When the main line of the House of Oldenburg became extinct in 1667, the county passed to the Danish branch, which administered it from Copenhagen. By the Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo in 1773, Denmark transferred control of Oldenburg to Frederick August I of the Holstein-Gottorp line. Subsequently, Oldenburg was elevated to a duchy in 1774.
History
Origins and early expansion (1108-1448)
The town was first mentioned in 1108, at that time known under the name of Aldenburg.[9] It became important due to its location at a ford of the navigable Hunte river. Oldenburg became a small county in the shadow of the much more powerful Free Hanseatic City of Bremen.[10]
The earliest recorded inhabitants of the region now called Oldenburg were a Teutonic people- the Chauci. The genealogy of the counts of Oldenburg can be traced to the Saxon hero Widukind (opponent of Charlemagne)[11], but their first historical representative was Huno of Rustringen (died 1088, founded the monastery of Rastede in 1059).[12] Huno's descendants appear as vassals of the dukes of Saxony and were occasionally rebellious. They were given the title of princes of the Empire when the emperor Frederick I dismembered the Saxon duchy in 1189. At this time the county of Delmenhorst formed part of the dominions of the counts of Oldenburg, but afterwards it was on several occasions separated from them to form an appanage for younger branches of the family, namely in ca. 1266-1436, 1463-1547, and 1577-1617.[13]
The northern and western parts of what would become the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg were in the hands of independent, or semi-independent, Frisian princes, who were usually pagan, and the counts of Oldenburg seized much of these lands in a series of wars during the early part of the 13th century. The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen and the bishop of Münster also frequently warred with the counts of Oldenburg.
Personal Union with Denmark (1448-1460)
In 1448, the 31-year-old King of Denmark, Christopher III, died unexpectedly and without heirs. Owing to the Kalmar Union, he had also been King of Norway and Sweden. The union treaty required the three kingdoms to choose a successor jointly, but tensions between Denmark and Sweden precluded negotiations. When the Swedish Privy Council allowed Karl Knutsson to be crowned King of Sweden, the Danish Privy Council sought an alternative candidate. Their first choice, Duke Adolf VIII of Schleswig and Holstein, declined but recommended his nephew Christian, the young Count of Oldenburg, who had been raised at his court.[14]
Following Adolf’s recommendation, the Danish Privy Council elected Christian king in September 1448. In 1449 he was also elected King of Norway, and the two kingdoms were formally united in 1450 with the Treaty of Bergen. Finally, after the deposition of Karl Knutsson in 1457, Christian also gained the Swedish crown.[15]
During Christian’s early reign, Oldenburg became a Danish exclave. For centuries thereafter, Oldenburg and its rulers would be more closely aligned with Denmark and its foreign policy than with imperial structures or the Holy Roman Emperors. In Christian’s absence, effective control over the town was left to his brothers, Gerhard and Moritz, who established a short-lived tyranny.[16][17]
Independent County (1460-1667)
In 1459, King Christian stood to inherit the Duchy of Schleswig and the County of Holstein from his uncle, Adolf VIII—a development that significantly shaped Oldenburg’s future. To prevent the separation of the two territories, the nobles of Holstein and Schleswig invited Christian to rule as Duke of Schleswig and Count of Holstein. In return, Christian granted the nobles extensive privileges in the Treaty of Ribe. He also agreed to renounce his hereditary claim to Oldenburg.[18]
Christian transferred Oldenburg to his brother Gerhard, thereby giving Oldenburg independence from the Danish crown. Gerhard waged continual conflicts with the Bishop of Bremen and other neighbors, earning himself a reputation as a pirate in the eyes of the Hanseatic League. In 1483, however, Gerhard was compelled to abdicate in favor of his son, and he later died while on a pilgrimage in Spain.[19]
The County of Oldenburg in the 15th century
Early in the 16th century, Oldenburg was again enlarged at the expense of the Frisians. Protestantism was introduced into the county by Count Anton I (1505–1573), who also suppressed the monasteries. However, he remained loyal to Charles V during the war of the League of Schmalkalden, and was able thus to increase his territories, obtaining Delmenhorst in 1547. One of Anton's brothers, Count Christopher of Oldenburg (c. 1506-1560) also won a reputation as a soldier.[20]
Anton's grandson, Anton Günther (1583–1667), who succeeded in 1603 significantly enlarged and enriched his territories. He thus considered himself the wisest prince who ever had ruled Oldenburg. Jever had been acquired before his ascension, but in 1624 he added Knipphausen and Varel to his lands; thus, in 1647 Delmenhorst was finally united. Through neutrality during the Thirty Years' War and by donating valuable horses to warlord Count of Tilly, Anton Günther protected his dominions from the devastation levied on nearly all other German states. He also obtained from the emperor the right to levy tolls on vessels passing along the Weser, a lucrative grant. In 1607 he erected a Renaissance castle. Oldenburg was a wealthy town in a time of war and turmoil and its population and power grew considerably.[21]
Danish Oldenburg (1667-1773)
Anton Günther, having no legitimate children to keep the main line of his House from going extinct, arranged an agreement with the prospective successors of the county, King Frederick III of Denmark and Duke Christian Albrecht of Holstein-Gottorp. It was decided that Oldenburg would pass jointly to them, while Günther’s illegitimate but ennobled son, Anton von Aldenburg, would serve as governor on their behalf. Upon Günther’s death in 1667, Anton von Aldenburg assumed control of the county, but internal conflicts within the House of Holstein-Gottorp allowed only the Danish crown to assert its inheritance rights effectively. After von Aldenburg’s death in 1680, Danish officials occupied the residence in Oldenburg, formally integrating the county into Denmark’s administrative system under the authority of the German Chancellery in Copenhagen.[22]
The period of Danish rule was marked by repeated crises. Two plague outbreaks in 1667 and 1668 decimated the population and weakened the economy, while in 1676 a fire caused by lightning destroyed 700 houses and left 3,000 people homeless. Von Aldenburg’s financial aid did little to accelerate recovery, which was further impeded by the Scanian War. Danish troops were quartered in Oldenburg and financed partly through local taxation, while their competition for work depressed wages in the town. Following von Aldenburg’s death, reforms were introduced by Chancellor Christoph Gensch von Breitenau (1681–1701) to modernize local administration and stabilize the economy. Despite these measures, Oldenburg remained a strategic rather than economic asset for Denmark, serving as a military quarter during the Great Northern War and the Seven Years’ War at considerable cost to the population.[23]
Weak finances also hampered dyke maintenance in the low-lying areas of the county. The Christmas Flood of 1717 killed more than 4,000 people in Oldenburg and left large tracts of land uncultivable, while the New Year’s Flood of 1720 destroyed many of the emergency dykes erected in the aftermath. King Frederick IV, who had initiated coastal protection measures in 1714, expanded these efforts after 1717 by granting loans for improved dyke construction. Reconstruction was carried out under the supervision of former admiral Christian Thomesen Sehested and included the rebuilding of parts of Oldenburg town. Only in the mid-18th century did the county’s economy recover sufficiently to yield a net fiscal benefit to the Danish treasury.[24]
Independence and elevation to duchy (1773-1774)
In the 1770s, Oldenburg suddenly stood at the center of European diplomacy. Back in 1544, king Christian III of Denmark, from the House of Oldenburg, divided the rule over Schleswig and Holstein with his brothers Johann and Adolf. From Adolf’s branch came the Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf, who also ruled the Prince-Bishopric of Lübeck.
During the Great Northern War, Georg Heinrich von Görtz governed Schleswig and Holstein in the name of the young Duke Karl Friedrich of Gottorf. Seeking to strengthen his position, he allied with Sweden against Denmark. In response, the Danish king annexed parts of Schleswig in 1713.
Karl Friedrich, weakened by this loss, turned to Russia for support. In 1725 he married Anna, daughter of Tsar Peter I. Their son later became Tsar Peter III in 1762. From the Russian throne he pressed his family’s claims to Schleswig and threatened Denmark with war. But after Peter III’s sudden death only six months later, his widow, Catherine II, looked for a diplomatic solution.
Guard house and the Lamberti-Church
This was achieved in 1773 with the Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo: Denmark received Schleswig and Holstein, while Oldenburg was transferred to Catherine’s son Paul. He soon passed it on to his great-uncle, Friedrich August, Prince-Bishop of Lübeck. From that point, Friedrich August ruled Oldenburg as an independent territory, first as Count and, from 1774, as Duke. For Denmark, which was losing its status as a major European power, keeping the small and economically weak Oldenburg was less important than securing its southern border with Schleswig and avoiding conflict with Russia. For the newly independent Oldenburg, dynastic connections to Denmark gradually mattered less, while relationships with the Russian dynasty—and later political ties with Prussia—became increasingly important.
During the reign of Friedrich August, Oldenburg regained its importance as a dynastic residence. Following the destruction of earlier structures, the city was reshaped with new buildings in the Classical style.[25]
In 1420, transferred the County to the Archbishopric of Bremen, but continued to rule it until 1436, when he made a new transfer to the County of Oldenburg
Children of Dietrich, divided their inheritance. In 1448, Christian abdicated to inherit Denmark and, in 1460, also received, from his uncles from Holstein, the Duchy of Schleswig-Holstein.
As a child, he was under influence of his uncle from Oldenburg. Sought support from the King of Denmark against the Archbishop of Bremen, who besieged his domains. Intended to travel to France, Jacob dedicated the rest of his life to piracy.
Children of Alexander, divided their inheritance. In 1646, Sophia Catharina received her share on her marriage, and sold it to her brother, August Philip, some years later.
Heirs of Frederick. As he didn't pay the high taxes demanded by Denmark, John Bogislaw had his Lordship confiscated, and given to his cousin from Plon. Eleanor had the widowe estate of Osterholm, which after her death also went to Plon.
Eleonore ruled the castle after her husband's death, together with her children and grandchildren. Leopold's sons, as result of a morganatic marriage, couldn't be heirs to the lordship.
Maria Antonia inherited the Lordship (the property of Beck) from her husband and shared it with her mother-in-law. In 1732, she sold it to her husband's first cousin and successor.[31]
Nephew of Joachim Frederick. Given the morganatic marriage of their parents, his status was only recognized since 1729. After his death with no descendants, Plon reverted to Schleswig.
In 1773, through the Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo, his mother, Catherine the Great, as his regent, surrendered the duchy to Paul's relatives at Schleswig. Paul later succeeded his mother as Emperor or Russia.
Came from the Holstein line. Brother of Adolf Frederick of Sweden, who was previously regent in Holstein. In 1773, possibly for compensation on the annexation of Holstein to Schleswig, Frederick Augustus was given the old land of Oldenburg, now converted to a duchy.
↑ Hinrichs, Ernst and Christoph Reinders (1987): ‘Zur Bevölkerungsgeschiche des Oldenburger Landes,’ pp. 661–708 in Albrecht Eckhardt and Heinrich Schmidt (ed.), Geschichte des Landes Oldenburg, Oldenburg: Holzberg.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Despite being called dukes, the true domain of the rulers of Sonderburg and its divisions was restricted to their respective castles, manors and/or estates. Therefore, for distinction between other branches of dukes who actually held duchies as larger territories, the Sonderburg branches will be called Lords.
↑ Annexed to Schleswig in 1779, and to Beck in 1825.
↑ Contrarily to the previous branches of Delmenhorst and Wildenhausen, it is known that this specific branch of Delmenhorst followed the numbering of the main County of Oldenburg.
↑ More often named Holstein-Gottorp after the capital of the duchy at Gottorp.
↑ Huberty, Michel; Alain Giraud; F. and B. Magdelaine (1994). L'Allemagne Dynastique Tome VII Oldenbourg (in French). France. pp.79, 97, 118, 141. ISBN2-901138-07-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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