The mwami is selected from amongst members of the various royal clans by the Abiru, a traditional council of Tutsi and Hutu elders. ^[5]
12. Jamshid previously reigned as sultan from 1 July 1963 until the monarchy's abolition in 1964.

Americas

1. The imperial family of Brazil is descended from the Houses of Bragança and Orléans. The current line of succession is disputed between two branches: the Vassouras branch, headed by Prince Bertrand, and the Petrópolis branch, headed by Prince Pedro Carlos.
2. The current line of succession to the Mexican throne is descended from the House of Iturbide and Habsburg, which respectively ruled the First (1822–1823) and Second (1864–1867) Empires of Mexico. Maximilian I of Habsburg renounced all his incidental Austrian succession rights in April 1864 and later adopted Agustín de Iturbide y Green and Salvador de Iturbide y Marzán, two grandsons of Emperor Agustín I whom he appointed Prince of Iturbide and at the same time heir apparent. ^[15]

Asia

1. Ahmad Shah, second son of the last reigning king, was Crown Prince of Afghanistan from 26 November 1942 until the monarchy's end in 1973.
2. Rezā, eldest son of the last reigning shah, was Crown Prince of Iran from birth, on 31 October 1960, until the monarchy was deposed in 1979.
3. The name "Hashimites" refers to members of the Hāshim clan, a sept of the Quraysh tribe to which the Prophet Muhammad belonged. ^[27]
4. Ra'ad's father, Prince Zeid, was appointed Head of the Royal House of Iraq following the assassination of King Faisal II during the coup d'état in 1958. Zeid was the son of Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz.
5. Yi Ku appointed Yi Won, one of his first cousins once removed, as his heir in 10 July 2005 before his death. ^[29] The status of Yi Won as the leader of Jeonju Lee Royal Family Association, however, didn't become valid until 22 July 2005. ^[30] Yi Won later officially became the director of the family association on June 27, 2007. ^[31]
6. The House of Yi consists of the descendants of the Joseon dynasty.
7. Andrew Lee was adopted by a claimant to the head of the house, Yi Seok. Seok claimed that, in the will of late crown princess Yi Bangja, he was named as "first successor". ^[33]
8. After the monarchy was abolished in 1975, the senior members of the royal family were imprisoned by the military. The deaths of the former King, Queen, and Crown Prince were confirmed by the Lao authorities on 17 December 1989. The dates of actual death were not released, but the current heir, who is the eldest son of the late Crown Prince, escaped imprisonment and arrived in Thailand on 3 August 1981. He was confirmed as the successor to his grandfather by the Royal Council in Exile on 19 September 1997.
9. The sultans of the Ottoman Empire also held the title Caliph of Islam , thus claiming to be the spiritual leaders of all Muslims. The Ottoman Caliphate was abolished by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in 1924. ^[36]
10. Many of the kings of the Qasimid dynasty also held the title Imam and Commander of the Faithful , and were the spiritual leaders of the Zaidiyyah branch of Shi'a Islam. The Imamate ended with the republican revolution in 1962.
11. Gyanendra reigned as King of Nepal between 7 November 1950 and 8 January 1951, and again from 4 June 2001 until the monarchy was abolished in 2008.
12. Members of the Shah dynasty of Nepal are descended from the Parmar clan of Rajputs from the former state of Narsinghgarh in modern India.
13. Binod is the eldest son of Princess Shanti Singh of Nepal (one of the ten people who died in the Nepalese royal massacre). Binod is also the Director of Hotel Sherpa.
14. Succession to the throne, whilst hereditary, is also subject to confirmation from the reigning King of Nepal.
15. A branch of the House of Bagrationi. During the partition of the kingdom in the 15th Century, the Bagratid dynasty split into two main lineages: the Mukhrani line of Kartli, and the Gruzinsky line of Kakheti. It is between these two lineages that the leadership of the Royal House of Georgia is now disputed.

Europe

1. On 31 May 1961, Karl's father Otto renounced all claims to the Austrian throne in order to return from exile. He relinquished his position as head of the House of Habsburg to Karl on 1 January 2007.
2. A branch of the House of Lorraine cognatically descended from the House of Habsburg. The ducal family of Modena, which was historically descended from the House of Este, traditionally uses the name Austria-Este, which has continued to be adopted as a title by the current line.
3. The Austro-Hungarian monarch held the crowns of Austria and Hungary, and also reigned as King of Bohemia , King of Croatia , etc.
4. Simeon II reigned as Tsar of Bulgaria from 28 August 1943 until the monarchy was deposed in the Communist revolution of 1946. After returning to the country from exile in 1996, he later served as Prime Minister between 24 July 2001 and 17 August 2005.
5. A branch of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, A sept of the Ernestine branch of the House of Wettin.
6. The House of Bourbon is a branch of the Capetian Dynasty.
7. A branch of the House of Bourbon.
8. Charles Napoléon is the current head of the House of Bonaparte. His son, Jean Christophe, was posthumously appointed heir to the imperial claim in the will of his grandfather, Louis Napoléon.
9. Officially the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, which is a branch of the House of Oldenburg.
10. A branch of the House of Aviz.
11. Margareta's father Michael I reigned as King of Romania between 20 July 1927 and 8 June 1930, and again from 6 September 1940 until the monarchy's abolition during the Communist revolution of 1947. A rival claim to the throne is maintained by the descendants of Carol Lambrino, Michael's elder half-brother from his father's first marriage. Carol Lambrino's eldest son, Paul-Philippe, has maintained his claim to the throne since his father's death on 27 January 2006.
12. A line of the House of Hohenzollern.
13. The House of Romanov is a line of the House of Holstein-Gottorp, which itself is a branch of the House of Oldenburg.
14. Full title: Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias, used since 1721, although commonly designated Tsar . The emperors of Russia were also the Grand Dukes of Finland from 1809 until 1917, and the Kings of Poland from 1815 until 1916.
15. King Peter II of Yugoslavia is a grandson of King Peter I of Serbia.
16. The House of Hanover is a branch of the House of Welf, which itself is a branch of the House of Este.
17. The kings of Saxony belonged to the Albertine branch of the House of Wettin.
18. The royal family of Mecklenburg-Strelitz belongs to the Strelitz branch of the House of Mecklenburg.
19. A branch of the House of Oldenburg.
20. The principalities of Hohenzollern-Hechingen and Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen were created in 1576 from the partition of the territory of Hohenzollern. When the Hechingen lineage became extinct in 1869, the heirs of the Princes of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen reclaimed the title Prince of Hohenzollern.
21. A branch of the House of Hohenzollern.
22. The territory of Reuss was partitioned between the sons of the reigning prince in 1564, eventually resulting in the principalities of Reuss Elder Line and Reuss Younger Line. The elder lineage expired in 1927 through the death of Heinrich XXIV (1902–1918), and inheritance passed to the junior line of Köstritz, whose heirs now claim the title Prince Reuss.
23. For details on the unusual numbering system of the Reuss-Köstritz lineage, see the main article.
24. This branch is known as the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. The right to succession is currently disputed between two branches of the family.

Oceania

1. The House of Kawānanakoa was a collateral line of succession of the reigning Kalākaua dynasty. ^[244] The penultimate king, Kalākaua, not having had any issue of his own, adopted and appointed the head of the Kawānanakoa as heirs after his own family line which ended with his sister, the last queen Liliʻuokalani. The House of Kawānanakoa is historically recognised as providing presumptive heirs to the throne should the monarchy be revived.
2. Noa Kalokuokamaile DeGuair is a descendant of the House of Kalokuokamaile, which was a collateral line of succession of the Kamehameha dynasty, the first line of Hawaiʻian kings. It became extinct in the male line during the time of the monarchy, and now survives through the female line as the House of Laʻanui. ^[245] The current descendants also belong to the Wilcox lineage of English and Italian descent. His claim on the throne is disputed.
3. The House of Laʻanui consists of maternal descendants of the House of Kalokuokamaile, ^[245] the seniormost branch of the chiefly House of Keōua Nui. ^[246] It descends from the eldest half-brother of Hawaiʻi's first king, Kamehameha the Great, who united the small chiefdoms of the Hawaiʻian Islands under the Kamehameha dynasty in 1810. When the male heirs of this lineage died out in 1872, it was replaced by the Kalākaua dynasty who ruled till 1893. It claims closer kinship to the kingdom's first dynasty while the Kawānanakoa line claims closer kinship to the kingdom's last dynasty. ^[247]
4. Recognised as the rightful heir to the Tahitian throne by a majority of the royal family's current members. He has migrated overseas, however, and currently^{[ when? ]} lives in Paris. ^[252]

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Further reading

• McNaughton, Arnold (1973). The Book of Kings: A Royal Genealogy. London: Garnstone Press. ISBN   978-0-8129-0280-8.
• Truhart, Peter (2003). Regents of Nations: Systematic Chronology of States and Their Political Representatives in Past and Present. Volume 3: Asia & Pacific Oceania. K. G. Saur Verlag. ISBN   978-3-598-21545-2.