List of rulers of Schleswig-Holstein

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The following is a list of rulers (usually dukes) who ruled both Schleswig and Holstein, starting from the first Holstein count who received Schleswig, until both territories were annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1866; and afterwards, titular dukes.

Contents

The Houses of Schauenburg and Estridsen

In the course of history, the County of Holstein was several times partitioned among the inheriting sons into up to six lines. In 1386 King Oluf II of Denmark and his mother-regent, Queen Margaret I, enfeoffed in Nyborg Gerhard VI, Count of Holstein-Rendsborg and his cognatic successors with the Duchy of Schleswig, which had been in the royal family's hands until 1375. [1] He was as Gerhard II duke of Schleswig. Until 1390 the Rendsborg branch united by inheritance all branches except of that of Holstein-Pinneberg. It remaining a separately ruled territory in Holstein until its line was extinct in 1640, when Holstein-Pinneberg was merged into the then Duchy of Holstein. Furthermore, the here mentioned rulers of course only reigned Holstein and Schleswig in their respective territorial composition of the time, thus without states and territories only merged later in what became today's State of Schleswig-Holstein, such as Ditmarsh, conquered and annexed in 1559, Saxe-Lauenburg merged in 1876, Heligoland (British rule 1807–1891), Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck, Region of Lübeck, together with some Hamburgian exclaves in 1937. In turn much of the current westerly, northerly and easterly suburbs within Greater Hamburg were ceded from Holstein on 1 April 1937 (Cf. Greater Hamburg Act). North Schleswig had merged into Denmark in 1920. Some Lauenburgian and Mecklenburgian municipalities were exchanged by the Barber Lyashchenko Agreement in 1945.

The House of Oldenburg

In 1460, Schleswig fell to the Danish royal House of Oldenburg, in the person of Christian I, who inherited not only the Duchy, a Danish fief, but also the County of Holstein-Rendsburg, a Saxe-Lauenburgian subfief within the Holy Roman Empire, following the death of his maternal uncle Adolf I (and VIII as Count of Holstein-Rendsburg). In 1474, Lauenburg's liege lord Emperor Frederick III elevated Christian as Count of Holstein-Rendsburg to Duke of Holstein, thus becoming an immediate imperial vassal (see imperial immediacy). The smaller Holstein-Pinneberg remained a county further ruled by the House of Schauenburg. In 1544, after Christian III's brothers reached majority, they partitioned the Duchies of Holstein (a fief of the Holy Roman Empire) and of Schleswig (a Danish fief) in an unusual way, following negotiations between the brothers and the Estates of the Realm of the duchies, which opposed a factual partition. They determined their youngest brother Frederick for a career as Lutheran administrator of an ecclesiastical state within the Holy Roman Empire. [2]

So the revenues of the duchies were divided in three equal shares by assigning the revenues of particular areas and landed estates to each of the elder brothers, while other general revenues, such as taxes from towns and customs dues, were levied together but then shared among the brothers. The estates, whose revenues were assigned to the parties, made Holstein and Schleswig look like patchwork rags, technically inhibiting the emergence of separate new duchies, as intended by the estates of the duchies. The secular rule in the fiscally divided duchies thus became a condominium of the parties. As dukes of Holstein and Schleswig, the rulers of both houses bore the formal title of "Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Dithmarschen and Stormarn".

The dynastic name Holstein-Gottorp comes as convenient usage from the technically more correct Duke of Schleswig and Holstein at Gottorp. Adolf, the third son of Duke and King Frederick I and the second youngest half-brother of King Christian III, founded the dynastic branch called House of Holstein-Gottorp, which is a cadet branch of the then royal Danish House of Oldenburg. The Danish monarchs and the Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp listed below ruled both duchies together as to general government, however, collected their revenues in their separate estates. John II the Elder conveniently called Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev produced no issue, so no branch emerged from his side.

Similar to the above-mentioned agreement Christian III's youngest son John the Younger gained for him and his heirs a share in Holstein's and Schleswig's revenues in 1564, comprising a third of the royal share, thus a ninth of Holstein and Schleswig as to the fiscal point of view. John the Younger and his heirs, however, had no share in the condominial rule, they were only titular partitioned-off dukes.

The share of John II the Elder, who died in 1580, was halved between Adolf and Frederick II, thus increasing again the royal share by a fiscal sixth of Holstein and Schleswig. [3] As an effect the complicated fiscal division of both separate duchies, Holstein and Schleswig, with shares of each party scattered in both duchies, provided them with a condominial government binding both together, partially superseding their legally different affiliation as Holy Roman and Danish fiefs.

RulerBornReignDeathPartConsortNotes
Christian I
(Christian 1.)
Christian I of Denmark, Norway & Sweden 1440s.jpg
February 14261460-148121 May 1481 Schleswig Dorothea of Brandenburg
28 October 1449
Copenhagen
five children
First ruler of Schleswig, which was inherited from Holstein-Rendsburg. Also King of Denmark and of the Kalmar Union.
John I
(Hans)
1455 Johann.JPG
2 February 14551481-151320 February 1513 Schleswig Christina of Saxony
6 September 1478
Copenhagen
five children
Ruled jointly in Schleswig, John and Frederick, brothers, ruled together, and after the death of John, Frederick, kept the co-rulership with his nephew, Christian II. In 1523 the latter was deposed in both Denmark and Schleswig. They were also in succession Kings of Denmark: John 1481–1513, Christian 1513–23, Frederick 1523–33. John and Christian were also Kings of the Kalmar Union.
Frederick I
(Frederik 1.)
Frederik 1-detail.jpg
7 October 14711490-153320 February 1533 Schleswig Anna of Brandenburg
10 April 1502
Stendal
two children

Sophie of Pomerania
9 October 1518
Kiel
six children
Christian II the Tyrant
(Christian 2.)
ChristianII of denmark.jpg
February 14261513-152321 May 1481 Schleswig Isabella of Austria
12 August 1515
Copenhagen
six children
Christian III
(Christian 3.)
Christian III of Denmark.jpg
12 August 15031533-15441 January 1559 Schleswig Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg
29 October 1525
Lauenburg
five children
Christian was also King of Denmark. In 1544 divided Schleswig with his half-brothers. John received Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev, and Adolph Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp.
1544-1559 Schleswig-Schleswig
John II the Elder
Medalje med portraet af Hans den AEldre.jpg
21 June 15211544-15801 October 1580 Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev Unmarried
Adolph
Adolf I. von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf.jpg
25 January 15261544-15861 October 1586 Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp Christine of Hesse
17 December 1564
Schleswig
ten children
Haderslev divided between Schleswig and Gottorp
Frederick II
(Frederik 2.)
1581 Lorck Frederik 2.(crop).jpg
1 July 15341559-15884 April 1588 Schleswig-Schleswig Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
20 July 1572
Copenhagen
eight children
Also King of Denmark.
Frederick II 21 April 15681586-158715 June 1587 Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp UnmarriedDied without descendants. He was succeeded by his brother.
Philip
Hertug Philip af Slesvig-Holsten-Gottorp.jpg
10 August 15701587-159018 October 1590 Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp UnmarriedDied without descendants. He was succeeded by his brother.
Christian IV
(Christian 4.)
Kristian IV av Danmark, malning av Pieter Isaacsz 1611-1616.jpg
12 April 15771588-164828 February 1648 Schleswig-Schleswig Anne Catherine of Brandenburg
27 November 1597
Haderslev
seven children

Kirsten Munk
31 December 1615
Copenhagen
(morganatic)
twelve children
Also King of Denmark.
John Adolph
Johann Adolf von Holstein Gottorp.jpg
27 February 15751590-161631 March 1616 Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp Augusta of Denmark
30 August 1596
Copenhagen
eight children
Frederick III
Friedrich III Herzog von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf.jpg
22 December 15971616-165910 August 1659 Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp Marie Elisabeth of Saxony
21 February 1630
Dresden
sixteen children
Frederick III
(Frederik 3.)
Frederik 3 by window.jpg
18 March 16091648-16709 February 1670 Schleswig-Schleswig Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg
1 October 1643
Glücksburg
eight children
Also King of Denmark as Frederick III.
Christian Albert
Christian Albrecht.jpg
3 February 16411659-16956 January 1695 Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp Frederica Amalia of Denmark
24 October 1667
Glücksburg
four children
Christian V
(Christian 5.)
Christian V of Denmark.jpg
15 April 16461670-169925 August 1699 Schleswig-Schleswig Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel
25 June 1667
Nykøbing Falster
eight children
Also King of Denmark.
Frederick IV
Frederik IV af Slesvig-Holsten-Gottorp.jpg
18 October 16711695-170219 July 1702 Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp Hedvig Sophia of Sweden
12 May 1698
Karlberg
one child
Frederick IV
(Frederik 4.)
Frederik den 4.jpg
11 October 16711699-173012 October 1730 Schleswig-Schleswig (until 1713)

Schleswig (after 1713)
Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow
5 December 1695
Copenhagen
five children

Elisabeth Helene von Vieregg
26 September 1703
(morganatic and bigamous)
one child

Anne Sophie Reventlow
4 April 1721
Copenhagen
three children
Also King of Denmark as Frederick IV. In 1713 reunited Schleswig.
Charles Frederick
Carl Frederick of Sweden c 1722 by David von Krafft.jpg
30 April 17001702-173918 June 1739 Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp (until 1713)

Holstein-Gottorp (after 1713)
Anna Petrovna of Russia
21 May 1725
St Petersburg
one child
Christian VI
(Christian 6.)
Christian 6.jpg
30 November 16991730-17466 August 1746 Schleswig Sophie Magdalene of Brandenburg-Kulmbach
7 August 1721
Pretzsch
three children
Also King of Denmark.
Charles Peter Ulrich
Coronation portrait of Peter III of Russia -1761 (cropped).jpg
21 February 17281739-176217 July 1762 Holstein-Gottorp Sophie Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst
21 August 1745
St Petersburg
one child
He later ascended as Peter III of Russia.
Frederick V
(Frederik 5.)
Pilo - Frederik V of Denmark.jpg
31 March 17231746-176614 January 1766 Schleswig Louise of Great Britain
11 December 1743
Altona
five children

Juliana Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
8 July 1752
Hillerød
one son
Also King of Denmark as Frederick V.
Paul I
Borovikovsky Pavel I.jpg
1 October 17541762-177323 March 1801 Holstein-Gottorp Wilhelmina Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt
20 September 1773
St Petersburg
no children

Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg
7 October 1776
St Petersburg
ten children
He later succeeded his mother, Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia.
Gottorp reunited with Schleswig
Christian VII
(Christian 7.)
Christian VII 1772 by Roslin.jpg
29 January 17491766-177313 March 1808 Schleswig Caroline Matilda of Great Britain
8 November 1766
Copenhagen
two children
Also King of Denmark. In 1773 reunited Schleswig and Holstein.
1773-1808 Schleswig and Holstein
Frederick VI
(Frederik 6.)
Fiedrichvidenmark.jpg
28 January 17681808-18398 December 1839 Schleswig and Holstein Marie Sophie of Hesse-Kassel
31 July 1790
Schleswig
eight children
Also King of Denmark as Frederick VI.
Christian VIII
(Christian 8.)
Christian VIII af Wilhelm Marstrand.jpg
18 September 17861839-184820 January 1848 Schleswig and Holstein Charlotte Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
21 June 1806
Ludwigslust
two children

Caroline Amalie of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg
22 May 1815
Augustenborg
no children
Also King of Denmark.
Frederick VII
(Frederik 7.)
Frederik VII af August Schiott.jpg
6 October 18081848-186315 November 1863 Schleswig and Holstein Vilhelmine Marie of Denmark
1 November 1828
Copenhagen
(annulled 1837)
no children

Caroline Mariane of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
10 June 1841
Neustrelitz
(annulled 1846)
no children

Louise Rasmussen
7 August 1850
Hillerød
(morganatic)
no children
Also King of Denmark as Frederick VII.
Christian IX
(Christian 9.)
Christian IX af Henrik Olrik.jpg
8 April 18181863-186429 January 1906 Schleswig and Holstein Louise of Hesse-Kassel
26 May 1842
Copenhagen
six children
He was from the Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg branch of the Oldenburgs. Also King of Denmark. In 1864 the duchy was annexed to the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia.

In 1864, following the Second Schleswig War, the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein were ceded by the Danish King and were ruled in a joint condominium by Austria and Prussia. Following the defeat of Austria in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, they were annexed by Prussia and were formed into the new Prussian Province of Schleswig-Holstein, part of Germany since 1870.

Pretenders to Schleswig-Holstein

The death of Frederick VII in 1863 marked the extinction of the eldest line of the House of Oldenburg, and thus an heir to Denmark, and Schleswig-Holstein, had to be found. Prince Christian of Glücksburg was chosen as the heir to the kingdom and duchies in the London Protocol, [4] however this sparked controversies since he was not the eldest male heir, rather that person was Prince Frederick of Augustenburg. Frederick titularly claimed the dual duchies after the extinction of the male line, proclaiming himself Frederick VIII of Schleswig and Holstein, something that would be continued by the eldest male heirs after him.

DukePortraitLength of Claim
Frederick VIII

(1829 – 1880)

Frederick VIII, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein.jpg
15 November 1863 – 14 January 1880
Ernst Gunther

(1863 – 1921)

Ernst Gunther von Schleswig-Holstein.jpg
14 January 1880 – 22 February 1921
Albert

(1868 – 1931)

Albert, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, 1914.jpg 22 February 1921 – 27 April 1931
Friedrich Ferdinand I

(1855 – 1934)

DukeFRIEDRICHFERDINAND.jpg 27 April 1931 – 21 January 1934
Wilhelm Friedrich

(1891 – 1965)

Prinz Friedrich zu Holstein-Glucksburg.jpg 21 January 1934 – 10 February 1965
Peter

(1922 – 1980)

Peter von Schleswig-Holstein c.1942.jpg 10 February 1965 – 30 September 1980
Christoph

(1949 – 2023)

Christoph of Schleswig-Holstein 2010 crop.jpg 30 September 1980 – 27 September 2023
Friedrich Ferdinand II

(1985 – present)

Armoiries de Frederic-Christian II de Schleswig-Holstein-Sondebourg-Augustenbourg.svg 27 September 2023 – present

See also

Notes

  1. Esben Albrectsen, "Das Abel-Geschlecht und die Schauenburger als Herzöge von Schleswig", Marion Hartwig and Frauke Witte (trls.), in: Die Fürsten des Landes: Herzöge und Grafen von Schleswig, Holstein und Lauenburg [De slevigske hertuger; German], Carsten Porskrog Rasmussen (ed.) on behalf of the Gesellschaft für Schleswig-Holsteinische Geschichte, Neumünster: Wachholtz, 2008, pp. 52–71, here pp. 63seq. ISBN   978-3-529-02606-5
  2. In 1551, Frederick became administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim, comprising ecclesiastical and secular power, and, however, lacking secular power Bishop of Schleswig with the pertaining revenues from episcopal estates.
  3. Cf. Carsten Porskrog Rasmussen, "Die dänischen Könige als Herzöge von Schleswig und Holstein", Frauke Witte and Marion Hartwig (trls.), in: Die Fürsten des Landes: Herzöge und Grafen von Schleswig, Holstein und Lauenburg [De slevigske hertuger; German], Carsten Porskrog Rasmussen (ed.) on behalf of the Gesellschaft für Schleswig-Holsteinische Geschichte, Neumünster: Wachholtz, 2008, pp. 73–109, here pp. 87seq. ISBN   978-3-529-02606-5
  4. "Royal Ordinance settling the Succession to the Crown on Prince Christian of Glücksburg". www.hoelseth.com. Retrieved 19 March 2025.